Kuzindikira malingana ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana nkofunika kuti timvetsetse mmene chitaganya chathu chikugwirira ntchito. Kuchokera ku misewu imene timapita ku sukulu zimene ana athu amapitako, chigawo chilichonse cha boma chimathandiza kwambiri kukonza malamulo ndi ntchito zimene zimakhudza moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Pamene kuli kwakuti nzika zambiri zimagwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma, zosankha zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitidwa ku boma ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhazikitsa njira zochitira zinthuzo. Nkhaniyi imathandiza kuona mozama magawo atatu aakulu a boma //boma, boma, ndi malo kumene zimapezeka.

Maziko Atatu a Ulamuliro: Federal, Boma, ndi Malo

Mu United States, boma limagaŵiridwa mndandanda waukulu wa mizere itatu: boma la boma, maboma a boma, ndi maboma akomweko. Malamulo ameneŵa amazikidwa pa lamulo la boma, limene limagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a chigawo kuletsa chinthu chilichonse kukhala champhamvu kwambiri. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi mphamvu yakeyake, koma kaŵirikaŵiri umayendera limodzi m’madera onga maphunziro, zoyendera, ndi zaumoyo. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo limeneli lokhala ndi madongosolo ndilo kusiyanitsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kusungidwira, ndi kuchirikiza.

Boma Ladziko: Kulamulira

Boma la boma ndilo mlingo wapamwamba koposa wa boma, lokhala ndi thayo la nkhani zimene zikuyambukira mtundu wonse. Mphamvu zake zandandalitsidwa mu Lamulo la U.S., limene limapatsa ulamuliro pa chitetezo cha dziko, nkhani zachilendo, malonda a pakati pa dziko, ndi zina zowonjezereka. Boma la boma limagwira ntchito m'nthambi zitatu . "." laudindo, ndi loweruza.

Maziko a Malamulo ndi Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Malamulo amakhazikitsa kapangidwe ndi malire a boma. Mfundo Imapanga Congress (nthambi ya malamulo) kupanga malamulo; Mfundo II imapanga desidenti (nthambi yodula) kukhazikitsa malamulo; ndipo Article III imapanga Bwalo Lapamwamba (nthambi ya Chijalakhoti) kumasulira malamulo. Kupatukana kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ikulamulira. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuvomereza kuchirikiza ntchito zankhondo, koma Pulezidenti amalamulira magulu ankhondo. Khoti Lapamwamba lingalamulire malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo a kuweruza, monga [FT: 0.] MCulloch . Mary . [FLT:]

Mathayo ndi Madipatimenti Ofunika

Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani zimene zimafuna kugwirizana kwa dziko kapena kuyambukirana kwa dziko. mathayo ake aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • National Defense : Dipatimenti ya Usilikali imayang'anira magulu ankhondo [1] Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force . Imatetezeranso magulu ankhondo ndi mabungwe a luntha.
  • [[FLT :0] Affairs: [[FLT :1] Dipatimenti ya Boma imachita zokambirana, imayang'anira mapangano, ndi kukambirana mapangano. Ilo limaimira zikondwerero za U.S. m'mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga United Nations.
  • Malonda a zamalonda: Dipatimenti ya zamalonda imayang'anira malonda pakati pa mayiko, imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo pa zinthu, ndi kuyang'anira kutukuka kwa chuma. Federal Trade Commission imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa unduna.
  • Kukonza ndi Kukonza Mabanki: [[FT:1] Dipatimenti ya Ndalama imasonkhanitsa misonkho ya boma ndi kusamalira ngongole ya dziko. Ofesi ya Uyang'aniro ndi Bajeti imathandiza Pulezidenti kukonzekera kugamulidwa kwa bajeti ya chaka ndi chaka.
  • Sacial Security and Medicare : Bungwe la Social Security Administration limapereka mapindu a kupuma pantchito ndi kulemala; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services imapereka chithandizo cha thanzi kwa achikulire ndi anthu olandira ochepa.
  • Kusuntha ndi Chisungiko cha Borders: Department of Homeland Security imakakamiza malamulo a kusamuka ndi kulondera malire kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga ngati Customs ndi Bordal Protection.
  • Environmental Protection : The Environmental Protection Agency imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka mpweya ndi madzi, kulamulira kuipitsa m'mbali zonse za dziko.

Dipatimenti iliyonse imatsogoleredwa ndi mlembi wa Kabinati woikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndipo amatsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mabungwe amenewa ali ndi maofesi a m'munda m’dziko lonselo, koma boma siliyang'anira mwachindunji ntchito zambiri za tsiku ndi tsiku .

