Chiyambi: Mlandu wa Kupenda Chiweruzo wa Malamulo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya makhoti kusanthula machitidwe a nthambi za malamulo ndi maulamuliro ndi kuwalengeza kukhala osagwira ntchito ngati asemphana ndi malamulo a dziko. Mu United States, ulamuliro umenewu sumaperekedwa mwachindunji ndi malembo a Konsichushoni koma wakhala mbali yofunika ya dongosolo la zofufuza ndi zolinganiza. Mwa kutheketsa judicaria kuchotsa malamulo a boma kapena machitidwe apamwamba, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumatsimikizira kuti boma limagwira ntchito mkati mwa malire okhazikitsidwa ndi cholembedwa. Nkhaniyi ipenda chiyambi, ntchito, zikalata zotsimikizira, zitokosoli, zitokosozo, zopitirizabe, ndi zopekezera zachiweruzo za m'tsogolo m'dongosolo lalamulo la ku America.

Mfundo yake ili pa mfundo yakuti Konsichushoni ndi lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Monga momwe Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analembera mu [FL:0] Marbury v. Madison [1803], “Ili yogogomezera chigawo ndi ntchito ya bungwe la komiti ya chiweruzo kuti inene zimene lamulo lili. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimapatsa makhoti mawu omalizira pa kumasulira konsi ya malamulo, kupanga kupenda mwala wa ulamuliro wa demokrase. Chisonkhetso chake chimaposa khoti, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma. Kumvetsa kwambiri za mbiri yakale, onani mawu alamulo [FL:] chidutswa cha Marbury. [F.[3]

Popanda kupenda kwachiweruzo, malamulo kapena akuluakulu a boma angachenjezedwe, kukhoza kusokoneza ufulu waukulu. Motero njirayi imatetezera anthu ambiri ankhanza ndi boma lodzifunira. Imaperekanso nduna kwa anthu ang’onoang’ono ndi anthu ena kutsutsa malamulo amene amaphwanya ufulu wawo walamulo. Monga momwemo, kupenda kwachiweruzo sikuli kokha njira yalamulo koma bungwe la democracy limene limachirikiza lamulo.

Chiyambi cha Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mbiri Yoyamba: Kuchokera ku Chilamulo Chachisawawa cha Chingelezi Kufikira ku Amereka

Malamulo a Chingelezi omwe anali ndi malingaliro oyambirira akuti malamulo ophwanya malamulo ofunika kwambiri angaonedwe kukhala opanda pake, ngakhale kuti panalibe njira yalamulo. M'mayikowa, makhoti atsamunda nthaŵi zina ankabwereza ntchito za malamulo a boma oletsa malamulo a atsamunda. Komabe, Chipanduko cha America chinabweretsa malamulo apamwamba kwambiri omwe angagwire ntchito monga chizindikiro cha komiti yachiweruzo.

Mkati mwa mikangano ya kugoma, Alexander Hamilton anachirikiza kupenda kwachiweruzo mu Federalist No. 78, akumanena kuti jaji ikakhala “wowopsa wa chilombo” chifukwa chakuti inalibe mphamvu ya chikwama kapena lupanga. Anachirikiza kuti makhoti ayenera kumasulira okha malamulo ndi kunyalanyaza lamulo lirilonse logwirizana nawo. Maziko a khoti Lapamwambalo linakhazikitsa mbali ya bwalo lamilandulo kuti lipereke mphamvuzo pambuyo pake.

Marbury ndi Madison: Nkhani Yomwe Inafotokoza za Dziko

Nkhani ya [[FLT: 0] Marbury . Madison [FLT: 1] ndi nthaŵi ya kupenda kwachiweruzo ku United States. William Marbury, , kuikidwa kwa Prezidenti John Adams, woikidwa ndi Mlembi wa State James Madison chifukwa cholephera kupereka ntchito yake. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anayang'anizana ndi vuto la ndale zadziko: Kulamula Madson kutumiza ntchitoyo kunganyalanyazidwe, pamene kukana kumva nkhaniyo kuoneka ngati yofooka. M’malo mwake, Marshall analengeza kuti makonzedwe a Jadicary Act of Marbury ya 1789 pampake pamene Marbury anali wosagwirizana ndi boma. Zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti khotilo lipeŵetse kulimbana mwachindunji ndi mkulu wa bungwe la bungwe la judican.

