Electoral College: Mzati Wopirira Koma Wokangana wa Demokrase ya America

Electoral College imaimira limodzi la makampani otchuka kwambiri . ndipo nthaŵi zambiri anatsutsana pulofesa wa masankho a United States. Mmalo mosankha pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kudzera mwa voti yotchuka ya dzikolo, Malamulo anapanga njira imene boma lililonse limaika gulu la osankhidwa amene amaponya mwalamulo mavoti a maofesi apamwamba kwambiri a dzikolo. Ntchito imeneyi yaumba mapangano a pulezidenti aliyense kuyambira pamene dzikolo linakhazikitsidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonjezera mawu a madera aang'ono ndi akumidzi pamene nthaŵi zina amapanga zotulukapo zimene zimatuluka kuchokera ku voti yotchuka. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene akuyesetsa kumvetsetsa mmene demokraset a ku America amagwira ntchito, kumvetsetsa kwa Elctor College.

Dongosololi silinale kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 18, koma limasonkhezera machitachita a kampani, wovota, ndi mtundu weniweni wa kuimira kwa ndale zadziko. M'zaka makumi aposachedwapa, kuyenera kwake kwakhala kukukaikiridwa mofuula kuposa panthaŵi ina iliyonse chiyambire nyengo ya kukonzanso. Nkhani ino ikufufuza chiyambi cha Electoral College, mamenticans, mapindu, zopinga, ndi malingaliro omwe angayambitsenso kapena kuiloŵa mmalo.

Kodi Kholiji ya Electoral Nchiyani?

Electoral College si malo enieni koma njira yolongosoledwa mu Mfundo II ya Malamulo a U.S. ndipo pambuyo pake isinthidwa ndi Lamulo la 12. Ilo ndi 538 osankhidwa pazaka zinayi zilizonse kaamba ka cholinga chokha cha kusankha pulezidenti ndi pulezidenti. Kuti apatane nyumba ya White House, wofuna kulowa m'panganoyo ayenera kusungitsa unyinji wa ovota pafupifupi 270.

Boma lililonse limalandira osankha angapo olingana ndi makampani ake aŵiri limodzi ndi mamembala ake m'Nyumba ya Oimira . Chifukwa mipando ya nyumba imagawidwa ndi anthu pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kwa zaka zapachaka, maboma aakulu ali ndi mavoti ambiri osankhidwa kuposa aang'ono. Chigawo cha Columbia, ngakhale kuti si boma, chimagaŵiridwa atatu osankhidwa pansi pa 23 Demendment. Chigawo chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti boma lililonse lili ndi mavoti atatu osankhidwa mosaganizira za kuchuluka kwa anthu, chikutchula kuti pali kuwonjezera kochepa kwa masamu poyerekezera ndi kugawana kwawo kwa anthu a m’dzikolo.

Mmene Electoral College Imagwirira Ntchito

Kusintha kwa Ma electers

Njira yoperekera ndandandayo njolongosoka m’malamulo amakhalidwe abwino koma yosadziŵika bwino m’kugwiritsiridwa ntchito:

  • Ifemu:[[FLT :1] Boma lililonse limalandira osankhi aŵiri oimira masenala ake aŵiri a U.S.
  • Kuimira Nyumba: Osankha ena akulingana chiŵerengero cha oimira a United States kuchokera m’bomalo. Mwachitsanzo, California, iri ndi oimira 53 ndipo chotero 55 mavoti osankhidwa (53 + 2).
  • Ditut of Columbia: Mpambo wa 23 Demendulo umapereka kwa osankha atatu a dziko, kuchepa kwake ngati ukanakhala boma.

Magulu andale m'boma lililonse amasankha zikalata za osankha amene ali odzipereka kwambiri kapena oimira gulu. Pamene ovota aponya mapepala awo pa Tsiku la Chisankho, iwo ali ovota ovomerezeka a osankhidwa awo osankhidwa.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chisankho cha Prezidenti chimachitika pa Lachiŵiri loyamba pambuyo pa Lolemba loyamba mu November, monga momwe linalembedwera ndi lamulo la boma. Mayiko ambiri amatsatira lamulo la kupambana: wosankha amene apambana chivoti chotchuka cha boma lonse alandira mavoti onse a bomalo. Maine ndi Nebraska sasiyana, pogwiritsira ntchito njira ya chigawo ya comganional : mavoti aŵiri amapita kwa wopambana wa boma, ndipo voti imodzi imaperekedwa kwa wopambana m'chigawo chilichonse cha chigawo cha boma.

