Polimbana ndi kudyerera ana ndi kuzunza ana, mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo amayenda molimbika pakati pa kufufuza kwamphamvu ndi chitetezo cha malamulo. Mtengo wachinayi ku United States, pamodzi ndi boma lake, umafuna kuti ukafufuze ndi kumanga zikhale zomveka, ndipo m’mikhalidwe yambiri, zimene zikutanthauza kupeza chilolezo. Omenya nkhondo amayang’anira kwambiri: amakakamiza apolisi kuti asonyeze kuti akuchititsa munthu kukhala wosaloŵerera pa nkhani za boma asanaloŵetsedwe ndi boma, ufulu, kapena katundu wa munthu. M'nkhani za kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, pamene umboni wa za magetsi umakhala wapakati ndipo zigawa za onse aŵiri ndi onyumwiridwa ndi okayikira ali opambana kwambiri, kuzindikira zofunika kwenikweni siziri chabe za maphunziro chabe kwa akatswiri a za malamulo, oyang’anira malamulo, ndi aliyense wosamala za chilungamo.

Nkhani ino ikupereka kusanthula kozama kwa ziyeneretso za kuyenera m'machitidwe a ana ndi milandu yozunza. Tidzafufuza maziko a malamulo, mbali za lamulo lotsimikizirika, kupenda kwapadera kochitidwa ndi kufufuza kwamphamvu kumeneku, ndi zitukuko zaposachedwapa zalamulo zimene zimaumba mmene makhoti amavomerezera pa nkhani imeneyi. Pofika nthaŵi, oŵerenga ayenera kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira cha malamulo amene amalamulira chimodzi cha ziŵiya zotsatirapo m’kulimbana ndi ana ndi maupandu.

Maziko a Ogwira Ntchito Alamulo

Chikalata chachinayi chowonjezera ku Lamulo la U.S. chimapereka kuti: “Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, motsutsana ndi kufufuza kosayenera ndi njirinjiri, sikudzapotozedwa, ndipo palibe Warrant amene adzapereka, koma chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofufuzidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zogwidwa. Chinenerochi chimakhazikitsa miza mizati iŵiri ya kulolera: kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi kudwala kuyenera kukhala koyenera, ndipo zifunsinsizo ndizo zazikulu zimene zimatsimikiziridwa ndi malo akukhala ndi malo ena otetezedwa.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likutsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti kufufuza kochitidwa kunja kwa njira yachiweruzo, popanda chilolezo chochitidwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza, kuli kosamveka pa mlingo uliwonse pansi pa Demendment Yachinayi . Kugonjera kokha ku zopinga zingapo zapadera ndi zoikidwa bwino. Onani [[FLT]] Katz v. United States [], 389 U.S. 347 [1967].] Chiyenetso cha lamulo chimatsimikizira kuti m'kambikitsiri, osati wa apolisi opikisana ndi upandu, amapenda mphamvu ya umboni asanafufuze.

Pankhani za kudyerera ana, malamulo apamwamba kwambiri. Zolinga zachinsinsi za onyumwiridwa zingawombane ndi chifuno cha boma chokakamiza kutetezera ana. Makhoti ayenera kulinganiza zikondwerero zimenezi pamene akutsimikizira kuti zilolezo siziperekedwa mwa kungodalira pa kukayikira kapena chidziŵitso chochepa. Malo ovomerezeka a Demendment a Wene Mefect angafunikire [1] Zochititsa zosatsutsika, kulumbira kapena kuvomereza, ndi kuwonjezera kutchuka kwa makompyuta ndi ntchito za pa Intaneti pamene zikuphatikizidwa.