Marshall analongosola malamulo atatu ofunika: Malamulo a Konsichushoni ndi lamulo lalikulu, achiweruzo ali ndi thayo la kumasulira, ndipo lamulo lirilonse lonyansa ku Malamulo liri lopanda pake. Chigamulocho sichinatchule mwachindunji kupenda kwa chiweruzo monga mphamvu ya onse, koma chinakhazikitsa chitsanzo chosatha. Pofika mu 1810, Khoti Lapamwamba linali litapendanso mlandu m’nkhani zina zingapo, ndipo chiphunzitsocho chinakhala chokhazikika kwambiri m'lamulo la Amereka. Pamalo a malembo ndi mapendedwe onse, onani [[FLT: 0] nkhani yolembedwa ndi Antoniopedition pa Marbury. Madine "

Kupenda Chiweruzo m’Malingaliro Oyerekezera

Pamene kuli kwakuti United States inapanga njira yamphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo, mademokrase ena atengera kusintha. Ku Germany, Federal Constitution Court ingaimitse lamulo limene limaswa Lamulo Lalikulu, koma ulamuliro wake ngwaluso kwambiri. Ku Canada, Tchata cha ufulu ndi Frees chimachititsa makhoti kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo, koma Palamente angachotse zosankha zina pansi pa Gawo 33 .A “kusiyana ndi mawu odziŵika". Khoti la European Union of Justice imapenda mapangano a EUC kumatsutsana ndi mphamvu ya kuweruza. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikugogomezera malingana ndi malingana a kuweruza, koma ntchito yaikulu ya boma imagwirizana ndi malamulo apamwamba.

Mkangano pa Kusintha Malamulo Koyambirira ndi Moyo

Kuyenera kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo kwadzutsa kusagwirizana nthaŵi zonse. Olemba nkhani za m'malemba amanena kuti oweruza ayenera kudalira kwambiri pa tanthauzo la anthu loyamba la Malamulo, kuchepetsa nzeru zawo. Woweruza Antonin Scalia anachirikiza njira imeneyi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ochirikiza “malamulo a moyo” amatsutsa kuti malamulo a m'chikalatacho ayenera kusintha mogwirizana ndi makhalidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Masukulu onse aŵiri akuvomereza kupenda koweruza, koma amasiyana kwambiri pa mmene makhoti ayenera kuchotsera lamulo. Mkambira umenewu umakhalabe wapakati pa chitsimikizo chilichonse cha khoti lalikulu ndi zisonkhetso pa nkhani zaukulu.

Mbali ya Kupenda Chiweruzo m’Boma

Macheke ndi Kulinganizika: Kuchinjiriza Kuposa kwa Nthambi

Malamulo a ku United States amalekanitsa dala maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi za malamulo, zoyang’anira, ndi zachiweruzo, komanso amaperekanso nthambi iliyonse ndi zida zoyendera kuyang'anira ena. Kupenda koweruza ndiko kupenda kwakukulu kwa achiweruzo. Mwa kulephera malamulo kapena zochita zaudindo zimene zimaposa malamulo alamulo, makhoti amaletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kusiyanitsa mphamvu zake ndi kuletsa Pulezidenti kuvomereza ulamuliro wosaperekedwa ndi Mfundo II.

Ntchito imeneyi njovuta kwambiri makamaka m'nthaŵi za mavuto kapena ziwopsezo za dziko. Nkhani zonga Achichepere a jourwn Sheep & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer (1952), kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka kulanda kwa Pulezidenti Truman zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea, zimasonyeza kufunitsitsa kwa jadicaria kuchepetsa mkulu wa machenjera. Mofananamo, mu S v. Chad [ (19983]), Bwalo linakantha chikhoti la lamulo la boma la Buldalism ndi zofunika zamakono za I. Zosankha zimenezi zimalimbitsanso kugonjera kwa boma kwa boma kwa mamende.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Kupenda chiweruzo kumathandiza kukwaniritsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha m'buku la Bill of Rights ndi kukonzanso kotsatirapo. Popanda mphamvu imeneyi, ambiri akanatha kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amapondereza anthu ochepa kapena malingaliro otsutsana ndi mfundo zina. Makhoti amapenda malamulo ndi malamulo oyendetsera zinthu monga kuteteza ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi kuteteza kofanana.

