Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa a Zofunika za Federal Warrant

Chikalata chachinayi chokhazikitsa mfundo yakuti nzika iliyonse iyenera kutetezedwa pofufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Chitetezero chimenechi si chopanda malire, ngakhale kuli tero; chimalola kuloŵerera kwa boma pamene lipatsidwa chilolezo choperekedwa bwino ndi chochititsa choyenera, chochirikizidwa ndi lumbiro, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza malo ofufuzidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoti zigwire. Makhoti a boma amamasulira zofunika zimenezi ndi kutsimikiza kuti malamulo si ongoyenera koma ndi chitetezo chenicheni polimbana ndi ntchito ya boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lagogomezera mobwerezabwereza kuti chiyeneretso cha lamulo chimagwira ntchito pakati pa lamulo ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Chifukwa cha kumvetsa kwambiri malemba ndi mbiri yakale, kuyang'ana [FL:]

M’zochitika za boma, zikalata zimaperekedwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza wachigawo pambuyo pa kupenda kufunsira koperekedwa ndi ofisala wa lamulo kapena loya. Chifunsirocho chiyenera kukhazikitsa mfundo . osati kokha kutsimikizira chochititsa chothekera. Mfundo zimenezi zimaperekedwa molunjikidwa ndi affidavit. Ataperekedwa, chikalatacho chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthaŵi yabwino (kaŵiri masiku 14 kaamba ka zilolezo za boma pansi pa Lamulo 41 la Federal Malamulo a Criminal Procediture) ndi kubwerera ku khoti ndi minda ya zinthu zotengedwa. Kumvetsetsa minda ya procreal imeneyi kuli kofunika kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, osungitsa lamulo, ndi aliyense wofuna kutetezera ufulu wawo pa kufufuzidwa kwa boma.

Kufunafuna Zofunika: Zofunika Zabwino

Maféderal alola lamulo kulowa m'malo oikidwa ndi kufunafuna umboni wakutiwakuti. Kuti boma lipeze umodzi, liyenera kukwaniritsa zofunika zitatu zogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma: chochititsa, kulumbira kapena kuvomereza, ndi kutsimikizira. Mbali iliyonse imalimbitsa ena kuletsa zilolezo zachisawawa .

Chochititsa Chachikulu

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chimakhalapo pamene pali kuthekera kolungama kumene kumachotsa, umboni wa upandu, kapena munthu wogwidwa adzapezedwa pamalopo. Muyezo umenewu suli wofuna kufunafuna kuposa umboni wokwanira koma woposa kukayikira. Makhoti a Federal amasanthula mothekera chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito zonse za kuyesa kotheratu, koyamba kupendedwa kwa [[FL: 0]] kupendedwa kwapadera kwa [kudziŵidwa kwa]. Mageti , U.S. 213 (193). Mfundo zenizeni zimene zimalola mageti kupenda kuthekera kwa kupeza umboni. Kudziŵa kodalirika kungachirikize ngati chochititsa chidziŵitso chachi chidziŵitso ndi chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso cha zinthu. [ka]

M’kamwa Kapena Kudwala

Chiyeneretso chirichonse cha kufunsira chiyenera kulumbira kapena kutsimikiziridwa pamaso pa oweruza. Chifuniro chimenechi chitsimikizira kuti chidziŵitso choperekedwacho chiri chowona ndi kugamulidwa ndi zigamulo zothekera. M’kuyesayesa kwa boma, affidavit imalumbiridwa mofala pamaso pa woweruza, amene angakaikirenso ku kulumbira. Lumbirolo limagwira ntchito zonse ziŵiri zoyambika ndi kukonzanso kulikonse. Ngati chikalatacho chili ndi mawu onama kapena ochitidwa mosasamala, chilolezocho chingachotsedwe pansi pa lamulo lokhazikitsidwa mu . Delilaesal . [FLD:1], U.U.1548)

