Makhoti a milandu padziko lonse amaimira mabwalo a chilungamo cha padziko lonse, ochitidwa mlandu wankhanza kwambiri . Ngakhale zili choncho, mabungwe ameneŵa amafufuza zinthu zovuta za malamulo, sasintha kwambiri kuposa lamulo lokhudza kuopsa kwa kaŵiri. Odziŵika m'malamulo apadziko lonse monga ma biss mu upandu wa chibwibwi , chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatseka munthu kuti asayesedwe kapena kulangidwa kaŵiri chifukwa cha mlandu womwewo. Ngakhale kuti chimagwira ntchito yake molunjika m’malamulo, kudutsana ndi kupikisana kwa malamulo kuyambitsa mavuto aakulu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda chisinthiko cha ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri m'mabungwe aupandu apadziko lonse, ziphunzitso zake, milandu yake yoyesa malire, ndi mapangano amene amapanga m’tsogolo mwake.

Kumvetsetsa Chinyengo Chapaŵiri: Kuchokera ku Chilamulo cha Dziko Kufikira ku Chiphunzitso cha Mitundu Yonse

Upandu wa kaŵiri uli ndi mizu yoyambira ku lamulo la Roma ndi lamulo lofala lamulo loletsa madebet bis vixar pro a et eadem causa [1] [1] Palibe amene ayenera kuvutitsidwa kaŵiri pa chifukwa chimodzi ndi chimodzi. M'malamulo amakono, ilo limasungidwa m'malamulo otetezera monga ngati Kusintha Koyamba ku United States ndi Chigawo 50 cha Charter of the Fundament Rights of the European Union. Mfundo yaikulu ndi kuletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito ziŵitso zake zazikulu kuvutitsa anthu kudzera m'mabungwe obwerezabwerezabwereza, kusungitsa kusungidwa kwa lamulo, ndi kutetezera ulemu wa oimbidwa mlandu.

M'malamulo aupandu apadziko lonse, mfundo imeneyi imayendera mfundo yokhudzana ndi mfundo yachilungamo. Bungwe la International Criminal Tribunal la dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia (ICT), International Criminal Tribunal ku Rwanda (ICT), International Criminal Court (ICC), ndi mabwalo a zigaŵenga onga Bwalo Lapadera la Sierra Leone (SCL) lililonse likulimbana ndi mmene angachitire ndi chitetezo chimenechi. Kusintha kuchoka ku madongosolo a dziko lonse kupita ku mayiko osiyanasiyana kumayambitsa mbali ziŵiri: kuopsa koŵiri kuchokera pakati pa makhoti a mayiko ndi bwalo la mayiko osiyanasiyana) ndi ngozi yowolaŵirikiza kawiri (pakati pa makhoti awiri a mayiko kapena pakati pa mayiko awiri).

Mfundo ya M’zoimbira za Padziko Lonse Yokhudza Osakhala Aziŵalo

Mfundo 20 ya lamulo la Roma la Khoti la International Criminal Court imagwirizanitsa mabikone mu silemu [1] mwachindunji kaamba ka nkhani ya ICCC. Zigawo 1 ndi 2 zimaletsa ICC kuyesa munthu kaamba ka khalidwe limene layesedwa kale ndi bwalo lina, kusiyapo ngati nkhani zoyambirirazo zinalinganizidwa kutetezera woimbidwa mlanduyo kapena kusachitidwa payekha kapena mosakondera. Ndime 3 imalongosola kuti palibe munthu amene anayesedwa ndi ICCO amene anayesedwa ndi bwalo lina la milandu. Mofananamo, Mfundo 10 ya ICTY SGOM ndi Mfundo 9 ya ITRTS ili ndi malamulo ofanana, ngakhale kuti kusiyana kwa ziganizo m'zo ndi kusiyana kwa ITRT.

European Court of Human Rights ndi Inter-American Court of Human Rights yathandiziranso ku kukula kwa chiphunzitsocho, kugwiritsira ntchito zidutswa za zinyalala m'nkhani za m'mayiko. Komabe, kusoweka kwa pangano lapadziko lonse lolamulira maupandu apadziko lonse kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kutanthauza kuti mabwalo kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa malamulo awo okhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la mitundu yonse kuthetsera mikangano.