Chimodzi cha zitsanzo zamphamvu kwambiri ndicho Brown v. Board of Education (1954), imene inalengeza tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse popanda upaniya. Khotilo linadalira pa Limodzi la Kutetezera Claus wa Kusintha kwa Zaka 14, kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe okhazikika kwambiri. Mofananamo, Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (20) anagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kwachikidwa kwa lamulo la kuvomereza ukwati wofananawo monga lamulo la kumanja pansi pa Kayendedwe ndi Aungwe ndi A Classimete Cassians. M'zo ziŵiri, kachitidwe kachwiritsirano ka mayanjane ndi ma nthambi a ndalensiti zimene zinalephera kukwaniritsa.

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumatetezeranso ufulu wa kuyenera kwa . Mainda [1] Machenjezo, okhazikitsidwa mu Mainda v. Arizona (1966], amafuna apolisi kudziŵitsa zokayikira zawo asanaimbidwe mlandu. Chigamulo chimenechi, chozikidwa pa Madeti a Nambala 5 ndi Madekshoni Achisanu, chimasonyeza mmene makhoti angaletsereretseredwe kusungitsa ufulu wa wozengedwa mlandu.

Kusintha ndi Kufanana Kololedwa Mwalamulo

Kupenda kwa juli kwa Federal, makamaka ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, kumatsimikizira kuti miyezo ya malamulo imagwira ntchito mofanana m'maiko onse. Popanda womasulira mmodzi yekha wodalirika, makhoti aang'ono osiyanasiyana angafikire pa mafunso alamulo a boma. Mphamvu ya jadiary ya kupenda malamulo a boma imachititsanso maboma kusaswa malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu Arizona v. United States [1] (20: 2), Khoti linagamula mbali zina za lamulo losungitsa lamulo la kusamuka kwa Arizona limene linadodometsa ulamuliro wa boma. Ukwatiwo uli wofunika kwambiri pa dongosolo lalamulo lalamulo ndi lolamulira.

Kudziimira Pawokha pa Chiŵeruzo Kubwereramo

Kuti oweruza agwire ntchito bwino, oweruza ayenera kutetezeredwa ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Moyo mkati mwa khalidwe labwino (Article III) umatetezera oweruza a boma kuti asabwezere. Monga momwe Hamilton ananenera, kudziimira kumatheketsa makhoti kuima motsutsana ndi kufunafuna maulamuliro aakulu kapena mabwana otchuka. Kuukira ufulu wa komiti, monga ngati zigamulo za kutsutsa kapena kuchotsa oweruza, kumawopseza kuyenera kwa chiweruzo. Kusungabe jadiciary wamphamvu, wosakondera kuli chiyenetso cha kuyang'anira kogwira ntchito kwalamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo m’Kachitidwe: Milandu Yosonyeza Chilango

Ufulu wa Anthu Onse ndi Kulingana

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) [1] — UFLT . Imatsutsa mwamphamvu chiphunzitso cha “kusiyana koma chofanana” kuchokera ku Pnegson ., kulamulira kuti kusankhana kwa mafuko m'masukulu anaswa chitetezo cha Claus. Nkhani imeneyi ndi yopendedwa yachiweruzo monga mphamvu ya chilungamo cha anthu.
  • Loval v. Virginia (1967) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kutsendereza malamulo a boma oletsa ukwati wa mafuko, kutsimikizira kuti ukwati uli kuyenera kwakukulu ndi kuti kusankhana kwaufuko kuli koyenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa koposa.
  • [[FLT :0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) . . Kukulitsa kuukwati wa kugonana m'dziko lonselo, kudalira pa zonse ziŵiri Claus Century ndi Experity Proces . Chigamulocho chinasonyeza kukhoza kwa chiweruzo kwa kulankhula ndi luntha la ufulu.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kulimbikira

