Nkhani ya Mbiri ya Chinenero Choyamba cha Chiyambi

Chiyambi cha Malamulo a United States sichinatuluke mumkhalidwe wopanda pake; chinali chotulukapo cha mkangano waukulu, kulolerana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi luso la dala la zinenero m’chilimwe cha 1787. Convention ya Constitution ku Philadelphia inayang'anizana ndi ntchito yaikulu ya kuchotsa Magawo Ofooka a Kulamulira dziko lonse. Chinenero cha kuyambitsa mawu chimasonyeza chikhumbo cha woyambitsa ponse paŵiri kulongosola ulamuliro ndi zolinga za boma la boma m’njira imene idzakhudzana ndi nzika ndi kuyesa kwake kosayerekezereka kwa kuyesa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse la Republican .

Gouverneur Morris, nthumwi ya ku Pennsylvania yomwe ili ndi mphatso yachidule ndi yomveka bwino, imadziwika kwambiri kukhala wolemba woyamba wa mawu omaliza a Pregedge. Monga mkulu wa Komiti ya Chikhalidwe, Morris anali ndi udindo wokometsera chilankhulo cha Malamulo asanaperekedwe kuti akope. Anasintha malamulo oletsedwa kukhala malo otsegulira amene amayamba ndi mawu amphamvu akuti "Ife Anthufe. Malinga ndi zolembedwa za mbiri yakale, mapulani oyambirira anaŵerenga "Ife Anthu a ku United States, Massachusetts," ndi zinasintha kwambiri kukhala "Anthu a United States" kugogomezera kuti malamulo a boma a dziko limodzi la dzikolo, osati kusiyanitsa ndi malamulo a dziko. Malamulowa anasintha mfundo zachinsinsi ndi mfundo zapamwamba kwambiri, kuchokera ku mfundo yotchuka kwambiri.

Chinenero choyambiriracho chinatchulidwanso pa zikalata zoyambirira zimene zinaumba malingaliro andale za Kumadzulo. Magna Carta (1215) anayambitsa lingaliro la kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Buku lachingelezi la Bill of Rights (1689) linayalanso zitetezero zowonjezedwa kwa nzika. Malamulo a boma olembedwa panthaŵi ya Chipanduko cha America, monga ngati Virginia Declaration of Rights (17766), anali ndi mawu onena za zolinga za boma. Poyambira kukhazikitsa miyambo imeneyi poigwirizanitsa ndi zofuna za dziko. Malamulowo anamvetsa kuti zomveka bwino, zotsegulira zingathandize kukopa kuti msonkhano wokayikira ndi anthu onse athandize kuchirikiza malamulo atsopano. Powonjezera pa ntchito yokonza zinthu, onani [FL:] Kakhalidwe kayendetsendedwe ka . [FFolgalamu]

Kupenda Mwatsatanetsatane Malemba Achinsinsi a M’chiyambi cha Sukulu

Mawu alionse m'buku la Pregedge ali ndi kulemera kwalamulo ndi kwa filosofi. Kumvetsa mawu ameneŵa aliyense payekha kumavumbula masomphenya omveka amene olemba mafomuwo anawapatsa kaamba ka maudindo a boma. Zifuno zisanu ndi chimodzi zondandalikidwa m'mawu a Preset siziri kokha kupambana kopanda yankho; zimapereka maziko omasulira nkhani zotsatira za Malamulo ndi zosintha.

"Anthufe"

Mawu otsegulira ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya malamulo a ku America. Amatsimikizira kuti ulamuliro wa Konsichushoni umachokera mwachindunji kwa nzika, osati ku mayiko kapena kwa mfumu iliyonse. Kusankha kwa "Ife" mmalo mwa "Ife, oikidwa" kapena "Ife, oimira" tinali odziŵa kupanga chikalatacho kukhala ngati chogwirizana pakati pa anthu onse a ku America. Mawu ameneŵa agwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabwalo aakulu osaŵerengeka ndi mfundo za ndale zadziko kukhazikitsa maziko a democracy a mtunduwo. Zimatanthauzanso kuti boma ndilo lolengedwa ndi anthu ndipo chifukwa chake lili ndi mlandu wawo. Mawuwo amatembenuza mokhutiritsa chitsanzo chapamwamba cha ulamuliro wapamwamba, akuika ulamuliro wotheratu m’manja a olamulidwa.

