Antchito Apanyumba mu India: Chitsogozo Chochititsa Kupeza Ufulu Walamulo ndi Chitetezo

Antchito apanyumba amapanga maziko osawoneka a mabanja mamiliyoni ambiri a Amwenye, kuchita ntchito zofunika monga kuyeretsa, kuphika, kusamalira ana, ndi kusamalira okalamba. Bungwe la International Labour Organization limayerekezera kuti India yekha ali ndi ntchito zapanyumba pafupifupi 4.2 miliyoni, ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero chenicheni nchachikulu chifukwa cha ntchito zamwamwayi ndi zosalembedwa. Ngakhale kuti ntchito zawo zofunika kwambiri, antchito apanyumba zachotsedwa ntchito zachotsedwa m’malamulo, kuwapangitsa kukhala osatetezereka, osoŵa malipiro, osoŵa oyenera kugwira ntchito, ndi onyozedwa ndi antchito ena. Komabe, India watenga malo aakulu kwambiri kuti aone antchito apanyumba oyenerera kukhala oyenerera. Nkhaniyi imapereka ufulu, m'kukonzanso malamulo, kusungitsa ufulu, ndi kusungitsa ntchito zothandiza antchito antchito antchito antchito antchito antchito.

Kodi Ndani Ali Antchito Apanyumba mu India?

Pansi pa lamulo la India ndi zitsogozo za dziko lonse, wantchito wa panyumba ali munthu aliyense wogwira ntchito zapanyumba kaamba ka kupatsidwanso ntchito m'nyumba kapena kunja kwa nyumba. Ntchito ingakhale ya nthaŵi imodzi kapena yanthaŵi yonse, kukhala kapena kukhala kunja, ndipo ingakhale ndi mbali zonga kuphika, antchito, ana a m’nyumba, olima, oyendetsa magalimoto, ndi osamalira. Kachigawo kali akazi modabwitsa: oposa 80% ya antchito apanyumba ndi akazi, ambiri a iwo akuchokera kumadera akumidzi kapena ku maiko ena. Kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala m’midzi kuphatikizapo Septenderad Castes, Sveged Covation, ndi Magulu ena a Olemba mapangano ndi olembedwa ndi olemba ntchito a boma awathandiza kuteteza ndi ku mayanja, kupanga madongosolo onse alamulo ofufuza milandu.

Kulephera Kuona Ufulu Wanu ndi Kulephera Kugwira Ntchito

Ntchito zapanyumba zimadziŵika ndi kuchuluka kwa maluwa amwambo, kuchepetsa mphamvu, ndi kugaŵikana kwa ntchito. Ogwira ntchito ambiri amalembedwa ndi mabanja ambiri, aliyense akulipira ndalama popanda chitetezo cha ntchito kapena mapindu. Ogwira ntchito zapanyumba oyendayenda . Omwe amadutsa m'mizera ya boma kapena ngakhale kudutsa malire a dziko, kuphatikizapo zopinga zina, kusoŵa kwa zinenero, kusoŵa kwa mayanjano, ndi ngozi yowonjezereka ya kugulitsa kapena kukakamiza ntchito. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake kutetezeredwa kwa lamulo sikuli kokha nkhani ya malamulo koma ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri kwa Zitetezero za Malamulo

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, antchito apanyumba ku India sanapatsidwe lamulo lalikulu la antchito monga Factories Act, 1948, Sount Wages Act, 1948, ndi Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Lingaliro linali lakuti mabanja sanali “malo antchito” ndi kuti ntchito yapakhomo inali makonzedwe aumwini osagonjera lamulo. Mabungwe a Accounting ndi maukwati a antchito anayamba kukakamizika kuti adziŵike mu 1990, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la India, m'chiweruzo chodziŵika, zikutsimikizira kuti antchito apanyumba ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi wa antchito ena onse. [FLT:] Malamulo a Nationalgalamu a boma pa Ogwira ntchito za . [FLT:] Mitengo yotchuka, ndi kusungidwa kwa antchito apanyumba pansi pa [FLT:] Ault, Active Active, 2008 "FFFFFF].

Malamulo Ofunika ndi Andale Olamulira Antchito Apanyumba

Malamulo a ku India a anthu ogwira ntchito zapakhomo ndi mbali yaikulu ya malamulo, malamulo omveka bwino a boma, ndi matanthauzo a milandu.