  • New York Times Co. Sullivan (1964) — Anatetezera nyuzipepala ku suti yolembedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma pokhapo ngati atsimikizira kuti ndi anji, kufutukula kwambiri chitetezo cha First Amendment kaamba ka kusuliza boma.
  • Texas v. Johnson (1989) . Kuimbidwa kuti kutentha mbendera kuli mawu ophiphiritsira otetezeredwa ndi First Amendment, kuswa lamulo la boma. Khoti linagogomezera kuti boma silingaletse mawu chifukwa chakuti nlonyansa.
  • Citizens United v. FEC (2010) — Analengeza kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za kufalitsa nkhani zandale zaumwini ndizo mawu otetezedwa, kulepheretsa mbali za Bipartisan Champaice Act . Chigamulo chotsutsana chimenechi chikukambidwabe modetsa nkhaŵa koma chikusonyeza kupenda kwa komiti ya za ndawala.

Mphamvu Yolamulira ndi Wolamulira

  • United States v. Nixon (1974) . — Zonena za Pulezidenti Nixon za mwaŵi wa kuyang'anira kotheratu, kumkakamiza kutulutsa matepi a Watergate. Khotilo linagwirizana kunena kuti “sichinthu chimodzi chimene chimaphunzitsa za kupatukana kwa maulamuliro, kapena kufunika kwa kubisa kulankhulana kwapamwamba... chingachirikize mwaŵi weniweni, wosakwanira wa Pulezidenti wa kuletsa kusokonezeka kwa matenda.” Chigamuchi chinathandizira mwachindunji ku kuleka ntchito ya Nixon.
  • Trump v. Hawaii (2018) — Kupirira chiletso cha oyang'anira Trump cha ulendo kumaiko angapo a Chisilamu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti linaloza kwa mkulu pa malo a chitetezo a dziko, linatsogolerabe kupenda kwachiweruzo, kupeza chilengezo chololedwa pansi pa lamulo la kusamukira ndipo osaswa Chiyambi cha Claus.
  • Malo a Homeland Security v. Regents wa University of California (20) [1] . . . Strack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kugwetsa pepala la Trump la DCA (Ntchito Yofunika ya Kufika kwa Mwana) pa malo ozungulira pansi pa Administrative Procedure Act, kusonyeza kupenda masinthidwe a kayendetsedwe a nthambi yaikulu.

Malire a Kupenda Chiweruzo: Ziphunzitso Zaumboni

Makhoti amaika malire awo kupyolera m'ziphunzitso zonga kuima, kupsa mtima, kunyozeka, ndi chiphunzitso cha ndale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu Ruuko v. Common Ceast Creast (209), Bwalo Lapamwamba linanena kuti otsutsa otsutsawo anena kuti nkhani zandale zadziko akupereka nkhani yosayenerera kaamba ka chigamulo cha chiweruzo. Ziphunziro zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti makhoti a boma sanyalanyaza ntchito yawo yalamulo ndi kulemekeza kupatuka kwa maulamuliro. Komabe zimatanthauzanso kuti kuswa malamulo ena alamulo kumakhala kosaletsedwa ndi a jadiary, kusiya njira yothetsera manthambi andale.

Chiyambukiro cha Kupenda Chiweruzo pa Gulu

Kuthandiza Anthu Kusintha

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kwakhala injini yamphamvu ya kusintha kwa mayanjano, makamaka pamene mabungwe alamulo atsekerezedwa kapena kutsutsa ufulu waung'ono. Chigwirizano cha Chivolinition Rights chinadalira kwambiri pa zilakiko za khoti zonga Brown ndi [[FLT:]] Kuwomba [[FLT:]] kukalipa [kupambana kwa malamulo a 1964 Chilamulo ndi 1965 Zoyenera za Voting Rights Act Act . Posachedwapa, ufulumiko unafikiridwa pafupifupi kotheratu mwa kupendanso mlandu, ndi Supreme Court [[FL:]] OFLT]

Komabe, osuliza amanena kuti nthaŵi zina makhoti amapitirira ndi kusankha nkhani za mayanjano zimene ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Kutsutsana kwa Roe v. Wade [17.1] ndi kugwedezeka kwake Maphwando a [. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022]) [2222] imachitira fanizo mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa chiweruzo. Pamene makhoti aweruza patsogolo kwambiri pa malingaliro otchuka, amayang'anizana ndi kuukira kwa ndale zadziko ndi kuswa lamulo.

