Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Tifunika Kumvetsa Nkhani za Khotili

Khotilo limapanga maziko a chilungamo m’chitaganya chilichonse, kupereka malo olinganizidwa kumene mikangano imathetsedwa, malamulo amatembenuzidwa, ndipo ufulu wa anthu amatetezeredwa. Komabe, kwa munthu wamba, malo alamulo angawoneke kukhala owopsa, odzala ndi njira zocholoŵana ndi chinenero. Komabe kukhala ndi chidziŵitso cha mmene makhoti amagwirira ntchito sikuli kokha kwa maloya kapena oweruza amene amapatsa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo, kuzindikira pamene ufuluwo uli pangozi, ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwa chidziŵitso. Kaya mukuyang’anizana ndi tikiti ya pamsewu, kukangana, kapena nkhani ya banja, kuzindikira mfundo zazikulu za dongosolo la khotilo kukhoza kupanga kusiyana pakati pa zolungama ndi mwaŵi wosoŵa. Zimenezi zimachotsa ufulu wa kumanga, kumanga maluso, kuyenera kwa kuyendetsa zinthu.

Mabungwe Aŵiri Opititsidwa: Makhoti Aunyinji ndi Boma

Imodzi ya mfundo zoyambirira zofunikira kumvetsetsa njakuti United States imayendetsa dongosolo la khoti lachizembe : makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a boma. Nzofanana koma nzosiyana, ndi ulamuliro wake, malamulo, ndi mbali za ulamuliro. Milandu yambiri imayamba ndi kutha m’makhoti a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma amasamalira nkhani za kufunika kwa dziko kapena malamulo.

Makhoti Aunyinji

Makhoti a boma amakhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo III ya Malamulo a U.S. ndi kusamalira nkhani zimene zimaphatikizapo malamulo a boma, nkhani za malamulo, mikangano pakati pa maboma, kapena zipani zochokera ku mayiko osiyanasiyana (kulamulira kwa mayiko) pamene ndalama za mkangano zipitirira $75,000. Mabungwe apadera amaphatikizapo kulephera kulipira ndalama, kulephera kulowa pa ufulu, kukhazikitsa lamulo lachilolezo, ndi milandu imene imadutsa mizera ya boma. Mabwalo apamwamba a boma amene: [FLT: 0].S. Makhoti achigawo [FLT: 1] (mageedieti) [FL:] U.S.

Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a boma ndi ambiri kwambiri ndipo amasamalira nkhani zambiri za malamulo . Kuyambira pa malamulo a banja ndi kuswa malamulo a boma mpaka kuvulazidwa ndi milandu ya pangano. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake ndi dongosolo la khoti, koma njira yake imaphatikizapo makhoti ozenga mlandu (kaŵirikaŵiri, dera, kapena makhoti a zigawo zosiyanasiyana), makhoti apakati, ndi khoti lalikulu. Maboma ena ali ndi magawa apadera monga makhoti a banja kapena makhoti apamwamba pamlingo wa mlandu. Kumvetsetsa khoti limene lili ndi ulamuliro pa mlandu wanu (zembe za ulamuliro wapamwamba ndi malo a dziko) ndilo sitepe loyamba podziŵa kumene mungalembetse kapena kumene mungaitani.

Kugwa ndi Kuchotsedwa

Milandu ina ingamvedwe m'dongosolo lililonse ngati iphatikiza nkhani zonse ziŵiri zalamulo la boma ndi la boma. Mwachitsanzo, kuweruza konena za boma ndi kuswa ufulu wa anthu kwa boma kungakhale kotheka ndi woimbidwa mlandu kuchokera ku khoti la boma kupita ku khoti la boma. Webusaiti ya U.S.S. imapereka mafotokozedwe omveka a malire ameneŵa.

Malo a Makhoti: Masitepe Opinga

Mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi a boma omwe alinganizidwa m’miyezi itatu yoyambirira. mlingo uliwonse umagwira ntchito yapadera m’choyendera cha mlandu.

Khoti Lozenga Milandu (Makhoti a M’chigawo Choyamba)

Makhoti a milandu ndiwo amayamba. Umboni umaperekedwa, mboni, ndipo woweruza amasankha mfundo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo. Mlandu wa milandu, wozenga mlanduyo ayenera kutsimikizira mlandu mosakaikira; m'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, wotsutsa ayenera kusonyeza mlandu ndi umboni woyambirira. Makhoti a mlandu ndiwo mlingo wokha umene mikangano yeniyeni imathetsedwa. Ngati cholakwa cha lamulo chichitika, wolepherayo angapereke apilo ku mlingo wotsatira.