Zofunika Zofunika Kwambiri Kuti Munthu Akhale Wogwira Ntchito Yabwino

Chochititsa Chachikulu

Chochititsa chachikulu kwambiri ndicho chinthu chimodzi chofunika kwambiri pa mfundo iliyonse yokhudzana ndi lamulo. Kufuna kutsata lamulo kuti afotokoze mfundo ndi mikhalidwe imene ingapangitse munthu wolingalira kukhulupirira kuti umboni wa upandu udzapezeka pamalopo kuti afufuze kapena kuti munthu wina wachita upandu. Pankhani za ana, mwina chifukwa chake amatengedwa pa Intaneti: Wokayikiridwa wajambula kapena kugona ana (CSAM), watenga nawo mbali m’zipinda za pa Intaneti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta opangidwira kuti apezerepo ana, kapena wapezeka kudzera ku National Center for Direction & Convection Children (NCMEC) Lipoti la CYTIPG.

Khoti Lapamwamba lagogomezera kuti chochititsa chothekera chiyenera kuzikidwa pa chiwonkhetso cha mikhalidwe. Onani [FLT]] . Gates , 462 U.S. 213 (1903). Pofufuza ana, makhoti adzalingalira kudalirika kwa magwero, kutsimikizirika kwa chidziŵitso, ndi kuyenerera kwa nthaŵi ya umboni. Chitsanzo, umboni wakuti ana ena ana CSAM zaka ziŵiri zapitazo koma sanachitepo kanthu pa ntchito iliyonse yokayikira yaposachedwapa. Kudzikongoletsa kwa pa Intaneti kapena kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito kobisika kungayambitse maziko amphamvu.

M’matumbo kapena Kudwala (Sworn Affidavit)

Chikalatacho chiyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena chitsimikizo , , mawu olumbira olembedwa operekedwa kwa woweruza. Nthaŵi zambiri woyang'anira malamulo amene amadziŵa za kufufuzako kapena amene walandira chidziŵitso chodalirika kuchokera kwa ena. Affidavit ayenera kulongosola mfundo zochirikiza mfundo zogwirizana ndi mfundozo. Siingadalire pa mfundo zogwirizana kapena zongopeka. M'nkhani zovutitsa ana, maadiresi a Intaneti amaphatikizapo: mafotokozedwe a mauthenga a Intaneti, maadiresi ogwirizana ndi mautumiki a pa Intaneti, chidziŵitso kuchokera ku zolembedwa zachinsinsi, ndi kufufuza kwa zodziŵika za CSAM.

Mawu onama kapena osocheretsa mu affidavit angatsogolere ku kutsendereza umboni pansi pa muyezo . Onani . Focts v. Delaware . , 438 U.S [7789]) . Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo atha kusonyeza kuti mawu akupanga bodza kapena amwano amene anali ofunika kupeza chifukwa choyenera, khoti lingasunge khudzi ndi, ngati zinenezozo zitsimikiziritsa umboni wopezedwa.

Kufotokoza Mwachidule

Chilolezocho chiyenera "kulongosola mokulira malo kuti afufuzidwe, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunikira kugwidwa. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimaletsa zilolezo zachisawawa . mtundu umene Woyambitsa amanyozedwa monga "mayeso a chithandizo". M'makompyuta kufufuza kwa msinkhu, makamaka n’kovuta chifukwa chakuti zipangizo zamagetsi zingasungitse chidziŵitso chochuluka, chochuluka chomwe sichigwirizana ndi upandu wolingaliridwa. Chilolezo chimene chimavomereza kusanthula "mafaelo onse" pa kompyuta chikhoza kuchotsedwa.

Makhoti apanga miyezo ya ziyeneretso za ndandanda: chilolezo chiyenera kulongosola ndi tsatanetsatane bwino mitundu ya madata kapena mafaelo amene adzagwidwa (m’chitsanzo, zithunzi za kudyerera ana, mitengo ya kulankhulana, milongo ya mapangano). Mabwalo ena amafuna njira ziŵiri: choyamba, kusungitsa lamulo kungalande chipangizo chonse; yachiŵiri, ayenera kupeza chilolezo chopatulirapo kufunafuna ziŵiya za mafaelo. Kapena, chilolezo choyamba chingakhale ndi mfundo yokhayokha yofufuzira malamulo amene ali ndi malamulo oyenera kukhala ndi CSAM.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Ana Mwankhanza