Kulimbikitsa Kukhulupirira Anthu ndi Kulamulira kwa Chilamulo

Njira yodalirika yofufuzira milandu imakulitsa chidaliro cha anthu m’boma mwa kusonyeza kuti palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Pamene anthu akhulupirira kuti makhoti adzapenda khalidwe lalamulo, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kumvera malamulo ndi kukhulupirira kuti masankho ndi malamulo ali abwino. Kugwiritsira ntchito kopanda tsankhu kwa Lamulo kumachepetsa kulamulira kodzifunira ndi kusonkhezera mwambo wa kuŵerengera mlandu.

Komanso, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti oweruza alibe tsankho ndipo kupenda nkhani zachiweruzo sikungotsutsa ndale ndi dzina lina.

Kuchepetsa Mphamvu ya Boma ndi Kuletsa Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito Molakwa

Kupenda koweruza kumatumikira monga kupenda pa kuchulukitsa kwa zinthu. Popanda iko, unyinji wa kanthaŵi mu Congress ukhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amadodometsa kuyenera kwa otsutsa andale zadziko, tiana tating'ono, kapena osatchuka. Ilbut Leat Act ya [1], imene inaperekedwa ndi [[FLT:] [[FLT] [19] (1990]). Mabungwewa anaperekedwa moyankha [[FLT:]] . Johnson [FLT: 3]] adagonjetsedwa mofulumira [[FLT:] mu [United States]. Eichman: [FLT:] (1990]).

Njirayo imakakamizanso mkulu wantchito, makamaka panthaŵi ya nkhondo kapena yamwadzidzidzi. HAmdi v. Rumsfeld (2004), Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. limakhulupirira kuti nzika za dziko zomangidwa monga adani zili ndi ufulu wotsutsa kumangidwa kwawo pamaso pa wopanga chigamulo chauchenga. Nkhaniyi inatsimikiziranso kuti ngakhale nkhondo ya upandu iyenera kuchitika m'malamulo.

Mavuto a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Chitsenderezo cha Ndale zadziko ndi Kupitikitsidwa kwa Khoti

Chigamulo cha jaji sichikuletsedwa ndi magulu andale. Pulezidenti Franklin D. ndi mamejanti akhala akuyesa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhazikitsa oweruza oganiza ngati omvera, ndipo njira yotsimikizira yakhala yowonjezereka. Chiwopsezo chachikulu koposa cha ufulu wa kuweruza ndi khoti ndi kuchotsapo. Mu 2020, Democrates inafuna kuti khoti lizifutukule chisonkhezero cha oweruza omwe alipo. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Mayembe a Rooselt a 1937 owonjezera zoweruza za munthu aliyense wa zaka zoposa 70 anakanidwa, koma lingalirolo linaka nthaŵi zina. Mu 2020, Democrates adalingalira kuti lizingirirebe khoti la Merrickland Garking. Mayene, ngati kuweruza, kuwonjezera khoti ndi kupendanso mlandu.

Malingaliro a Anthu Onse ndi Kulakwa kwa Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo kumagwira ntchito m'chitaganya cha democracy, ndipo makhoti ayenera kukhala ozindikira kuyenera kwa anthu. Pamene nkhani za Khoti Lapamwamba zigamulidwa zimene sizikudziŵika kwambiri, zimaika pangozi yosagwirizana kapena kutsutsana ndi ndale. Dred Scott chigamulo cha , chimene chimasonyeza kuti Aafirika sangakhale nzika, ndipo [FLT:] Korimatsu v. United States , imene inachirikiza chigawo cha ku Japan, imatsutsidwa mofala lerolino. Iwo amasonyeza kuti kupenda kwa chiweruzo kukhozanso kuchirikiza chisalungamo. Chidaliro chapo ndi kulingana ndi kulinganiza kwa khotilo ndi kulinganiza kwake.