Pambuyo pa chisankho cha November, osankha amakumana m’malikulu awo a boma pa Lolemba loyamba pambuyo pa Lachitatu lachiŵiri mu December kuti apereke malo awo [1] a pulezidenti ndi achiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Mavoti ameneŵa amatumizidwa ku Washington, D.C., ndi kuŵerengedwa m’chigawo chimodzi cha Congress pa January 6. Wosankha wokhala ndi mavoti osachepera 270 amalengezedwa kukhala prezidenti wotsatira.

Opeka Chikhulupiriro

Pamene kuli kwakuti osankhidwa amayembekezeredwa kuvota kwa wosankhidwa amene amalonjezedwa, nthaŵi zina "osankha opanda chikhulupiriro" aponya mavoti kwa wina. Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa, mavoti osachepera 200 opanda chikhulupiriro alembedwa, ndipo palibe amene asintha zotulukapo za chisankho. Mu 2020, Bwalo Lapamwamba linalamulira mu Chifalo . Washington [] amene amanena kuti angasungitse malamulo ofuna osankhidwa kutsatira zitsimikizo zawo, kuchepetsanso kuthekera kwa oweruza opanda chikhulupiriro.

Chifukwa Chake Oyambitsa Analenga Koleji ya Electoral

Constitution ya pa 1787 inatsutsana ndi njira zambiri zosankhira pulezidenti: kuvota kotchuka, masankho ndi Congress, kapena kuikidwa ndi makhomageti. Chosankha chilichonse chinali ndi mavuto. Oyambitsawo anaopa kuti kulamulira demokrase kungachititse anthu ambiri ankhanza kapena kulola atsogoleri ankhanza kukopa tsankhu la m'deralo. Iwo anafunanso kuteteza mphamvu za mayiko aang'ono ndi kuteteza ku ziphuphu ndi mphamvu za maiko ena.

Electoral College inatulukira kukhala yololera. Ilo linapereka mbali m'kusankha pulezidenti popanda kusankha kokha ntchito ya anthu. Osankhawo anayenera kukhala anzeru, odziimira okha amene angapereke chiweruzo pa cholinga chabwino koposa cha mtunduwo. Komabe, mkupita kwanthaŵi, kukwera kwa magulu andale kunasintha osankha kukhala nthumwi zokhulupirika mmalo mwa kuchotsa oimira a dzikolo.

Zinsinsi ziŵiri zinasintha dongosololi: ma freath freeds, amene anaŵerengedwa kukhala akapolo monga atatu mwa atatu a munthu kaamba ka zifuno zogaŵidwa (kuwonjezera mphamvu yosankhidwiratu ya kulanda maboma), ndi kugawidwa kwa osankhidwa aŵiri m'boma limodzi mosasamala kanthu za anthu, zimene zinatetezera zikondwerero za maboma osachuluka. Kulolera kwa mbiri yakaleku kukupitirizabe kusonkhezera ntchito ya Electoral College lerolino.

Maprojekiti ndi Makonkhole a Electoral College

Kuchotsa mbali zonse ziŵiri n’kofunika kuti timvetse bwino nkhani imeneyi.

Mapindu

Ochirikiza amapereka mfundo zingapo zochirikiza Electoral College:

  • imatetezera zikondwerero za malamulo aang'ono: mwa kupereka boma lirilonse kuchepera kwa mavoti atatu osankhidwa, dongosolo limatsimikizira kuti oyembekezera kubatizidwa sanganyalanyaze kotheratu maboma osachuluka kwambiri. Wosankha anganyalanyaze Vermont kapena Wyoming m'dongosolo lotchuka la voti koma ayenera kuwalingalira kaamba ka mavoti awo atatu osankhidwa.
  • Athandiza kumanga mgwirizano waukulu: chifukwa chakuti wosankhayo afunikira mavoti 270 osankhidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana, makampani ayenera kukopa anthu kuvotera m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi magulu a anthu. Zimenezi zingayambitse umodzi wa dziko m’malo mwa kusumika maganizo pa malo a mizinda apamwamba a anthu.
  • Apereka zotsatira zomveka ndi zotsimikizirika: Njira yonse yopambana kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa zambiri m'Electoral College ngakhale ngati voti yotchuka yagaŵidwa pang'ono. Zimenezi zimathandiza kupeŵa kufunika kwa maboma ogwirizana kapena kuyendetsa masankho amene ali ofala m'malamulo.
  • Preserveism : Electoral College imalimbitsa mbali ya maboma m'masankho a boma, mwamayanjano ndi madongosolo abwino a boma la America.