Mavuto a M’malamulo M’mabwalo a Malamulo a Padziko Lonse

Kugwiritsira ntchito ngozi ziŵiri m’mabwalo a milandu a mitundu yonse kumakumana ndi zopinga zingapo ndi zopinga za mlingo wa malamulo.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Mopitirira Malire Ndiponso Kuopsa kwa Kuzengedwa Mlandu

Pamene makhoti ambiri akukhala ndi ulamuliro pa mkhalidwe umodzimodziwo . Mwachitsanzo, Habré anayesedwa ndi ACC ndi khoti lapanyumba, kapena ICCC ndi bwalo loimba ndi bwalo lamilandu la Expault African Chambers . Upandu wa kuzengedwanso mlandu umakhala weniweni. Mlandu wa Hisène Habré, pulezidenti wakale wa Chad, umasonyeza zimenezi. Habré anazengedwa mlandu ndi Avecadenticard ku Senegal mu 2015 chifukwa cha maupandu a anthu ankhondo, ndi kuzunzidwa. Kodi pambuyo pake angayang'anizane ndi mlandu wa ku ICIC chifukwa cha khalidwe lomwelo?

Kucholoŵanako kumakula kwambiri ngati milandu yaikidwa mosiyanasiyana . Udindo wina woweruza za kupulula mtundu wa anthu ukuchitika pa zochitika zofanana. Makhoti ayenera kuona ngati "mayendedwe ofananawo" kapena "mbali zalamulo zomwezo" zimagwira ntchito. Bungwe la Pre-Trial la ICC ladalira kumasulira kochuluka kwa "makhalidwe ofanana" kuti lipeŵe chilungamo chogaŵanitsa.

Mfundo Yogwirizana ndi Kuipidwa Kwake ndi Ne Bis mu Idem

ICP imagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo lachikhalidwe: Makhoti adziko ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, ndipo masitepe a ICC ali kokha pamene maboma sakufuna kapena satha kupereka mlandu. Zimenezi zimayambitsa chitokoso chapadera cha ngozi . Ngati boma lipereka mlandu wankhanza kuti likhululukire munthu wokayikira, ndipo pambuyo pake ICC imaweruza mlanduwo, woimbidwa mlanduyo anganene kuti anazengedwa kale. Roma Sigte imatchula mwachindunji mawu awa: Gawo 20(3) (a) ()) imalola kumangidwa ndi AICC ngati mlanduwo unali "chifukwa cha kutetezera munthu wokhudzidwa ndi mlandu waupandu." Izi zimagwirizanitsa kufunika kwa chiweruzo pamene akuchirikiza mzimu wa [FLD:]

Komabe kugamulapo kuti mlandu uli wovuta. Kufunikira kuti ICC apende ufulu ndi kupanda tsankho kwa juli ya dzikolo . Nkhani zonga Tshuwalerov . Saif al-Illam Gaddafi [1] pa ACC inagogomezera kupsinjika kumeneku. Libya anafunafuna kuweruza Gaddafi pabanja, koma IVC anapeza Libya ali wosakhoza kuchita nkhani zenizeni, motero akulola mlandu wa ICP kuchitika mosasamala kanthu za kufufuza kwa Libya asanatuluke.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo Ofotokoza Upandu

Kodi nchiyani chimene chimapanga "genocide" pansi pa lamulo la ICC singasiyane pang'ono ndi lamulo ladziko lonse kapena malamulo a makhoti a hoc . Mwachitsanzo, junualism ya ICTY ikufuna kugamulapo maganizo a kupulula mtundu wa fuko mwanjira yakuti ICC yamasulira mosiyana. Ngati munthu wamasulidwa kupululutsa kwa mtundu wa anthu ndi ICTY, ndipo pambuyo pake ICC ikufuna kuwazenga mlandu wa "kulimbana ndi anthu aupandu wozikidwa pa khalidwe limodzimodzilo, ndilo liwongoŵiri la ngozi? Yankholo kaŵirikaŵiri limasintha pa kaya khalidwelo lifananadi kapena nlogani.

Madongosolo alamulo adziko amafotokozanso maupandu osiyana. Dziko lingaike mlandu "kuzunza" ndi ukulu wokulira kuposa ICC. Izi zingatsogolere ku mikhalidwe kumene milandu yapanyumba imachititsa machitidwe apadziko lonse ngati khalidwelo nlofanana, ngakhale ngati kuikidwa kwalamulo kusiyana. ICP ndi mabwalo ena akhoti mwachisawawa atengera njira yozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni: zimene ziri khalidwe lalikulu, osati chizindikiro chalamulo.

Kufufuza za Matenda ndi Zitsanzo

Milandu yosonyeza kuti milandu yachitika m’makhoti ikusonyeza kuti nkhani zimene zimayambitsa ngozi ndi ziwiri.