Kufotokoza Mwachidule

Demendment yachinayi imafuna kuti chilolezo chifotokoze bwino malo onse aŵiriwo kuti afufuzidwe ndi zinthu zofunikira kutengedwa. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimaletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zilolezo zotsekeredwa zimene zimalola adindo kufufuza. Kuti malowo apereke chilolezocho tsatanetsatane wokwanira , monga keyala ya msewu, nambala ya unit, kapena mafotokozedwe odziŵika bwino a zinthu . Kutheketsa apolisiwo kuzindikira malo olondola ndi kuyesayesa koyenera. Zinthuzo ziyenera kugwidwa, chilolezo chiyenera kuwafotokoza mwapadera kutsendereza katundu wosagwirizana. Malongosoledwe ankhaninkhania onga “evide a ntchito yaupandu” sakwanira; mmalo mwake, lamulolo liyenera kundandal'magulu ngati“ mabizinesi a mankhwala, ma sheleleshoni, ndi matelefoni ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'chimo. Chigaŵenga cha Suppese. [F.]

Kuphedwa ndi Kubwerera kwa Ofunafuna

Federal Argument of Criminal Procedure 41 imalamulira kuperekedwa kwa zikalata zolembedwa. Asilikali ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulolo masana (6: 00:00 a.m.) pokhapo ngati khoti lilola kufunafuna zinthu zabwino usiku. Lamuloli liyenera kuperekedwa ndi mkulu wa asilikali amene watchulidwa m'chilolezo kapena mkulu wina wa asilikali. Asanalowe, asanayambe kulowa, afunikira kulengeza za kukhalapo kwawo ndi cholinga chawo pokhapokha ngati “no - koking'ono" ikugwira ntchito. Pambuyo pa kufunafunako, apolisi ayenera kukonzekera mwamsanga zolembedwa ndi kubwerera ndi khoti. M'kaundulayo imaphatikizapo kope la chikalata ndi ndandanda ya katundu. Woweruzayo ayenera kulengeza ndi kuyang'anira zinthuzo.

Ogwira Ntchito m’Khoti Lalikulu la Asilikali

Kumangidwa kumapereka mphamvu ya kusungitsa lamulo la kutsekera munthu m’ndende chifukwa chakuti munthuyo anachita upandu wa boma.

Kumangidwa Koyenera

Chochititsa choyenera kumangidwa chimakhala pamene mfundo ndi mikhalidwe yodziŵika kwa mkuluyo itsogolera munthu kuchenjera kwanzeru kukhulupirira kuti wonyumwirayo wachita kapena wachita upandu. Wochirikiza chilolezo cha kumangidwa ayenera kukhazikitsa mfundo zenizeni zotsimikizira mbali iliyonse ya mlanduwo. Zinenezo zomveka kapena kugamula kuti wokayikirayo “ayang’aniridwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongoyo sakhala wokwanira. Woweruza ayenera kukhala wokhoza kuona maziko a chikhulupiriro cha wa wa bwanayo. Mwachitsanzo, mbala ingapereke umboni wa kubanki, kuyang'anira mapazi oimbidwa mlanduwo, kuyang'aniridwa pa malowo, ndipo chifukwa cha kulakwa kwake kutsekereza chigamulo. Khoti lalikulu liyenerabe kuwona umboni wolingaliridwawonedwa m'ka. Chigamulo cha [FL:]

Kudzigangira m’Akaidi Omangidwa

Chikalatacho chiyenera kudziŵa munthu kuti agwidwe ndi dzina kapena, ngati dzinalo silikudziwika, ndi mafotokozedwe amene amatheketsa woyang'anirayo kudziŵikitsa munthu wotsimikizirika. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo mikhalidwe yakuthupi, maina odziŵika, kapena chidziŵitso china chodziŵira monga laisensi ya dalaivala kapena nambala ya Social Security. Ziyeneretsozo zimaletsa kumangidwa kolakwika ndi kutsimikizira kuti munthu yekha wotchulidwa m'lamuloyo ndiye amatengedwa kundende. Mosiyana ndi zilo zofunikira kulembedwa, kumangidwa sikufunikira mafotokozedwe a malowo kuti akafufuzidwe, koma chikalatacho chingakhale ndi malangizo operekera kuti agwire munthu amene apezeka m'malo apadera, oikidwa pa malo achitatu.

Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Zolembedwa Mogwira Mtima

Kuti apeze chilolezo cha kumangidwa kwa boma, woyang'anira milandu kapena woweruza wapereka chidandaulo choikidwa ndi lumbiro, chochirikizidwa ndi woimba mlandu amene akutchula mfundo zofunika zotsutsa mlanduwo. Kudandaulako kuyenera kulumbira pamaso pa woweruza, amene kenaka amasankha ngati chochititsa chingakhalepo. Ngati woweruzayo apeza chifukwa choyenera, chilolezo chimaperekedwa cholamula woyang’anira mlanduyo kuti agwire ndi kubweretsa woimbidwa mlanduyo pamaso pa khoti. Lamulolo limakhala logwirabe ntchito kufikira ataphedwa kapena kuimbidwa. Mlanduloyo ayenera kuperekedwa kwa Mzembe wosachedwa, kumene milandu imaŵerengedwa, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo amauzidwa zoyenera. [FL: 0] Mlanduko ya Nkhondo (OP.[12])

Kumangidwa Popanda Malo Ochitira Usilikali: Kupatulidwa ndi Malire

Malamulo a boma safuna kuti nthaŵi zonse agwire munthu. Oyang'anira angagwire popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti munthuyo walakwa pamaso pawo kapena ngati woyang'anirayo ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kulakwako kunachitika, ngakhale ngati sikunasungidwe. Komabe, Court Supremence imafunabe kutsimikiza kofulumira pambuyo pa kumangidwa kosalekeza. Kuwonjezerapo, kuloŵa m’nyumba kuti agwire ntchito, kungafunikire chilolezo, pokhapokha ngati mikhalidwe yosadziŵika bwino yonga kulondola kapena kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FL: 0] Patton. M'pando wachiŵiri wa kumangidwa kwapanyumba., 445 . U.U. , (1980), inaletsa kuti apolisi asiye kulowa m'malo osadziŵa kuti aloŵere m’nyumba.

Uyang’aniro Wachiweruzo: Mbali ya Azalungo

Chilolezo chingafunikire chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, ndipo chingakaikire ku kulumbira kwa mphini. Woweruza wobwerezayo ayenera kuchita monga woyang'anira wachiweruzo wosaloŵerera ndi wosasankha, osati monga woimira kusungidwa kwa lamulo. Woweruzayo akusanthula kukwanira kwa affidavit, ndipo angakaikire chilolezo chowonjezereka, ndipo angakaikire kulinganiza kwa chilolezo. Muyezo wa kupenda ndikuti, pansi pa mikhalidwe yonse, pali kuthekera kumene kudzapezedwa umboni kapena munthu wogwidwa. Magistrate ali ndi ulamuliro wa kusintha ukulu wa chikalata cha chikalatacho, chifukwa cha kuyang'anira ntchito yoweruza. Chomwechi, mwa kuchepetsa nthaŵi ya kupha kapena kuchepetsa zinthu. [Fomzetsalirapo]

Kuteteza Anthu Ambiri ndi Mavuto kwa Anthu Ogwira Ntchito

Pamene chilolezo chazikidwa pa kuonetsedwa kosakwanira kwa chochititsa chothekera, chopanda chidziŵitso, kapena choperekedwa molakwika, woimbidwa mlanduyo angasunge kutsendereza umboni kapena kuchotsapo kumangidwa. Lamulo la kupatula kaŵirikaŵiri limaletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wopezedwa woswa Lamulo Lachinayi. Zitokozo zambiri zimaphatikizapo kutsutsa kudalirika kwa olengeza zinthu, kuloza kuphonya mfundo za zinthu zakuthupi, kutsutsa kuti chilolezocho chinali chita kuima (i., malinga ndi chidziŵitso chachikale), kapena kutsimikiza kuti apolisi ophawo anapitirira ukulu wa chilolezocho. [[FLT:] Filse. Delare. [FLD: 1], Supreme Court adanena kuti woimbidwayo ayenera kumvetsera ngati apanga mfundo yaikulu yodziŵira kuti akudziŵa kuti mawu olakwika kapena ochitidwa ndi chidziŵitso chabodza, zingaperekedwe chifukwa chomveka chomveka.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

M’mikhalidwe yonse, malamulo ambiri opangidwa popanda lamulo loletsa kufunafuna kapena kumanga popanda chilolezo, ngati pangakhale zifukwa zomveka zokayikirira kapena kukayikira zinthu zina.