Zopinga

Otsutsa amati pali zinthu zina zimene zinalakwika kwambiri:

  • Kulamulira chivoti chotchuka: M'chisankho cha pulezidenti (1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, 2016), wopambana wa Electoral College anataya voti yotchuka m'dziko lonselo. Zimenezi zimapeputsa lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" ndipo zingawononge chikhulupiriro cha anthu onse m'dongosolo losankhidwa.
  • Kusumika maganizo pa state: kumasumika chuma pa maboma angapo ampikisano [1] kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa "mabomba" (panopo kunyalanyaza kumakhala kofiira kapena kwabuluu. Mavota m'maiko otetezereka salandira chisamaliro chokwanira, kuwonongetsa ndalama zotsalira mkupiti, ndi mapangano ochepa a lamulo.
  • Atsendereza wovota: [1] Nzika m'maiko osapikisana zingalingalire kuti mavoti awo saali kanthu, kuchititsa kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha kutengamo mbali, makamaka m'masankho a pulezidenti.
  • Chiyambukiro chakusintha: Maboma aang'ono amaimiridwa mopambanitsa ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Wyoming iri ndi voti imodzi yosankhidwa kwa anthu 195,000 alionse, pamene Texas ili ndi imodzi pa 7300,000 alionse. Kupendedwa kumeneku kungapangitse masamu ndi malo okhala ndi anthu ochepa kukhala amphamvu kwambiri kuposa mbali yawo ya mavoti a dzikolo.

Nkhani Zake Za m’mbiri Ndiponso Zomwe Zikudziŵika

Pa nthawi imene tinasankha Thomas Jefferson ndi Aaron Burr, kuti tipeze mfundo zolakwika m’dongosolo loyamba la Electoral College, panachitika mkangano kuyambira pa dziko la Electoral. Pambuyo pa 1800, anthu anaulula zolakwa zawo m'dziko lakale la Electoral College. Pambuyo pake panafunika osankha kuti avote mavoti a pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri m’malo mwa dongosolo loyamba lapamwamba la mapulogalamu awiri.

Masankho otchuka kwambiri amene wopambana pa koleji wa Electoral analephera kuvota ndi:

  • 1824 (John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson): Ngakhale kuti Andrew Jackson anapambana chivoti chotchuka ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti osankhidwa, chisankhocho chinagamulidwa m'Nyumba ya Oimira, imene inasankha Adams.
  • 1876 (Ritherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel J. Tilden ): Tilden anapambana chisankho chotchuka, koma anatsutsana kubwerera kuchokera ku maiko atatu akummwera kutsogolera ku bungwe losankhidwiratu limene linapereka chisankho ku Hayes.
  • 188 (Benjamin Harrison vs . Grover Cleveland): Cleveland anapambana voti yotchuka ndi mavoti pafupifupi 900,000, koma Harrison anasunga ambiri ku Electoral College.
  • .2000 (George W. Bush vs . Al Gore): Chisankho chinafika ku mzera wa lamba ku Florida; chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu chinaimitsa ndandanda, ndipo Bush anapambana mavoti 25 osankhidwa a Florida ndi 537 ovota, kumpatsa iye dekanation mosasamala kanthu za kutayikiridwa ndi voti yotchuka yochitidwa ndi pafupifupi 5400,000 m'dzikolonse.
  • 2016 (Mfundo Trump vs. Hillary Clinton): Clinton analandira mavoti pafupifupi 3 miliyoni m’dziko lonselo kuposa Trump, koma Trump ananyamula maboma monga Wisconsin, Michigan, ndi Pennsylvania ndi mizera yopapatiza, kunyamula mavoti 306 osankhidwa ku Klinton 232.

Masankho ena otsutsana ndi mfundo za m’Baibulo amaphatikizapo 1960 (kusiyana kwa zinthu kumene kunachitika ku Illinois ndi Texas) ndi 2004 kumene anthu ambiri ankasankha kuti pakhale chivoti chapafupi koma m’mphepete mwa Electoral College munali bwino.