M’chaka cha 2008

Kachitidwe kameneka ndi kamene kamachititsa antchito apanyumba kukhala mbali ya mbali ya chigawo chosalinganizidwa. Kumalamula maboma apakati ndi a boma kupanga makonzedwe a chitetezo cha anthu kaamba ka inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, mapindu a kubereka, penshoni, ndi chotetezera chopuwala. [FLT: 0] Pradham Mantram Man’Maan Maan Madhan (PMM-SYM) Yakonta [[FLT: 1] ndi Ayman Brashman Pradtry Mantri Agrya Oya Oya (BPJY) [AF:] adafutukulidwa kwa antchito apamudzi, ngakhale kuti kusoŵa kwa zifukwa ndi zifuno za kusoŵa kwa chidziŵitso.

Kusinthasinthasintha kwa malo antchito (Kusintha Ntchito ndi Mikhalidwe ya Utumiki) Act, 1979

Ngakhale kuti poyambirira anaimbidwa kaamba ka antchito osamukira kumaiko ena m'mafakitale ndi kumanga, makhoti amasulira kachitidwe kameneka kutetezera antchito apanyumba amene amasamukira kumalire a boma. Lamulo limafuna kuti olemba ntchito apereke pangano lolembedwa, kutsimikizira malipiro osacheperapo, ndi kupereka malo okhala ndi zipatala zoyenerera. Komabe, kusungitsa ntchito kuli kofooka kwambiri, ndipo antchito apanyumba oŵerengeka amazindikira za makonzedwe ake.

Malamulo a Ogwira Ntchito Zapanyumba

Maboma angapo, kuphatikizapo Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, ndi Delhi, akhazikitsa malamulo padera kapena mabungwe othandizira anthu antchito apanyumba. Mwachitsanzo, Kerala Wogwira Ntchito za Pathengo amathandiza antchito, kusonkhanitsa madesiki kwa abwana awo, ndi kupereka ndalama za penshoni, inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro a ana.

Kuvutitsidwa ndi Akazi Kuntchito (Kubwezera Mlandu, Kupereka Chilango ndi Kubweza Mlandu), Act, 2013

Act [Polsh] Momvekera bwino] imaphatikizapo antchito apanyumba m'kumasulira kwake kwa “ntchito” ndipo amafuna olemba ntchito . kuphatikizapo mabanja .Kupanga makomiti a madandaulo amkati (kapena kugwiritsira ntchito makomiti a kumaloko) kusamalira kuvutitsa kwa kugonana. Ichi ndi chitetezo chofunika kwambiri choperekedwa kwa ntchito zapanyumba ndi kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu pakati pa eninyumba ndi antchito.

Chikalata Chochepa Kwambiri, 1948

Kuyambira 2009, maboma apakati a boma ndi a boma akhala akuphatikizapo ntchito zapakhomo zolembedwa pa ndandanda ya malipiro ochepa. Pa 2025, mayiko ambiri amagawa malipiro ochepa a tsiku ndi tsiku kapena mwezi a antchito apanyumba, ngakhale kuti ziŵerengero zimasiyana kwambiri (kuyambira pa 760,000 pa tsiku) m’mayiko ena mpaka ku 76 ku Delhi. Olemba ntchito amakakamizidwa ndi lamulo kuti azilipira ndalama zimene auzidwa, koma kuti alandire ndalamazo amalipira ndalama zotsatiridwa.

Lamulo la Kulephera, 2019 ndi Malamulo Ena Othandiza

Malamulo atsopano a antchito, amene amafuna kukhazikitsa ndi kupeputsa malamulo amene alipo, amamasulira “wogwira ntchito” mokulira mokwanira kuphatikizapo antchito apanyumba. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo kumamalizabe, ndipo zitetezero zambiri monga malipiro ochepa apadziko lonse, malipiro a panthaŵi yake, ndi mapangano olembedwa omwe adzakwaniritsidwabe padziko lapansi.

Ufulu ndi Zitetezero Zofunika Kwambiri

Pamunsipa tapenda malamulo amene antchito apanyumba angapereke, limodzi ndi kulingalira kothandiza.