Slobodan Miloševĭ pa Bwalo la Zakudya

Slobodan Miloševĭ, yemwe kale anali pulezidenti wa Serbia ndi Yugoslavia, adaimbidwa mlandu ndi ICTY mu 1999 kaamba ka upandu wophatikizapo kupha anthu, upandu wa nkhondo, ndi maupandu kwa anthu mu Kosovo, Croatia, ndi Bosnia. Mlandu wake unayamba mu 2002 koma sunamalizidwe; Miloševiâebla anamwalira ndi nthenda ya mtima mu 2006 asanafikire chigamulo. Imfa yake inafa pansi pa malamulo a ICTY, koma nkhaniyo sinabukepo mlanduwo. Ngati mlanduwo unatchulidwa ndi lamulo lapakati pa ICH: ? ICTHH inakhala ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse koma usanafikire ku Yugoslavia. IURCROT. Ili sinalikiretuke mlanduwo. Komabe, ngati mlanduwo unatchulidwa kuti, lamulo lapakati pa lamulo la kuweruza la IF. "F.

Laurent Gbagbo pasukulu ya ku ICC

Laurent Gbagbo, pulezidenti wakale wa Côte d'Ivoire, anasamutsidwira ku ICC mu 2011 pa milandu ya upandu wa anthu (mrder, kugwirira chigololo, ndi chizunzo) m'nthaŵi ya nkhondo ya 2010-2011 yapambuyo pa chisankho. Pambuyo pa kuzenga mlandu kotalikira, ACC Trip I Treart I I Count Gbagbo mu 2019, kupeza umboni wosakwanira. Wokanayo anatsimikiziridwa ndi khoti lina. Zimenezi zikuchititsa kuti khoti la Côte d’Ivoire 'Ivo' lipereke Gbagbo chifukwa cha khalidwe lomwelo? Pansi pa Chigamu 20(3) cha lamulo la Roma, Gbabo anali "UPUS" ndipo motero silingayesedwe ndi khoti lina. Khotilo lina la Ilbungwelo limapanga chigamulo cha chigamu cha chigamu cha dziko lonselo.

Charles Taylor ku Bwalo Lapadera la Sierra Leone

Charles Taylor, yemwe kale anali pulezidenti wa Liberia, anazengedwa mlandu ndi Bwalo Lapadera la Sierra Leone (SCL) mu 2012 kuti athandize ndi kubwezera upandu wa nkhondo ndi upandu pa anthu pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ya Sierra Leone. Iye anaimbidwa mlandu ndi kuweruzidwa zaka 50. Pambuyo pake SCSL, Taylor akazengedwa kwina ndi kubwalo lapadera la ICCON. Pa mlandu womwewo ? Mlatho wa SCLS unali ndi bwalo la mitundu yonse, koma womalizira unali ndi mlandu wambiri wa dziko lonse. Motero, wotsatira mlandu wa A Taylorne bim [[FLL:1] mu Intem [[FL:1] (ARICLE 9).

Jean-pierre Bemba ndi Wosiyana ndi Ena

Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, yemwe kale anali wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Democratic Republic ya Congo, anazengedwa mlandu wa upandu wa anthu ndi maupandu ankhondo ochitidwa ku Central African Republic . Mu 2016, adaimbidwa mlandu, koma mu 2018 Appeals Chambers adammasula pamaziko akuti thayo lake monga mkulu wa asilikali silinatsimikizidwe. Kodi Central African Republic tsopano ingapereke mlandu wa Bemba chifukwa cha milandu imodzimodziyo? Pansi pa Chigawo 20 cha Roma Sigte, ayi. Komabe, ngati umboni watsopano unakhalapo mkati mwa nkhani za ICUC, umene umapanga kusiyana? Lamulo la Roma silimalola kuzengedwa mlandu watsopano wozikidwa pa umboni watsopano (osiyana ndi maiko ena). Zimenezi zimasonyeza kufunika kwa kuweruza komaliza kwa chilungamo kwa mitundu yonse koma kukhoza kutsogolera chiŵeruzo ngati chigamulo cha Irba.

Malamulo a M’tsogolo

Pamene lamulo la upandu lapadziko lonse likula, lamulo la mabikone mu utsi lidakali nkhani ya makambitsirano a akatswiri ndi kusintha kwa mabungwe. Njira zambiri zikupendedwa.

Kugwirizanitsa Ziŵalo za Ziŵalo za Kumene Zikuchitika

Pakali pano, khoti lililonse lapadziko lonse kapena la zidutswa zili ndi malamulo ake pa ngozi ziŵiri, ndi kusiyana kosaoneka. Mwachitsanzo, ICTYS Signct imalola kusagwirizana kwa khalidwe limene silinalonjezedwe kwenikweni (m’chitsanzo, milandu yosasimbidwa ndi chitsimikizo choyambirira). . . . . . .C.S. imaitanira kaamba ka msonkhano wogwirizana [FLT: 0] mabiko mu lamulo la upandu wa mitundu yonse, mwinamwake pansi pa masulo a United Nations General Assembly, kuchepetsa zidutswa ndi kupereka malamulo owonekera bwino kaamba ka kugwirira ntchito kolalala ndi kokwera.