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Ndalama

Malamulo a boma a ndalama zopitira ku maboma ndi madera 2024 , okhala ndi magulu aakulu owonongera ndalama kuphatikizapo Social Security, Medicare, chinjiriza, ndi chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole ya dzikolo. Kupereka ndalama kumachokera makamaka ku misonkho ya munthu aliyense payekha ndi kulipira misonkho yolembedwa . Boma la boma limaperekanso ndalama ku maboma ndi malo opereka ndalama za maprogramu akutiakutia (m. Médicaid) ndi zopereka zipatala za kufuno za madera. Zimenezi zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe, kupereka chigwirizano cha boma, monga kukweza zaka zalamulo za kumwa kupatsa ndalama 21 za ku makampani a kuyendetsa msewu.

Kwa ndalama zambiri ndi chithandizo cha boma, chezerani USA.gov

Maboma: Magulu a Demokalase

Maboma akugwira ntchito pansi pa chigawo cha boma, limodzi ndi malamulo ake, nyumba ya malamulo, kazembe, ndi dongosolo la khoti. Maulamuliro a Tenth Amendment sanaperekedwe ku boma la boma, kuwapangitsa kukhala ndi thayo la nkhani zambiri za m'banja. Woweruza Louis Brandeis motchuka anatchedwa “mabungwe a demokrase" chifukwa chakuti angayese madongosolo a boma asanalandire mtundu.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Autonomy

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo amene amalongosola kayendetsedwe kake ka boma ndi kutsimikizira ufulu kwa nzika zake. Zikalata zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri n’zolongosoka kwambiri kuposa Lamulo la U.S. "Monga, malamulo a Texas asinthidwa nthaŵi zoposa 500. Malamulo a boma angapereke chitetezo chowonjezereka, monga kuyenera kwa maphunziro a boma aulere (opezeka m'malamulo onse a boma) kapena ufulu wa malo okhala (monga ku Montana). Maboma alinso ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo pa nkhani iliyonse imene siinachotsedwe ndi lamulo la boma. Zimenezi zingathe kulamulira malonda a boma, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi mphamvu zapolisi.

Ntchito ya Boma la Boma la Core

Maboma amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimene maboma a m’dzikolo sangakwanitse koma akukhala m’dera limene boma limakhala.

  • [[FLT: 0] Maphunziro: United States amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, sukulu za boma, ndi kuyang'anira mapepala a aphunzitsi. Iwo amatsogoleranso mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a chitaganya. Mwachitsanzo, California ali ndi mapulani apamwamba a maphunziro amene amagwirizanitsa dongosolo lake la zopimira zitatu.
  • [[FLT: 0] : [[FLT :1] United States imasunga misewu ndi misewu yaikulu (maiko amayendetsedwa ndi boma koma amayendetsedwa ndi boma). Amalamuliranso kutumiza kwa dalaivala, kulembetsa galimoto, ndi madongosolo a zoyendera za anthu monga njanji zapamtunda.
  • Uloza: [FLT :1] United States imayang'anira maprogramu a Medicaid (ndi ndalama za boma zoyendera), kuyang'anira inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi kuyendetsa madipatimenti a zaumoyo wa anthu onse. Iwo amayang'aniranso zipatala ndi nyumba za okalamba.
  • Ubwino wa Public Safety : apolisi a boma akukhazikitsa malamulo a zapamsewu ndi kufufuza kwa upandu. Maboma amayang'aniranso ndende ndi madongosolo oletsa. National Guard, pansi pa ulamuliro (opanda boma), akuyankha ku ngozi monga masoka achilengedwe.
  • Misonkho ya m'dziko: Madziko akusonkhanitsa misonkho ya malipiro (maboma 43), misonkho ya malonda (maboma 45), ndi misonkho ya kampani kuti apereke maprogramu awo. Maboma ena, monga Texas ndi Florida, alibe msonkho wa ndalama zaumwini ndipo amadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya malonda.
  • Zisankho: Maboma amayang'anira boma, boma, ndi masankho akwanuko . Kukhazikitsa maola ovota, malamulo olembetsa, ndi mafomu ojambula. Amajambulanso zigawo zosankhidwira (zogwirizana ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe).