Kukambitsirana Kwamakono ndi Mtsogolo mwa Kholiji ya Electoral

Mgwirizano Wotchuka wa Boma la Interstate

Kuyesayesa kotchuka kwambiri kwa kusintha ndiko National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Pansi pa pangano limeneli, mayiko akugawana kuti adzalandira mavoti awo onse osankhidwa kwa wosankhidwa amene apambana chisankho cha dzikolo, mosasamala kanthu za amene apambana bomalo. Kugwirizanako kudzakhala ndi ntchito kokha pamene maboma okwanira agwirizana kufikira mavoti 270 osankhidwa ndi pulezidenti. Pachiyambi kwa 2025, akulengeza kuti mavoti 205 osankhidwa apanga chisankho, kuphatikizapo California, New York, Illinobylado, ndi Colorado. Zivuto zalamulo ndi mafunso ponena za lamulo lake sizikuyankhidwa.

Kusintha Malamulo kwa Malamulo

Kusintha malamulo kuti athetse kapena kusintha Electoral College n’kovuta chifukwa cha pulogalamu yapamwamba: Nyumba ziwiri chitatu za Congress ndi malupatisishoni atatu a boma ayenera kuvomereza. Kusintha kochuluka kwakhala kukuyambitsidwa m'zaka zaposachedwapa, koma palibe. Maganizo ena ochirikiza kulowa m'malo dongosolo la magawo onse la pulezidenti ndi njira yachigawo yogwirizira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Maine ndi Nebraska, pamene ena apereka chivoti chachindunji cha dziko lonse ndi chiyenetso cha kuthamanga ngati palibe wopitira kukafika 50%.

Kusintha kwa Boma

Ngakhale popanda chilolezo cha boma, maboma angasinthe mmene amaperekera osankho. Maine ndi Nebraska amagwiritsira ntchito njira yachigawo. Mayiko ena alingalira kuvota kwa voti, kumene kungasonyeze bwino kwambiri chivoti chotchuka cha boma. Komabe, kusintha koteroko kuli kowopsa pandale chifukwa chakuti kungachepetse chisonkhezero cha boma pa malo onse opambana ngati maboma ena satsatira modziyenerera.

Ndale Zosintha Zinthu

Kutsutsana pa Electoral College kuli kogaŵanitsa kwambiri. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, a Democrates akhala okhoza kutsutsa kwambiri dongosololi chifukwa chakuti aŵiri mwa osankha asanu otchuka anali osankha (Gore ndi Clinton). Komabe, masankho 2020, amene Joe Biden anapata mavoti onse aŵiri otchuka (m'miyezi 7 miliyoni) ndi Electoral College, omwe anachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe. Zonena zimasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America amagwirizana ndi mfundo za malamulo a dziko la Electoral ndi voti, koma amathandiza kwambiri kuchokera ku dziko lonse ndipo amagwirizana ndi gulu limene likuoneka kuti likupindula.

Kumaliza

Electoral College idakali mbali yaikulu ya masankho a pulezidenti ku America. Chiyambi chake m'kulolera kwa 1787 chikubwerezabe m'njira imene mavoti akuyendetsedwa, mavoti akuŵerengedwa, ndipo mphamvu imagawidwa m'mayiko onse. Aphunzitsi, kuthandiza ophunzira kumvetsa Electoral College si kungoloŵeza nambala 270 kapena ndandanda ya masankhoti kumene kusankhidwa kwa anthu ambiri kukusintha. Ili pafupi kusokonezeka ndi mafunso ofunika a kuimira, chilungamo, ndi kulinganiza pakati pa boma ndi mayiko pa demokrase.

Pamene dzikolo likhala losiyanasiyana ndi lokhala m’mizinda, ndi pamene luso la zopangapanga likusinthanso kulankhulana kwandale, zitsenderezo zokonzanso Electoral College zingawonjezeke. Kaya kupyolera mwa NPVIC, kusintha kwa malamulo, kapena kusintha kwa mlingo wa boma, mtsogolo mwa bungwe limeneli n’zosatsimikizirika. Zoona nzakuti Electoral College ipitirizabe kupangidwa mwa "ndipo kupangidwa ndi [1] pulogalamu ya ndale zadziko ya tsogolo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, fufuzani za National Archives ya [FLT: 1] chiwonetso cha Electoral College , kusanthula kwa FairVote za malingaliro a kusintha, ndi 270towin ya mbiri yakale yofotokoza. Ziŵiya zimenezi zimapereka aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira okhala ndi chidziŵitso ndi mawu ofunika kupenda Electoral College .