Makhoti Ozenga mlandu

Makhoti a apilo safufuza mfundo. M’malo mwake, amapenda mbiri yozengedwa mlandu kaamba ka zolakwa za lamulo , kuvomereza molakwika kwa maumboni, kapena kuphophonya kwa ajuli. Oweruza (kaŵirikaŵiri atatu) amaŵerenga mfundo zazifupi, kumva zigomeko, ndi nkhani zolembedwa. Ngati khoti la aumpero lipeza cholakwa chimene chinayambukira, chingasinthe, kubwereranso (kubwerera ku mlandu watsopano), kapena kusintha chigamulo. M'dongosolo la boma, zimenezi zimatchedwa makhoti a apilo; m'malembamo, kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa kuti Bwalo la Chipimiko.

Makhoti Apamwamba

Khoti lalikulu kwambiri m'dongosolo lililonse. Khoti lalikulu la United States ndilo lomaliza kuweruza milandu. Makhoti ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amafufuza milandu yogamula mlandu, kutanthauza kuti amasankha milandu iti imene aimva. Amasamalira nkhani za lamulo lalamulo la lamulo, monga lamulo kapena mkangano pakati pa makhoti ang’onoang’ono. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limapenda milandu kuchokera ku khoti la boma ndi makhoti aakulu (pamene mlandu wa boma umakhudza). Chigamulo cha khoti lalikulu kwambiri chimayang'anizana ndi makhoti onse apamwamba.

Mitundu ya Makhoti Yokhudza Nkhani

Kusiyapo akuluakulu a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti amakhala apadera kusamalira milandu ya magulu akutiakuti.

  • Khoti la Chigamulo: Asamalire mikangano pakati pa zipani zaumwini (anthu, mabizinesi, kapena mabungwe) kufunafuna zowonongeka za ndalama kapena ntchito yapadera. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kuswa pangano, mikangano ya katundu, ndi milandu ya munthu mwini. Umboni wa utsika kuposa m'milandu yaupandu.
  • Makhoti a Upandu: [[FLT :1] Milandu yotsutsa yobweretsedwa ndi boma kwa anthu oimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa malamulo. Makhoti aupandu amasamalira zonse kuchokera ku zolakwa (m’jere, kuba kwapang'ono) ku maupandu (m’jere., kuba, kupha). Otetezera apeza chitetezo cha malamulo, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa ajuli, ndi kuyenera kwa loya wa alamulo kukhala chete.
  • Makhoti a Banja: Mabungwe apadera m'makhoti a milandu a boma amene amasamalira maunansi a m'banja /drivoce, kusungidwa kwa ana, kulera ana, kulera, malamulo achiwawa a m’nyumba zotetezera, ndi kulera. Makhoti abanja kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kuchirikiza ndi chigamulo cha ana chabwino koposa.
  • Zinenezo Zochepa za Makhoti: [[FLT :1] Makhoti amwaŵi olinganizidwa kaamba ka mikangano yaing’ono ya madollar (mofala pansi pa $5,000 kufikira $10,000 kudalira pa boma). Kaŵirikaŵiri ma attorney samafunikira, ndipo njira zimatsatiridwa. Makhoti aang'ono ali chosankha chofikirika kwa anthu opanda chisonyezero chalamulo.
  • [[MLT:0] Makhoti: Aumboni a zikalata, malo, zotetezera, ndi zotengera zothandizira. Makhoti ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti chuma cha munthu wakufa chigawidwa mogwirizana ndi chifuniro chake kapena lamulo la boma ndi kuti anthu osavuta ali ndi chitetezo choyenerera cha lamulo.
  • Makhoti a Sayansi: Makhoti apadera a boma amene amamva mikangano pakati pa okhoma msonkho ndi Intelligence Service (IRS). Makhoti a msonkho a boma alipo m'zigawo zina za mikangano ya msonkho yakumaloko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Makhoti a Bankrupt: Makhoti Oyang'anira Makhoti Osamalira Mabwalo Osungira Ufulu Wolephera Kupeza Cholowa Chake cha Mabizinesi pansi pa Lamulo la U. Bhankippectcy. Milandu ingakhale ndi kutha kwa madzi (Chapter 7) kapena kulinganizanso (Chikoputa 11 kapena 13). Bankruptic imaimitsa ntchito zambiri zopereka zopereka kupyolera mwa malo odzifunira.