Kusiyana kwa Malo a Dziko la United States

Malamulo a boma amasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ena awonjezera Medicaid pansi pa Affordble Care Act, pamene kuli kwakuti ena alibe. Makampani a zamaphunziro amasiyana: Vermont akugwiritsira ntchito msonkho wa zinthu wa dziko lonse kulinganiza ndalama za sukulu, pamene Illinois imadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu wa kumaloko, kuyambitsa kusiyana. Malamulo a malo okhala amasiyananso ndi malamulo ena ambiri kuposa mayiko ena ambiri, ndipo amaloledwa ndi boma pansi pa Dieoc Air Act. Masinthidwe ameneŵa amalola nzika kusankha mfundo zimene zimayenderana ndi miyezo yawo ndi zofunika.

Kaamba ka kuyang'anitsitsa maulamuliro a boma, onani [[FLT: 0] Conferenceal of State Legislatures .

Maboma Akomweko: Mzera Wotsimikizirika wa Utumiki wa Anthu Onse

Boma la m’derali ndi limene limathandiza kwambiri anthu, monga mizinda, matauni, matauni, magawo apadera.

Mitundu ya Boma Lakumeneko

Maboma a m’derali amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

  • [[FLT: 0] Magawo: M'maiko ambiri, ziŵerengero ndizo magawo a boma, kupereka mautumiki monga zolembedwa za boma, maofesi a sheriff, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Zimafola madera aakulu a dziko ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo maakampasi ambiri.
  • Mapiri: Matauni, matauni, ndi midzi ndi madera ophatikizapo maboma awo. Zingapereke malamulo a kumaloko (m’chitsanzo, malamulo a phokoso) ndi kupereka mautumiki onga apolisi, moto, mapaki, ndi zinthu zina zofunika.
  • Zombo zodzitetezera: M'mayiko ena (motsimikizirika ku Midwast ndi Kumpoto cha Kummaŵa), matauni ndi magawo a magawo a chigawo omwe amayang'anira misewu ya kumaloko ndi malo omanga.
  • Mafuko apadera: Awa ndi maboma a cholinga chimodzi omwe amapereka ntchito monga madzi, zimbudzi, chitetezo cha moto, kapena thumwi la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Port Authority of New York ndi New Jersey ndi chigawo chapadera cha chigawo cha chigawo cha dziko lonse chimene chimayendetsa mabwalo a ndege ndi mabuloho.

Mautumiki Ovuta Amene Boma Lakhala Nawo

Maboma a m’derali amapanga mautumiki ofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhale bwino:

  • Ntchito za polisi: Mafakitale osamalira madzi, kuyendetsa madzi a mphepo, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zimasamaliridwa ndi madipatimenti a mzinda kapena a m'chigawo.
  • Kutetezereka kwa Public : Apolisi a kumaloko ndi madipatimenti a moto amayankha pakagwa tsoka 24/7. Matauni ambiri alinso ndi mautumiki a zachipatala odziwitsa moto (EMS) oyendetsedwa ndi madipatimenti ozimitsa moto kapena mabungwe osiyanasiyana.
  • Maprogramu ndi Zosangulutsa: [[FLT :1] Maboma akuno amasamalira malo oseŵera, mabwalo a maseŵera, malo achitaganya, ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Amalinganizanso maprogramu a zosangulutsa ndi zochitika.
  • Kukula kwa Community: Maplanga opangira malo amayang'anira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka(kuphera kumene nyumba, mabizinesi, ndi mafakitale angamangidwe. Makampani a kumaloko amapanga mapulani owonjezereka.
  • Kusankha kwa Kumalo: Magawo akupereka masankho a meya, msonkhano wa mzinda, akuluakulu a boma, mabudiresi a sukulu, ndi maofesi ena. Amachitanso masitepi a kuderalo pa nkhani za misonkho kapena malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa : madera a sukulu za Boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala osiyana ndi maboma a m'maboma, ndi mabungwe awo osankhidwa ndi olinganiza. Komabe, misonkho ya katundu ya kumaloko imaloŵetsa ndalama zambiri m'masukulu.

Kumene Zimachokera Ndalama Zogulira

Maboma amakweza ndalama makamaka mwa misonkho ya katundu, yomwe ndi magwero aakulu a ndalama za mizinda yambiri ndi makampani. Iwo amasonkhanitsanso misonkho ya malonda (kaŵirikaŵiri ogulitsidwa ndi mayiko), ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito (m’chitsanzo, kulola kumanga kapena kusanguluka), ndi kutumiza boma kuchokera ku boma ndi ndalama zimene boma limapereka. Oyang'anira malo a boma ena amakakamiza anthu kupereka misonkho ya ndalama (m'mphindi ya ku New York City ali ndi msonkho wakewake). Chifukwa chakuti ndalama zimene amakhomakongolera kaŵirikaŵiri zimayendera pamtengo wabwino, anthu olemera angapereke mautumiki, kuchotsa makampani. Nthaŵi zina mayiko amayesetsa kupereka ndalama zofanana ndi mapulogalamu a boma.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za mbali za boma lakwanuko kuchokera ku League of Cinture .