"Kuti apange Chigwirizano changwiro chowonjezereka"

Opanga mafream anavomerezanso kuti bungwe la Union lomwe lilipo pansi pa Zigawo za Confederation linali lolakwa. "Union wokwanira" satanthauza kuti Malamulo anapangidwa kuti alimbitse maunansi pakati pa mayiko komanso kuti apitirizebe kukonza zinthu. Mawuwa akusonyezanso kulimba kwa mgwirizano wa dziko ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Mwa kuyambitsa kuti bungwe la Ogwirizana likhale langwiro kwambiri," zizindikiro zakuti Malamulo anapangidwa kuti alimbitse zomangira pakati pa mayiko pamene akusungabe kuonekera kwawo. Mawuwa atchulidwa m'zitsutso zalamulo zokhudza mphamvu za boma, makamaka panthaŵi ya nkhondo yachiŵerukirapo, pamene nkhani yakuti kaya maboma angagwirizane ndi maufumuwo amadalira pa chikhalidwe cha Union.

"Chilungamo cha ku Estabrique"

Chilungamo ndicho cholinga choyamba chondandalikidwa, kusonyeza kufunika kwake kwa maziko. Opanga malamulo anali odera nkhaŵa kwambiri kukhazikitsa dongosolo la makhoti ndi malamulo omwe adzakhala olungama, osasintha, ndi opanda tsankho. Pansi pa Nkhanizo, panalibe jaji ya boma, ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma kapena pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana, sikungakhale kutsutsana kotsimikizirika. "Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chipulumutso" chimaimira kulengedwa kwa khoti la dziko, kuphatikizapo Khoti Lapamwamba, ndi malamulo amene amasamalira nzika zonse mofananamo pansi pa lamulo. Mawuwa akhala ofunika kwambiri kutsutsana pa zoyenera za anthu, njira yoyenerera, ndi chitetezo chofanana m'mbiri yonse ya Amereka. [FL:] Constitution Centers . [FUl:]

"Kuberekana kwa Panyumba"

Kupanduka kwa Shay mu 1786 kunasonyeza bwino lomwe kufunika kwa boma lamphamvu la dziko lokhoza kusunga mtendere wa m’kati mwa dziko. Mawu akuti "kutsimikizira bata la m’banja" amasonyeza chikhumbo cha okonza kuletsa chipwirikiti cha anthu, chiwawa cha magulu achiwawa, ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma. Kumapatsa boma mphamvu kuti lichitepo kanthu ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo ndi dongosolo zikhale zopambana m'dzikolo. Cholinga chimenechi chimakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti wa boma kukhazikitsa magulu ankhondo a boma kuti athetse mavuto a m'banja, limodzinso ndi ntchito ya boma yochirikiza lamulo. Ilo limaperekanso thayo la kusamalira ziyambi za chipwirikiti, zonga ngati mavuto a zachuma kapena chisalungamo, ngakhale kuti udindo weniweni umene wachititsa mkanganowo wabuka.

"Kukonzekera chitetezo chofala"

Chisungiko cha boma chinali chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri mu 1787. Nkhani za Confederation zinasiya dzikolo lili losavuta kuopa adani akunja, lopanda gulu lankhondo loima kapena njira yogwira bwino yothandizira kuteteza mayiko. "Kukwaniritsa chitetezo cha onse" kupatsa boma mphamvu yokhazikitsa ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupanga gulu lankhondo, ndi kuchita zinthu zina zofunika kuteteza dzikolo kwa adani akunja. Mawuwa ndi maziko a malamulo a U.S., limodzinso ndi mapangano ndi mapangano. Ilo lakhala likupemphedwa kulungamitsa chilichonse kuchokera kunkhondo kuti lidzitetezere, ndipo lidakalibe cholinga chachikulu cha boma lamakono.

"Khalani ndi Chitukuko cha Onse"

Mwinamwake mawu otsutsana kwambiri m'mawu a Pregedge, "kukonza ubwino wa onse" amasuliridwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Olemba mawuwo akufuna kuti akhale mawu aakulu a boma a kupititsa patsogolo moyo wa nzika zonse, osati magulu okha kapena madera. Komabe, si kupatsa mphamvu kwa munthu aliyense; maulamuliro enieni a Congregation amalembedwa m'Chilamulo I, Chigawo 8. Mawuwo amatumikira monga lamulo lotsogolera malamulo okhudzana ndi maziko, maphunziro, thanzi la anthu onse, ndi maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi lingaliro lakuti "Geneal Benecle Claus" (nthaŵi zambiri zotchedwa "Nkha zopereka Claus") zopereka msonkho ndi kulipira kaamba ka ubwino wanthaŵi yaitali monga momwe silikuswa malamulo ena. Chilamulocho chalola kuti chisinthize chigwirizano cha boma cha boma kusintha zinthu motero, koma chikalatacho chichilikizikire boma chogwira ntchito.