Umboni wa Makompyuta ndi Makompyuta

Makompyuta, mafoni, mapaleti, makampani oyendera magetsi, makompyuta, makampani a magetsi, ndi makompyuta. Makompyuta oyendera zinthu zamagetsi ayenera kufotokoza mmene zinthu zimasungidwira, kupezeka, ndi kufalitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, chilolezo chofufuza nyumba ya zipangizo zimene anthu akukayikira kuti zikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito, chingafunikirenso kulola lamulo loletsa kuti zikhale ndi kupenda nkhani za mtambo zimene zili ndi makompyutawo. Makhoti ambiri apeza kuti pali chilo cha malo enieni (m.g., nyumba) moyenerera amavomereza kufunafuna ziwiya zopezeka mkati, kuphatikizapo makompyuta ndi mafoni, monga mmene chilolezocho chikufotokozera zinthu zimene zingagwire. Koma kufunafuna zinthuzo kuyenera kukhala koperewerabe ndi koyenera.

Makhoti ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti makhoti afufuze ziwiya za magetsi m'nkhani za ana zodyerera ana. Maaudindo angafunikire kugwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kosavuta, kuyerekezera kwamtengo wapatali, kapena zida zina zothandizira kuchotsa CSAM popanda kufufuza mafaelo ena (monga makope kapena zolembedwa za mankhwala). Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kufunafuna ziŵiya zamagetsi zofunikira pa nkhani za ana zamaliseche, kupereka chitetezo zina monga zofunikira kutsendereza lamulo kuti achepetse kupendedwa kwa chidziŵitso chosatsalirapo.

Nkhani Zochuluka Zokhudza Kulamula

Kugwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza nthaŵi zambiri kumadutsa m'dziko ndi m'dziko. M’boma lina, wokayikidwa angalakwire munthu wina m’bwalo lina, kapena CSAM angapereke umboni kwa anthu amene akum’dziko lina. Chikalatachi chimakhala chovuta kwambiri ngati pali umboni kunja kwa khoti lolamulira. Ku United States, Chilolezo cha Fourne Conformation Reformation chimagwira ntchito kufunsira ndi kudwala m'dzikolo. Chifukwa chakuti kutuluka kwa magetsi, lamulo lingafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito chilo chovomerezeka pa Tromagence (18.S.C. 2701-272) kapena kufunafuna pangano lalamulo lachigwirizano cha mayiko onse.

Kutsatira Makonzedwe a Kuweruza

Kufunsira kovomerezeka kwa milandu ya ana kumavuta kwambiri kuposa kuphwanya malamulo wamba. Magistrate ndi oweruza amaphunzitsidwa kusanthula mosamalitsa mafunsishoni chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa matanthauzo achinsinsi ndi kuponderezedwa. Ozunza nthaŵi zambiri amapenda ma affidavit asanapereke umboni wokwanira, kupeŵa kulankhula mawu osokoneza, ndi kutsatira malamulo a boma. Maboma ambiri amafuna malamulo kuti apereke malamulo owonjezera zinthu . [magalamu a "bwerera" malipoti . "kusinthani" kuyang'anira zinthu zimene zinagwidwa ndi pamene kufunafunako kunaphedwa.

Pakufufuza kwapamwamba kophatikizapo kuyang'ana kwambiri kapena ntchito zapansi, lamulo losungitsa lingafune "dongosolo la kunyanja" limene limaletsa chilolezo cha kuulutsidwa kwa woimbidwa mlandu kwa nyengo yanthaŵi. Malamulo a kunyanja amathandiza kutetezera umphumphu wa kufufuzako koma ayenera kulungamitsidwa ndi kusonyezedwa kwaumboni wa kusoŵa kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Mofananamo, "kusunga chidziŵitso" zilolezo [1] kumene boma silimadziŵitsa mwamsanga nkhani ya lamulolo [1] nthaŵi zina zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani za kudyerera ana pamene chidziŵitso chamwamsanga chikaika pangozi kufufuza kopitirizabe kapena mikhole kapena mboni kapena zoika pangozi.