Kuweruza Kotsutsana ndi Ziletso za Chiweruzo

Ntchito yoyenera ya oweruza idakali yotsutsana nthaŵi zonse. Oweruza amavomereza pamene ali ofunitsitsa kuchotsa malamulo kapena zitsanzo zopititsa patsogolo malingaliro awo. Kuletsa kwa chiweruzo kumalangiza kugonjera ku nthambi za ndale zadziko ndi kumamatira ku chitsanzo (stare decis). Kaŵirikaŵiri mkanganowo ngwaudani: osunga malamulo ovomerezeka otsutsa malamulo a kulakwa pa nkhani za chikhalidwe, pamene kuli kwakuti opalamula osunga malamulo a kuchirikiza ndawala ndi a boma. Kunena zoona, oweruza ambiri amachirikiza nkhani zina ndi kuletsa ena. Mfungulo yake njakuti kaya chigamulocho chikhale chozikidwa pa nkhani za malamulo ndi mbiri yakale ya malamulo.

Mwachitsanzo, Dobs v. Jackson Akazi a Umoyo Organization (202) yalamulidwa Roe ndi Casey , kubwezera malamulo a kuchotsa mimba ku maboma. Ochirikiza anaitcha kubwezeretsa koyenera kwa democracy-gornance; otsutsa kutchedwa kachitidwe kachiweruzo. Chochitikachi chimasonyeza mmene kuchotsa mimba kumachitira mpikisano.

Kunyenga ndi Kuchenjera kwa Nyenyezi

Kumamatira ku chitsanzo kumapereka chikhazikitso ndi kuneneratu. Komabe, kupenda kwachiweruzo nthaŵi zina kumafuna kugwetsa. Khoti Lapamwamba lachita zimenezo m'zigamulo zazikulu: Brown [1] Browd [[ kulamulira [[FLT:] ]; ; ; [[FLT:]; [[FLT]; v [FT:] .[FLT] .[FT] .C. . .V.[FFLT.___9: [20] [FLT] [F:]

Tsogolo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ufulu wa Zaluso ndi Wamakono

Luso latsopano limadzutsa mafunso atsopano a lamulo lomwe kupenda kwachiweruzo kuyenera kuyankha. Maprogramu opanga luntha, malamulo a za makompyuta, ndi kulembedwa kwa mawu onse ophatikizapo First, Lachinayi, ndi Lachisanu Amendments. Mwachitsanzo, Carplate v. United States [2018]) adakhulupirira kuti boma limafunikira chilolezo cha kulowa m'malo a selo, kufukiza Kutetezera Koyamba Lachinayi ku mapazi a manambala. Monga momwe makhoti adzafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo alamulo kuzungulira madendek, kutsimikizira kuti kubwerera kwachiweruzo kudakali koyenera.

Luntha lopanga limatokosanso njira yofunikira ndi chitetezo chofanana pamene malamulo alamulo achititsa chigamulo cha upandu, ntchito, ndi nyumba. Makhoti angafunikire kupenda ngati kukondera kwa algoric kukuswa zitsimikizo za lamulo. Mtsogolo mwa chiweruzo mudzaphatikizapo kumasulira Koikishoni m'dziko lomawonjezereka.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Lamulo la Padziko Lonse

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ku America kwakhala kozikidwa pa lamulo lapanyumba, koma kuyendetsa zinthu kumayambitsa mfundo za dziko lonse. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zina limatchula lamulo lachilendo kapena mapangano a mitundu yonse, ngakhale kuti kachitidweka kali kotsutsana, makamaka pakati pa akatswiri oyambirira. Mapangano ndi malonda angayambukire ufulu wa banja, ndipo makhoti ayenera kupenda kugwirizana kwawo ndi malamulo a boma. Bond v. United States (2014, Khoti linachepetsa kufika kwa zida za mankhwala za boma kuti zisungebe malamulo a boma, kusonyeza mmene mapangano apadziko lonse amagwirizanirana ndi malamulo a malamulo a dziko. Kufunsa za ukulu wake kuti apereke malamulo a mayiko apitirizebe.