"Thandizani Madalitso a Ufulu"

Cholinga chomalizira chondandalikidwa mu poyambira ndi ponse paŵiri kuyang'ana kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo. "Kusungani Madalitso a Ufulu" kuvomereza kuti ufulu uli choloŵa chamtengo wapatali chopezedwa kupyolera mwa Chisinthiko. Olemba maulansi olinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu wa "ife ndi Kupatula kwathu" . Ziganizo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuona kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa Malamulo monga maziko a ufulu. Ilo limalingalira kuti ufulu sungokhala kusoŵa mphamvu koma umafuna chitetezo champhamvu monga kutsendereza ndi kulinganiza, kusiyanitsa mphamvu, ndi ufulu. Mawuwo agwirizanitsanso malamulo apamwamba ndi ufulu wachibadwa, makamaka malingaliro a John Locle, amene anatsutsa kuti cholinga chachikulu cha boma ndicho kutetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito chinenerochi, ndi ufulu wonse wokhudza ufulu wotsatira ufulu.

Mawu Oyambirira Osonyeza Kugwirizana kwa Chipangano cha Cobic

Chinenero cha Pregedge sichimangofotokoza ntchito za boma; chimapereka lamulo logawiramo. Mawu oyamba akuti "Ife Anthu" amatanthauza kuti Malamulo ndiwo gulu la nzika zimene ziyenera kukhala zokangalika m'kusamalira republic. Pregedge imakumbutsa mbadwo uliwonse kuti demokrase si ntchito yosalekeza koma udindo umene ukupitirizabe. Masukulu ndi mabungwe a boma nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsira ntchito poyambira kukambirana za unzika, ufulu, ndi udindo.

Mbali m’Maphunziro a Mitengo

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, Pregedge imapereka mfundo yachidule koma yakuya yoloŵera m'maphunziro a boma la America. Mawu ake asanu ndi aŵiri angaloŵezedwe pamtima, kuchitidwa, ndi kutsutsana m’makalasi m'dziko lonselo. Maphunziro ambiri a boma amalimbikitsa ophunzira kulemba zoyambira zawo pa anthu kapena mabungwe, mwakutero kukhazikitsa malamulo a chilungamo, bata, chitetezo, ubwino, ndi ufulu. Chinenero cha Preging’schi chimawonekeranso m’miyambo, zifuno zachilengedwe, ndi nkhani zapoyera, kutsimikizira ntchito yake monga chitsulo cha boma. [[FLT:] Library of Congresssions , chimapereka ziŵiro zazikulu za ntchito zimene zimathandiza aphunzitsi kugwirizanitsa Pregaygeaget ku mapepala ndi mapangano a mbiri yakale.

Kumasulira ndi Zoletsa

Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu oyamba amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'zigomeko zalamulo, makhoti anena mosasintha kuti samapatsa ufulu uliwonse waung'ono kapena mphamvu paokha. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba linanenera mu Jacobson v. Massachusetts [190], Pregation saika pa boma la boma lililonse lomwe silinalongedwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo. Komabe, limatumikira monga chitsogozo chomasulira [chitsogozo] /a la m'mene oweruza angamvetsetse zolinga za makonzedwe a Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene alingalira za Commust Claus, woweruza angayang'ana ku chonulirapo cha "kutulutsa ubwino wa onse" kugamulako kapena kukwaniritsa chothandizira cha mtundu umodzi. Chikalata chodziŵikitsa cha Chilungamo choyenera kudziŵikitsa bwino " Chidziŵitso choyenera ndi kutetezera choyenera kulongosola malamulo a lamulo. Motero, chikalata choyenerera chakulongosola cha lamulo.

Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mawu Oyambirira

M’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba, chinenero cha Woyamba chikupitirizabe kumveka m'nkhani zandale, makambitsirano a zalamulo, ndi luso la zojambulajambula. Mawu ake amatchulidwa pa mapwando achilengedwe, osindikizidwa pa nyumba za boma, ndi ogwidwa mawu ndi atsogoleri a malingaliro onse andale. Chiyambi cha maphunziro a zandale za anthu chasinthidwanso ndi magulu a anthu. Kuchokera ku ufulu wa anthu kufikira ku zochita za malo okhala ndi dziko, kukhazikitsa zofuna zawo mogwirizana ndi zolinga zotchulidwa za Konsichulanidwa ndi Malamulo.

Kutsutsana pa Tanthauzo Loyambirira ndi Kumasulira kwa Pambuyo Pake

Akatswiri ndi oweruza amatsutsa ponena za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu, umene unaonekeratu kukhala udindo wochepa pomasulira Malamulo. Olemba mbiri amanena kuti tanthauzo la Pregesary laikidwa ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa 1787-1789. Kwa iwo, mawu onga "general Welfare" ayenera kumvedwa m'nkhani ya kulamulidwa kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu, umene unayang'anizana ndi mbali ya boma. Kukhalira moyo kokhala ndi mbali ya boma, kumbali ina, kuona kutsendedwa monga maziko a malamulo amakhalidwe abwino omwe angagwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano. Iwo amaloza ku mawu "angwiro kwambiri Union" monga umboni wakuti malamulo anapangidwa kaamba kawo ndi kukula. Kutsutsana kumeneku sikungokhudza chabe maphunziro; kukhudza nkhani zenizeni monga zosamalira zaumoyo, malamulo a za m'dziko, malamulo a zachitetezo, ndi malamulo a za dziko.

Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito m’Zandale ndi Moyo Wapoyera

Mapulani kuchokera ku George Washington mpaka pano agwira mawu mawu mawu oyamba m'makeyala otsegulira, Boma la Boma la Boma, ndi maadiresi ena aakulu. Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Aderesi, ngakhale kuti sanagwire mawu mwachindunji Pregedge, anabwereza nkhani zake za ufulu ndi mgwirizano. M'nthaŵi zamakono, Pregedget yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa chilichonse kuyambira pa kulengedwa kwa Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security ku kukulitsa masikito a anthu. Chinenero chake chimawonekera m'malamulo, mawu a bungwe, ndi malamulo a chitaganya. Kuyang'anira kwa padziko lonse, mtendere, chitetezo, ndi ufulu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malemba lapamwamba kwambiri. Kwa ophunzira, kupenda mmene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yake yamakono kwa kuyamikira ndi kuyendetsa chidziŵitso chandale. [AF.5]

Mapeto ake: Mphamvu Yosatha ya Chinenero Choyambirira

Mawu oyamba a United States adakali omveka bwino ndi ouziridwa. Mawu ake osankhidwa mosamalitsa akwaniritsa zolinga zambiri: iwo amavomereza Malamulo mwa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wake mwa anthu, amatchula zolinga zazikulu za boma, ndipo amatchula mawu osasintha akukhala nzika yokangalika. Chinenero cha Pregist chatsimikizira kukhala chokhoza kutsogolera mtundu umene wakula kuchokera ku maufumu khumi ndi atatu a agrian ku dziko lamphamvu koposa la dziko lonse, ndipo malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino akupitirizabe kutsutsidwa ndi kuyengedwa ndi kupyola pa nkhondo za mbadwo uliwonse kaamba ka chilungamo, chisungiko, ndi ufulu.

Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika, kuphunzira Pregedge sikuli kokha kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale. Ndi pempho kusinkhasinkha za mtundu wa chitaganya chimene tikufuna kumanga ndi mathayo amene timachita monga ziŵalo za ndale zadziko zodzilamulira. Mawuwo akutifunsa kuti tilingalire ngati tikupanga mgwirizano wangwiro, kaya ngati tikukhazikitsa chilungamo, ndi kaya tisunga madalitso a ufulu kwa anthu a mbadwo wa anthu. M’nyengo ya kukhazikika kwa ndale ndi kusintha kwa mwamsanga, chinenero cha Pregeing chimapereka mawu amodzi kaamba ka kukonzanso kolamulira. Mawu ake akutikumbutsa kuti kuyesa kwa ku America kukupitirizabe, ndi kuti chipambano chake chimadalira pa onse amene amati ndi dzina la "Anthu a".