Kusamalira Kwapadera kwa Mikhalidwe ya Ana Odyerera

Kuchepetsa Kusweka Mtima ndi Kutetezera Ovutika

Kufufuza kwa kudyeredwa masuku pamutu kwa ana kumafuna kusamala kwambiri kwa anthu ovutika. Pamene lamulo lipereka chilolezo panyumba ya wonyumwidwa, iwo angakumane ndi wochititsa wolingaliridwa kukhala woukira, ziŵalo zina za banja, kapena mikhole imodzimodzi. Kufufuza kosalongosoka kungadzetse kupsinjika kowonjezereka. Madipatimenti ambiri apolisi ali ndi malamulo kutsimikizira kuti kufunsa kochitidwa ndi antchito ophunzitsidwa mwapadera, kuti ovutikawo samakumana ndi ofufuza, ndi kuti opangidwawo samachitidwa mosafunikira ndi ofufuza, ndi kuti opangikawo amasungidwa m’chitidwewo.

Mantha ameneŵa amakhudzanso kulembedwa kwa mapepala. Mwachitsanzo, chilolezo chimene chimalola kulanda zinthu za "chimodzi ndi zipangizo zonse za magetsi" m'nyumba kumene mwana wobedwa angafunikire kuphatikizapo makonzedwe olekanitsa zipangizo za wodwalayo ndi zipangizo zokayikiridwa, kapena zipangizo zobwerera zimene siziri umboni wa upandu mofulumira. Makhoti angapereke mikhalidwe pa kuperekedwa kwa chilolezo, monga ngati kufuna kuti woyang'anira malamulo wophunzitsidwa kuzindikira kuti apezeke, kapena kuchepetsa nthaŵi ya tsiku lofufuzalo imachitidwa kuti achepetse kusokonezedwa.

Kufufuza Zipangizo za Pakompyuta ndi Mafilimu a M’mitambo

Kuchuluka kwa mafoni ndi mautumiki a m’milungu kwapanga zinsinsi zatsopano za lamulo kaamba ka zifunsiro zofunikira. Chikalata chofufuza chipangizo chakuthupi kaŵirikaŵiri sichimafikira ku maakaunti a magetsi opezeka kuchokera ku chiwiya chimenecho. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014, chikusunga kuti apolisi mwachibadwa sangakafufuze makompyuta a foni kuti agwire popanda chikalata cha kuyang'anira. Ngakhale kuti angafufuze makompyuta ndi mafoni: lamulo ayenera kukhala ndi chilo chokhudza mfundo yakuti apolisiwone umboni wa upandu.

Pankhani za kudyerera ana, kaŵirikaŵiri mapepala amavomereza kusanthula kwa "milungu ya maakaunti osungira zinthu, maakaunti a maimelo, ndi maakaunti a pa intaneti olankhulidwa ndi ogwirizanitsidwa ndi wogwiritsira ntchito chipangizocho, popeza kuti izi nzofala ku CSAM. Komabe, zimenezi zingafunikire kusonyezedwa kosiyana kwa chochititsa chothekera kaamba ka cholembera chirichonse kapena utumiki, makamaka ngati umboni wogwirizanitsa wolingaliridwawonedwayo ku cholembera cha mtambo wakutichakuti ngwofooka.

Kupenda Koyambirira

Zipangizo zikagwidwa, ofufuza a m'makompyuta ayenera kumamatira ku malamulo okhwima kuti atsimikizire kukhulupirika kwa umboniwo ndi kupeŵa kupitirira malire a chilolezo. Njira ya frensic kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikiza kupangira pang'ono kaamba ka kope lachiŵiya (a "faniziro lachikazi") ndi kusanthula chithunzithunzi chakugwiritsira ntchito zida zodziŵira CSAM hashes, kuchotsa zochotsedwa, ndi kusanthula mbiri yakale ya Internet. Lamulolo liyenera kufotokoza ngati woyesayo angafufuze chiŵiro cha "umboni uliwonse wa kugonana," kapena mitundu yokha ya zosonyezera (m., zithunzi ndi mavidiyo akuonetsa ana pansi pa mkhalidwe woonekera bwino wa kugonana 18).