Kutulutsa Mafoni ndi Makompyuta Ndiponso Umboni Wamakono

Makhoti amakono apadziko lonse amadalira kwambiri maumboni a pakompyuta, nkhani za makompyuta, ndi nkhani za mayanjano. Maupandu a ngozi aŵiri angabuke ngati umboni watsopano wapezeka zaka zambiri pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa. Ena akutsutsa kuti pali lamulo lowonjezera loperekedwa pa Council of Europe’s Programme ku European Convention on Human Rights (Protocol No. 7, Mfundo 4), zimene zimalola kutsegulanso ngati mfundo zatsopano kapena zatsopano zatulukiridwa zikusonyeza kuswa chilungamo. Msonkhano wa Agulu la Achigawo a ICUCRAC of State Parties walingalira kuti ndi masinthidwe a malamulo a bungwe la Roma koma sanatengerebe pangano losiyana ndi lamulolo, poopa kuti likawononga kutha.

Kulimbitsa Kulimba Mtima

Kulimbana pakati pa kukwaniritsana ndi ngozi ziŵiri kukukula pamene maiko ambiri atsatira malamulo a dziko lonse. Mayiko onga Belgium ndi Spain aweruza kale olamulira milandu imene ingayesedwenso ndi ICP. Makonzedwe omveka osankha kuti ndi bwino kupita patsogolo ati. ICCO yayambitsa lamulo la "kukwaniritsa," kulimbikitsa kuzengedwa mlandu kwa mayiko pamene akusunga ulamuliro. Koma ngati kuvomereza kwa dziko kukuletsedwa pa kukopa, kodi ICCO kuli ndi mwaŵi wina? Pansi pa malamulo amakono, ngati kupitiriza kwa dzikolo kunali kowona, kachitidwe komalizira ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ICRC , ngakhale ngati kusinthako kunali kozikidwa pa kulakwa kwa . Mapangano akulingalira kuti AUCCORG ikhale yogwirizana ndi kugamuka ngati chiweruzo cha dziko lonse likakhala "kutsutsana ndi zikondwerero za chilungamo?"

Ntchito ya Magulu Omanga Mazira ndi Nyumba Zosungiramo Anthu

Kupangidwa kwa makhoti a ziphatikizo monga Kosovo Special Chambers, Mabwalo Odabwitsa ku Mabwalo a Malamulo a Cambodia, ndi Khoti la ku Africa la Chilungamo ndi Ufulu wa Anthu zikuwonjezera maupandu awiri. Makhoti ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana ndi makhoti a dziko ndipo nthaŵi zina amalamulirana ndi ICC. Mwachitsanzo, khoti la Afirika la Chilungamo la Lugamu lakhala ndi cholinga chofuna kuyesa milandu ya mitundu yonse, koma siikuthetsa bwinobwino. Kodi mlandu wa khoti la Africa ungakhale wotsutsana ndi bungwe la ICC? Yankho limadalira ngati khoti la Africa limalingaliridwa ngati likuona "ucrion" m'chifunsi ya mfundo 20 ya mfundo ya malamulo a ku Romete .

Kumaliza

Maupandu aŵiri amakhalabe maziko a ufulu woweruza milandu m'chilungamo cha padziko lonse, komabe kugwira ntchito kwake m'malo alamulo ogaŵanika kumavuta. Kuyambira ku Miloševiji mpaka ku Gbagbo arrect, makhoti atsogolera kutsutsana pakati pa kumaliza ndi kuŵerengera mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa malamulo ndi mafotokozedwe a chiweruzo. Pamene chitaganya cha mitundu yonse chikuyendera ku dongosolo lachilungamo logwirizana kwambiri, kugwirizanitsa malamulo a [[FLT: 0] zifaniziro za mabiko mu irem . Kusintha kotsatira malamulo, kaya kupyolera kumbuyo kapena kuweruza, kuyenera kulinganiza zoyenera za kuweruza oimbidwa mlanduwo kuswa milandu ya mabwinja.

" Palibe munthu amene adzazengedwa mlandu pamaso pa khoti kaamba ka mlandu umene iye kapena iye wamasulidwa kale kapena kuimbidwa mlandu ndi khoti lina.] — Kusintha kuchokera ku ICC Rome Sigmentte, Mfundo 20.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani malemba alamulo a Roman Malamulo , Chilamulo cha lamulo , ndi kusanthula kwa maphunziro a [[FLT:] zinyake za m'mafakemu m'malamulo apadziko lonse [[FLT:]] kuchokera ku Malamulo a Mitundu Yonse ndi Ogwirizana. Malingaliro owonjezereka angapezeke kudzera mwa United Nations Oyang'anira za Malamulo [[FLT:]] ndi [FLT:].C.C. . . . Komiti za Nex'SC.