Kuyenera Kupeza Mphotho Zabwino

Antchito apanyumba ali ndi ufulu wolandira malipiro osachepera pa malipiro oikika ndi boma la boma. Mabanja ayenera kulipiridwa ndalama kapena kusamutsidwa ndi banki; malipiro a mtundu wina (mwachitsanzo, chakudya kapena malo okhala) sangaloŵe mmalo mwa malipiro a ndalama pokhapo ngati avomerezedwa ndi kulembedwa. Olemba ntchito amene amalipira ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa malipiro a boma la Boom Wages Act angayang'anizane ndi mlandu pansi pa Chikalata cha Ofesi.

Kugwira Ntchito Maola, Nthaŵi Zopuma, ndi Nthaŵi Yochuluka

Ngakhale kuti palibe lamulo lalikulu lolembera antchito apanyumba maola ogwirira ntchito, boma linakhazikitsa malamulo ochepetsa nthaŵi ya kugwira ntchito maora 8-9 patsiku ndi kupuma kwa ola limodzi. Antchito okhala ndi moyo ayenera kupatsidwa chipinda chawochawo ndi nthaŵi yabwino. Nthaŵi yopitirira maola oikidwiratu iyenera kuperekedwa kuŵirikiza kaŵiri . Kusoŵa koloko kapena kupezeka pa maapo m’nyumba kumapangitsa kuvuta, koma antchito angasungebe malo awoawo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito maapps awoailo kuti apezere nthaŵi yochitira zinthu.

Kutetezedwa ku Kuchitiridwa Nkhanza ndi Kuvutitsidwa

Antchito apanyumba ali ndi kuyenera kwa ntchito yotetezereka ndi yaulemu. Kuchitiridwa nkhanza mwakuthupi, mwamawu, mwamalingaliro, kapena mwakugonana ndi olemba ntchito kapena ziŵalo za nyumba kuli kosaloleka ndipo kunganenedwe pansi pa Lamulo la Indian Penal (magawo 354, 376, 506, ndi etc.) ndi PoSH Act. Mapolisi ali ndi lamulo la kulembetsa madandaulo kwa antchito apanyumba popanda tsankho. M’kachitidwe, antchito ambiri amawopa kubwezera kapena kuthamangitsidwa (ngati asamuka) ndipo samadandaula kaŵirikaŵiri.

Mapindu a Chisungiko

Pansi pa Chikalata cha Ofesi cha Anthu Osagwirizana ndi Chitetezo, antchito angapeze njira zosiyanasiyana za boma:

  • [[ISRANSI: 0] Yaphiri :[FLT :1] Ayushman Bharat akupereka chisanja cha banja cha 76 lakh cha chisamaliro chachiŵiri ndi chachiŵiri.
  • PM imapereka ndalama ya penshoni ya mwezi ndi mwezi ya 76000 pambuyo pa zaka 60 za chopereka chochepa.
  • mapindu a kubereka: Mabungwe ena a boma amapereka tchuthi cholipidwa (m., milungu 12) ndi mapindu a ndalama, ngakhale kuti kukwaniritsa dziko kuli ndi malire.
  • Kupusitsa ndi chikuto: Pansi pa Pradahan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana ndi njira zina.

Mwatsoka, kulembetsa njira zimenezi kumafuna Aadhaar, akaunti ya ku banki, ndipo nthaŵi zina bwana wake amam’patsa chikalata chaumboni, chimene antchito ambiri apanyumba alibe.

Kulandira Chikalata

Ngakhale kuti sikwa onse, pangano la ntchito limalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndipo limafunidwa mwalamulo kwa antchito apanyumba osamuka pansi pa Inter- State Migrant Workmen Act. Tsogololo liyenera kutchula ntchito, malipiro, maola a ntchito, kuchoka, mawu a malo okhala (ngati muli ndi moyo), ndi chikalata chomaliza. Kukhala ndi pangano lolembedwa kumachepetsa mikangano ndi kupatsa mphamvu antchito odandaula.

Kuchepetsa Ufulu Wanga

Anthu ogwira ntchito zapakhomo akhoza kufika:

  • Dipatimenti ya antchito yakumaloko kapena mkulu wa antchito.
  • Boards ya boma ya Works Fomatial Welfare (kumene ali).
  • Masiteshoni a apolisi (a milandu ya upandu).
  • Makomiti a kumaloko pansi pa Chilamulo cha PoSH.
  • Mautumiki othandiza anthu ololedwa ndi lamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe la National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).