Kuthandizana ndi Kulephera: Mmene Maphunzirowo Amagwirira Ntchito Pamodzi

Boma, boma, ndi maboma a m’dzikolo amagwirizana pa nkhani zambiri, kuthandizana pa za ndalama, ulamuliro, ndi maudindo.

Kupereka ndi Kupereka Zopereka

Boma la boma limapereka ndalama ku maboma ndi madera kaamba ka maprogramu akutiakuti. Monga zija za kumanga Medicaid kapena misewu yaikulu, zimabwera ndi zofunika zatsatanetsatane. Malo othandizira, monga ngati Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), amapatsa maboma ndi mizinda kusinthika kwambiri. Maboma amapatsiranso ndalama kumadera, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mikhalidwe , mwachitsanzo, boma lingafunikire apolisi a kumaloko kutsatira miyezo ina ya maphunziro kuti alandire chilolezo cha boma. Ndalama za kampaniyi imatanthauza kuti ndalama za boma zodulidwa zikhoza kutsata apolisi kapena masukulu akwawo.

Kugwirizana kwa Mabanja

Malo angapo ochitira malamulo amasonyeza mmene milingo yonse itatu imagwirizanitsidwira:

Kuyesa ndi Kulimbana

Ngakhale kuti kugwirizana n’kofala, nkhondo zimachitika. Malamulo a boma angachotse lamulo la boma pansi pa Supremacy Claus . Mwachitsanzo, maboma sangalole kuti chamba chikhale chovomerezeka popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma, ngakhale kuti boma lakhala logwirizana kwambiri ndi malamulo a boma. Maboma ambiri amachotsa malamulo a m'deralo. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kukwera kwa malipiro a m'dzikolo kapena kutsekedwa kwa zikwama zapulasitiki. Kulimbana kumeneku kumasonyeza kulimbana kumene kulipo ndi mphamvu yomalizira pa nkhani zina.

Kumvetsa Mfundo za Boma N’kofunika Kwambiri

Kutenga Mbali pa Chigawo Chilichonse

Unzika wokhutiritsa umafunikira kudziŵa mlingo umene ungafikire pa vuto. Ngati magetsi a khwalala ali kunja, itanani mzinda; ngati msewu wa boma ufunikira kukonzedwanso, lankhulani ndi DOT; ngati lamulo la boma liwoneka kukhala losalungama, lemberani kwa woimira wanu wa U.S. Kulankhula m'masankho kaŵirikaŵiri kuli ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kuposa masankhoti a prezidenti, komabe kutembenuka kuli kocheperapo kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa ntchitozo kumathandiza nzika kuchititsa nduna kukhala ndi kuchirikiza kusintha.

Chiyambukiro pa Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kuchuluka kwa boma kumakhudza zinthu zonse kuyambira pa mtundu wa madzi anu a pampope (malo amene mumakhala, miyezo ya boma, EPA malamulo) mpaka pa maphunziro a mwana wanu (bwalo la sukulu lakwanu, maphunziro a boma, malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe). Ngakhale kukwera kwanu kumapangidwa ndi zizindikiro za pamsewu, zizindikiro za m’misewu yaikulu, ndi miyezo ya boma. Mwa kuzindikira mmene miyalo imeneyi imagwirizanirana, mungathe kuyendetsa bwino njirayo ndi kuchita nkhani yapoyera.

Kumaliza

Boma la boma, boma, ndi malo a boma lililonse lili ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana koma otsatizana. Boma la boma limathandiza nkhani za dziko monga chitetezo ndi malamulo achilendo; maboma amayang'anira maphunziro, zoyendera, ndi thanzi la anthu; ndi maboma akupereka ntchito zofunika zimene zimakhudza madera omwe alipo. Mwa kupereka, mayanjano, ndi kugawana ulamuliro, masitepe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pamodzi. Munthu wodziŵa bwino lomwe amene amamvetsa bwino mphamvu zimenezi ndi kukonzekera kukhala ndi phande mu demokrase ndi kuchirikiza malamulo amene amawongolera chitaganya chawo. Kuphatikizapo maluso a ntchito za boma, achezera [[FLT:] USA.