Movuta, ofufuza a m'mafaelo, mafaelo, zithunzi zowunikira) zimene zingangoyang'ana mafaelo onse pa chipangizocho popanda njira zina zofufuzira zimene zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa CSAM. Makhoti ena amanena kuti kufunafuna CSAM kuli ndi malire chifukwa ofufuzawo akufunafuna mafashoni apadera (mapindu, mafashoni, mafaelo, zithunzi zoonekeratu) amene ali othekera kuzindikira CSAM popanda kufuna kuyang'ana. Koma ngati malamulo ofufuzawo ali otakata kwambiri . Mwachitsanzo, ngati wofufuzayo aŵerenga makope ndi mapepala onse angatsutse kuti chilo chovomerezeka ndi kuti umboni uyenera kuchotsedwa.

Mavuto Amene Anachitika Posachedwapa

Carpbate v. United States ndi Chiphunzitso chachitatu cha Chigawo

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court 2018, chinasintha kwambiri malo opezerapo umboni wa masamu. Khotilo linavomereza kuti boma liyenera kupeza chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chomveka lisanapeze selo lokhala ndi chidziŵitso cha malo (CSSLI) kuchokera ku chotengera cha nyukiliya kwa masiku asanu ndi aŵiri kapena kuposa. Chigamulocho chinakana kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chachitatu cha patalitalikirano ndi gulu lachitatu (monga kampani ya telefoni) sichikutetezedwa ndi chipwirikiti chachisanu ndi china. Pamene kuli kwakuti: [FTCP]

Pofufuza ana, osungitsa lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amafunafuna chidziŵitso kwa osungitsa ntchito za pa Intaneti, mameseji, ndi mapulogalamu a za makampani. Pambuyo pa Carplant, makhoti ambiri aang'ono anena kuti chilolezo / osati lamulo lapansi kapena lamulo la khoti pansi pa Teld Communications Act , imafunikira kaamba ka mitundu ina ya chidziŵitso, monga ngati malo ochezera kapena maadiresi ogwiritsiridwa ntchito panthaŵi zina. Chizoloŵezi cha kufuna malunjiko kaamba ka umboni wa makono chikhoza kupitiriza, ndipo mayeso m'nkhani za ana ayenera kukonzekera kupeza zikalata za mitundu yambiri ya chidziŵitso kuposa m'mbuyo.

Zipangizo Zogwiritsa Ntchito Polemba Malemba Molakwika

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa nkhani za ana ndicho kulembedwa kope. Mafoni ambiri amakono ndi makompyuta amalembedwa mwa njira yosadziwika, ndipo malamulo angalephere kugwiritsa ntchito mfundozo popanda kulembedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kapena kutsegulidwa kwa zinthu. Zida zalamulo zimene zilipo kukakamiza munthu wokayikira kuti atsegule chipangizo chomwe chayamba kuchuluka. Makhoti asankha ngati ufulu wa Fith Reformation wolimbana ndi kudzisintha ukhoza kuteteza munthu amene akukayikiridwa kuti asapereke kopeka (kukakamiza kwa lamulo lachikhalidwe) kapena kutsegula chipangizo chofufuzira mawu (mwachidziŵikire kuti sichikuimira ufulu).