Mavuto a Kugwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kukakamiza

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ofotokozedwa pamwambapa, zimene zimachitika kwa antchito ambiri apanyumba ku India n’zoopsabe.

Kusoŵeka kwa Kuzindikira ndi Kulemba

Ngakhale anthu amene amadziwa bwino ntchito yawo sadziwa kuti ndi a Mboni za Yehova, mwinanso alibe zikalata zowadziŵira ntchito, maadiresi a kubanki, kapena maadiresi olembedwa kuti alembetse ntchito.

Kuchotsedwa ku Kupima Kwamwambo

Oyang’anira malo pansi pa Factories Act ndi malamulo ena a maindasitale samakhala ndi ulamuliro pa mabanja a anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba lalimbikitsa maboma kupatsa mphamvu madipatimenti a antchito kuti aone malo antchito apanyumba, koma ndi ochepa amene achita zimenezo. Popanda kutsata lamulo, amamvera olemba ntchito.

Mphamvu ya Kulinganizika ndi Mantha a Kubwezera

Antchito apanyumba, makamaka okhala kapena antchito osamukira ku dziko lina, amadalira pa zachuma kwa owalemba ntchito ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala pa malo. Kudandaula za kuba malipiro, maola ambiri, kapena nkhanza kungatsogolere ku kuchotsedwa kwa mwamsanga, kutayikiridwa malo okhala, kapena ngakhale kugulitsa. Kusintha kwa mphamvu kumachititsa kulephera kusimba.

Mipata m’Chilamulo

Palibe lamulo lalikulu limene limalamulira anthu onse ogwira ntchito m’nyumba pansi pa malamulo a Social Security kapena Council on Wages. Maboma ali ndi malipiro ocheperapo, malamulo, ndi kutsatsa malonda a bungwe lothandiza anthu, kupangitsa malo osiyanasiyana a ufulu wa anthu.

Ntchito ya Chigwirizano cha Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Mabungwe Osachirikiza Ndalama

NGO ndi maukwati a malonda akhala othandiza kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa antchito apanyumba, kulembetsa antchito, ndi kupereka chichirikizo cha paragnol. Magulu onga Antchito Ogwira Ntchito [DWRU] , [[FLT]], [[FLT:]] AMERIAZIMED [Akazi ODYAYEDWEDWE , [[FLT]] [[FLT] [AF], ndi [FOLT] Makeroke [[FLT:]] Kuthandiza anthu odziŵa zinthu, kuthandiza anthu kupeza makhadi ozikidwa pa ma [1] [aungwe], ndi oimira antchito m'nkhani za kuzunza. [FT] [FLT]

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, onani Antchito Apanyumba a ILO Portal ndi ] UFUN ACHIWERWERWERWE pa Antchito Apanyumba [1].[FLT:]

Zipambano Zaposachedwapa ndi Ziweruzo Zachizindikiro

Chigamulo cha ku India chachita mbali yaikulu m'kuwonjezera chitetezo kwa antchito apanyumba. Mu Antchito Ogwira Ntchito Ofuna Ufulu Wawo ku India . Union of India (2009), Bwalo Lapamwamba linalangiza kuti maboma onse aphatikizepo ntchito zapanyumba pa ntchito zapampambo za malipiro ochepa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezero cha anthu. [Mu Jeejash v. Union of India [[FLT:] (206], Bwalo linabwerezanso kuti antchito apanyumba ali ndi ufulu wotetezera pansi pa Chilamulo cha PoSH. Posachedwapa, Khoti Lapamwamba la Delphilism mu 2023 linalamula boma la Delm kukhazikitsa bungwe la Ofestism ndi ntchito yothandiza bwino kwambiri.

Mu 2022, Ministry of Labour and Alork inayambitsa Declaracy ya Dziko ya Antchito Osagwirizana (NDUW) yomwe imaphatikizapo antchito apanyumba monga gulu losiyana, cholinga chothandizira kutumiza ndi kupeza chithandizo chachindunji. Komabe, kuyambira 2025, osafika 15% a antchito apanyumba oyerekezeredwa alembetsedwa.