  • Chochitika chofunafuna kumanga: Apolisi angafufuze womangidwa ndi malo amene angalamulire mwamsanga kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni.
  • Commony: Kuvomereza modzifunira ndi kodzifunira kufunafuna, koperekedwa ndi munthu wokhala ndi ulamuliro pa malowo, kumachotsa kufunika kwa chilolezo.
  • Mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika: zamwambo zonga ngati kulondola kofulumira, chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga ku moyo, kapena chiwonongeko chaumboni choyandikira chilungamitse kuloŵa popanda chilolezo kapena kufunafuna.
  • chiphunzitso choonekera: apolisi angapeze umboni m’chiwonedwe chomvekera ngati iwo alipo mololedwa ndi mkhalidwe wochititsa wa chinthucho awonekera mwamsanga.
  • Kusintha kwa galimoto: Ngati chochititsa chiripo chakuti galimoto liri ndi umboni wa upandu, apolisi angafufuze galimoto popanda chilolezo, malinga ndi kuyenda kwa galimotoyo ndi kuchepetsa kuyembekezera kwa kukhala yokha.
  • Kufufuza kwauyang'aniro: Kufufuza kwina, kupima thanzi ndi chisungiko, ndipo kufufuza malire kungapitirize popanda zilolezo zoikidwa mwapadera pansi pa makonzedwe apadera.

Malamulo ameneŵa saali a chilolezo cha kunyalanyaza chikalatacho pamene chiri chothekera; m’malo mwake, iwo amasamalira mikhalidwe imene kupeza chikalata chingakhale chosathandiza kapena angafooketse kuthekera kwa boma kwa kutetezera chisungiko cha anthu.

Mafunso Ogwira Ntchito a Akatswiri a za Malamulo

Kwa maloya otetezera, kumvetsetsa ziyeneretso za kuyenerera nkofunika kwambiri popanga zikalata zogwira ntchito. Ozunza, mosiyana, ayenera kutsimikizira kuti kutsata lamulo kulikonse kwaikidwa mosamalitsa ndi kuchirikizidwa ndi maumboni odalirika. Oyang’anira malamulo amapindula ndi maphunziro omveka bwino pa affidavit yokonza, kufunika kwa zikalata, ndi kuperekedwa koyenera kwa zikalata. Kulephera kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso zofunikira kungachotse umboni wotsutsika, kuchotsa milandu, kapena kuchotsa mlandu pansi pa [[FLT:] BBBN. Mayiko osadziŵika ndi mabwalo amilandu oikidwa kaŵirikaŵiri, kuti apereke umboni woperekedwa ndi makompyuta. [maumboni aunyinji, Osatsalirapo], kuti aperekedwe. [Magazine]

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zoperekedwa ndi Lamulo Lachinayi ndi kukonzedwa ndi makhoti a boma zimakhazikitsa kulinganiza kosamalitsa pakati pa chisungiko cha anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Ngati mukufuna chilolezo chofufuza kuti apeze umboni kapena kumangidwa kuti aike m'ndende, lamulo losungitsa malamulo atsatanetsatane amene amafuna kuti pakhale chifukwa chomveka, lumbiro, ndi kutsimikizira. Uyang'aniro wa oweruza ndi abwalo amatsimikizira kuti malamulo saperekedwa mopepuka ndi kuti mphamvu za boma zipendedwe. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuvomereza kuti kufunsa kwaupandu ndi kufunika kwa mwamsanga kwa zochitika. Oweruza, a boma, a boma, ndi nzika za boma, ndi oyenera kukwaniritsa zofunika zimenezi, nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti chilungamo chikwaniritsiridwe popanda ufulu umene umatetezedwa. [FUTFreededed Alvective]