M'nkhani zambiri zodyerera ana, osungitsa lamulo amafunafuna chilolezo chimene chimaphatikizapo "udongo wokakamiza" wonyumwiridwayo kutsegula chiŵiyacho, akumanena kuti Kusintha kwa Fite Amendment sikumagwira ntchito chifukwa chakuti kupereka chikalatacho sikuli umboni kapena chifukwa chakuti chigamulo cha boma chimadziŵa kale chipangizocho kukhala cha wonyumwiridwa ndipo mwinamwake chili ndi CSAM ) chimachotsa mwaŵiwo. Malo ameneŵa alamulo amatsutsa kwambiri, ndipo yankholo limasiyana. Makhoti ena a boma anena kuti chilolezo chikhoza kukakamiza munthu kusonyeza chipangizocho ndi kupereka kalata yotsatsira, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amafuna lamulo la khoti logwirizana lozikidwa pa kusonyeza chifukwa cha choyenera ndi chosoŵa.

MARIPOTI A NCOMCC ndi Cybertipline

Kufufuza ana kochuluka kochitidwa ndi National Center for Consured Children (NCMEC) kupyolera mwa Cybertipline . Pansi pa lamulo la boma (18 U.S. ○ 2258A), othandizira ana afunikira kupereka lipoti la kuchitiridwa nkhanza yakugona ana ku NCMEC. NCMEC ndiyeno akupititsa malipoti ameneŵa ku lamulo. Mkhalidwe walamulo wa maripoti ameneŵa (18.C.C.I. zikupanga chochititsa chokwanira kaamba ka kulembedwa kwa NCOMCC imakhala nkhani ya kugamula.

Kaŵirikaŵiri, lipoti la Cybertipline limaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chonga ngati keyala ya IP ya wogwiritsa ntchito, malongosoledwe a zolembedwazo, ndipo nthaŵi zina zithunzi zenizeni kapena vidiyo. Makhoti ambiri anena kuti lipoti la NCMEC, limodzi ndi masitepe ena ofufuza (monga ngati akutsimikizira a keyala ya IP ndi ISP ndi kupenda nkhani za mbiri yakale za kulakwa kwake), angapereke chifukwa chothekera kaamba ka chilolezo cha kufunafuna. Komabe, oimba mlandu atsutsa kudalirika kwa NCMECC's, akutsutsa kuti malipoti angakhale ozikidwa pa chizindikiritso cholakwika, kusoweka, kapena chidziŵitso chosakwanira. Kaŵirikaŵiri boma limatsutsa kuti malipoti, pamene likukwaniritsa, kukwaniritsa zokhala ndi cholinga. Chisankhoterero cha mavuto oterowo chimadalira pa lipoti la ufulu ndi pa mlingo wodziimira.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zopanda pake m'machitidwe akudyerera ana ndi kuzunza ana zimakakamiza lamulo kugwira ntchito m'malamulo okhwima kwambiri amene amatetezera pothandiza kufufuza mwamphamvu za upandu wankhanza. Zofunika kwambiri . Zofunika . Zofunika . Zochititsa zake n’zokanika, kulumbira, ndi kutsimikizira, ndi n’zofanana ndi pofufuza milandu, koma mkhalidwe wapadera wa kugwiritsa ntchito ana mwankhanza ndi umboni wa makompyuta umayambitsa zinthu zapadera. Ofufuza ayenera kuzindikira mmene angadziŵire zifukwa zofunikira pa mfundo za ndandanda ya ndandanda ya zinthu, mmene angachepetsere kufunafuna kuti apeŵe zinthu zopanda pake, ndi mmene angayendetsere chitetezo chimene makhoti amayendera kuti ateteze ndi kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa ngozi.

Zochitika zaposachedwapa, kuphatikizapo Carcenter chosankha, zitokoso zolemba mawu olembedwa, ndi kulembedwa pa malipoti a NCMEC, zikupitirizabe kukonza mmene zilolezo zimapezedwera ndi kuphedwa. Akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi akuluakulu a malamulo ayenera kukhalabe ndi miyezo yosasintha imeneyi kutsimikizira kuti umboni ngwosatsutsika, kuti mikhole imatetezedwa, ndi kuti ufulu wa magulu onse umalemekezedwa. Kwa awo amene akugwira ntchito yovuta imeneyi, chidziŵitso chakuya cha lamulo la lamulo la lamulo sichirikizidwa kokha ndi maziko a chilungamo.