Zimene Olemba Ntchito ndi Antchito Angachite

Kwa Olemba Ntchito

  • Lengezani antchito apanyumba ku dipatimenti ya antchito yakumaloko kapena bungwe losamalira anthu ovutika ngati liloledwa.
  • Aloleni kuti alembe pangano m’chinenero chimene wantchitoyo akuchimvetsetsa, malipiro ake, ntchito, maola, kupita, ndi kudziŵitsa nyengo.
  • Patulani malipiro ochepa a boma; pewani ndalama zochepetsedwa kusiyapo zija zololedwa mwalamulo (mwachitsanzo, zoyendera boma).
  • Muzionetsetsa kuti ndinu wotetezeka ndiponso waulemu; musamakangane, kulalatira, kapena kugona ndi munthu wina.
  • Muziganiziranso za kulembetsa kwa wantchito kuti apeze njira zodzitetezera (Aadhaar, akaunti ya ku banki, mafoni a m’manja).
  • Muzipumula mokwanira, kumwa madzi, kumanga zimbudzi, ndi kupatsa antchito okhala m’chipinda chaumwini chokhala ndi chitseko.

Kwa Antchito Apanyumba

  • Dziŵani ufulu wanu: Muzipita kukaonana ndi anthu amene akuwadziwa bwino, muziwerenga zikwangwani kapena zinthu zina zowathandiza, ndiponso muzilankhula ndi anthu amene mumagwira nawo ntchito.
  • Pezani pangano lolemba ngakhale ngati lingakhale lolembedwa m’kamwa; lembani ntchito yanu (ikhale ndi zithunzi, sungani dayari).
  • Kulembetsa bungwe loona za kakhalidwe ka anthu kapena njira zotetezera anthu; maiko ambiri amalola kulembetsa mwa chilengezo chosavuta.
  • Lipoti lophwanya malamulo: tchani thangata ya antchito (yopezeka m’mayiko ambiri), fikirani m’chipinda cha akazi cha kumaloko, kapena funsani NGO kuti mupeze chithandizo chalamulo.
  • Kambiranani kapena gwirizanani ndi antchito: Gulu lochirikiza kuwonjezera mphamvu zogwirira ntchito ndi kuchepetsa kusungulumwa.

Kumanga Dongosolo Laulemu

Kusiyapo kugonjera kwa lamulo, kupanga chikhalidwe cha ulemu kumaphatikizapo kuzindikira ntchito yapanyumba kukhala yeniyeni yoyenerera ulemu. Olemba ntchito angayambitse mwa kutchula antchito maina, kulemekeza nthaŵi yawo ndi malo achinsinsi, ndi kuwachitira iwo monga olingana. Ntchito ya boma iyenera kuphatikizapo kusungitsa, kulembetsa kwa onse, ndi oyang'anira antchito odzipereka pantchito zapanyumba. Zoyesayesa za lamulo ziyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga cha National Leaster Workers Act yomwe imawonjezera ufulu ndi mankhwala.

Kumaliza

India wapanga kupita patsogolo koyamikirika m'kuzindikira antchito apanyumba kukhala oyenerera anthu pa malamulo. Ntchito zapanyumba zokhala ndi mapangano a Social Security Act , kuphatikizidwa kwa ntchito yapanyumba pakali pa madeti a malipiro ochepa, kufutukulidwa kwa PoSH Act, ndi mabungwe apamwamba a zachitetezo ayala maziko otetezera. Komabe mpata pakati pa kuloledwa kwalamulo ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ukufalikira. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amagwira ntchito popanda mapangano, popanda mapindu, ndipo popanda chidaliro chakuti mawu awo adzamvedwa. Kukwaniritsa tchuthicho kumafuna kuyesayesa kwa osungitsa ndalama: olemba ntchito amene amasankha kusagwirizana ndi kalata yokha koma ndi mzimu wa lamulo; antchito odzilinganiza ndi kudzidziŵitsa; anthu amene akupitiriza kuchirikiza; ndi kuchirikiza ndi kuwonjezera boma.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka ponena za zoyenera za antchito apanyumba, mungafunse Rights Watch dziŵitsa za antchito apanyumba ku India [1] ndi Kuyesa kwa Labour & Working kwa antchito apanyumba . Ulendo wa ku ulemu wa onse ukupitirizabe, ndi ntchito iliyonse (*'pangano lolembedwa, malipiro oyenera, kapena kukambitsirana kwaulemu kubweretsa kumudzi.