Boma Loyang’anira ndi Kukana Chiweruziro

Mphamvu yaikulu ya mabungwe a boma (“nthambi yachinayi”) imatsutsa kupenda. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyaza matanthauzo a malamulo osadziŵika bwino pansi pa Chavevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council [19984] [19984]). Otsutsa amanena kuti kunyalanyaza kumeneku kumachepetsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Khoti Lapamwamba lachepetsa posachedwapa kuyang'anira Chaffevron m'milandu yonga [FLT:] Virginia. EPA . . [2] .22] Kugwiritsira ntchito “malamulo la pulogalamu ya .

Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Ufulu

United States ikusinthasintha kwambiri m'nkhani za fuko, chipembedzo, ndi chikhalidwe. Kumasulira kumeneku kudzaumba kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa polisi, ufulu wa chipembedzo, ndi kulankhulidwa kwaufulu. Makhoti adzayang'anizana ndi mlandu wophatikizapo kuvomereza, ufulu wachipembedzo, kusaloledwa kwa chipembedzo, ndi kulankhula kwa udani. Kupenda kwachiweruzo kudzafunikira kusinthira ku luntha latsopano la kudziŵika ndi kufanana pamene akusunga m'malemba a lamulo.

Nkhani Yoyamba ya M’chikhalidwe Chachikulu - chibadwa

Chiphunzitso cha ndandanda ya masamu pa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kuyambika kwa , mwina kaamba ka makonzedwe a malemba. Woweruza Gorfoth ndi Jasitier Barrett amachirikiza mwamphamvu chiphunzitso choyambirira, pamene Jaji Kagan ndi Jasitisomayo akudalira kwambiri ku njira yalamulo yokhalira ndi moyo. Mtsogolo mwa chiweruzo idzadalira pa njira imene imakhudza anthu ambiri. Ngati chiphunzitso choyambirira chikhalabe champhamvu, tingaone zosankha zambiri zimene zimachepetsa udindo wa Khoti kukhazikitsa tanthauzo loyambirira, mwina kutsogolera ku ku kuloŵerera kwachiweruzo kochepa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, njira yalamulo ya moyo ingatulutse kuŵerengera kowonjezereka kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Chikhoswe cha Waunda- Wair chipitiriza kumasulira lamulo la ku America.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kudakali njira yofunikira yosungira lamulo ndi kutetezera zoyenera za munthu aliyense mu United States. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake mu Marbury v. Madison ku zigamulo zaposachedwapa kwambiri za kuchotsa mimba, kulingana kwa ukwati, ndi mphamvu ya maulamuliro, mphamvu ya jadiary ya kupenda machitidwe a boma nkofunika kwambiri ku democracy. Imaika nthambi zonse kuti zikhale ndi mlandu, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a kulamulira ngakhale pamene anthu ambiri sagwirizana, ndi kupereka njira yamtendere yothetsera matanthauzo a lamulo a dziko.

Komabe kupenda koweruza sikuli kopanda mkangano ndi kusokonezeka. Kuukira kwandale zadziko, nkhondo za malingaliro, ndi kusagwirizana kwachibadwa pakati pa demokrase ndi ulamuliro wachiweruzo zonsezo zimabweretsa mavuto. Kupirira kwa dongosolo kumadalira pa kudzipereka kwa oweruza, osankhidwa, ndi nzika kuchirikiza Konsichushoni monga lamulo lalikulu. Monga momwe chitaganya chikusinthira, kupenda kwachiweruzo kudzafunikira kusinthira, koma ntchito yake yaikulu ya boma pofufuza. Kwa awo ofuna kumira mozama, [[FLT: 0] Chikalatacho chimapereka chiphunzitso chalamulo chalamulo; Chikalatacho sichikusinthanso chokhudza lamulo, ndi chiwongosintha chigamulo cha dziko.