Kaamba ka kuloŵa mozama m'makhoti a boma, Cornell Legal Information Institute pa khoti [[FLT: 1] imapereka chilozero chodalirika.

Ufulu Wanu wa Malamulo M’khoti: Dziŵani Zimene Muyenera Kuyembekezera

Kuzindikira zoyenera zanu m’khoti nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti simukuchitiridwa mokondera ndi kuti chiweruzo chilichonse chokhudza inu nchoyenera.

Ufulu wa Kuzengedwa Mlandu Mwachilungamo

Isixt Amendment [[FLT: 1] imatsimikizira kuti apandu ali ndi ufulu wa kuzengedwa mlandu mofulumira ndi wapoyera ndi ajuli opanda tsankho m’chigawo kumene upandu unachitidwa. Ozengedwa mlandu ayenera kusankhidwa popanda tsankho, ndipo woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu wa kukhalapo, mboni zoyang'anizana, ndi kusonkhezera kutulutsidwa kwa umboni wabwino (mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa chule). M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, Construction isunga kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli mu mafailo a boma oposa $20, ngakhale kuti makhoti ambiri ali ndi chitetezo chofanana.

Kuyenera kwa Kukhala Chete ndi Kulimbana ndi Kudzinyoza

Pansi pa Fith Amendment , palibe munthu amene angakakamizidwe kudzitsutsa yekha m'nkhani yaupandu. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti simufunikira kupereka umboni, ndipo kusalankhula kwanu sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga umboni wa mlandu. M’nkhani za boma, mwaŵiwo ngwochepa koma umagwirabe ntchito ngati umboni ungakuvumbuleni ku mlandu waupandu.

Kuyenera Kokhala M’nyumba Yokongola

Apandu amene sangathe kulipira loya ali ndi ufulu woikidwa ndi bwalo lamilandu pa ndalama za boma . Ndi kuyenera kokhazikitsidwa mu Gideon v. Wainright (1963). M'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, palibe ufulu walamulo kwa loya waufulu, koma mabungwe ambiri a zamalamulo amapereka chithunzi cha anthu otsika m’nkhani zowopsya zonga kuchotsedwa, chiwawa cha m’nyumba, ndi kusunga ana. Ngakhale ngati mudziimira inu eni ( pro), muli ndi ufulu wa kufunsa ndi loya kwa loya la aloyanu asanayambe kupanga zosankha zotsutsa.

Kuyenera kwa Kusintha M’njira Yoyenera

Demendment yachisanu ndi chiwiri imaletsa boma kulanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kulandira chidziŵitso choyenera cha ntchito iliyonse yalamulo ndi mwayi wofunika woti mumvedwe pamaso pa wopanga chigamulo chosaloŵerera. M’kulondola, zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni, mboni zopinga, ndipo muli ndi malamulo ozikidwa pa lamulo ndi umboni m’malo mwa kukondera.

Ufulu Wokopa

Ngakhale kuti siali oyenerera, woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi chilengezo chimodzi chodzifunira kuchokera ku mlandu (kusiyapo m'milandu ina ya liwongo). Oweruza a boma angaperekenso ziweruzo zomaliza. Mumakhala ndi windo lochepa (kaŵiri masiku 30) lolemba chilengezo cha apilo. Makhoti a apilo amapenda zolakwa za lamulo, osati mfundo, chotero kuli kofunika kusunga zitsutso pozenga mlandu.

Kuti afufuze bwino kwambiri ufulu umenewu, kampani ya American Bar Association ya maphunziro a anthu onse imapereka mafotokozedwe opindulitsa, a zinenero zomveka bwino.

Kuletsa Khoti: Zochita Zothandiza

Kudziŵa kakonzedwe ndi zoyenera zanu kuli kokha mbali ya nkhondoyo.

Sankhaninso za Chilango Chanu

Dziŵani ngati mlandu wanu uli wa m'bwalo la boma kapena la boma. Nkhani ya ulamuliro (umene mlanduwo uli) ndi ulamuliro wa munthu aliyense (kumene zipani zikukhala kapena kuchita bizinesi) ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa. Venue akuimira malo enieni a dzikolo . Momwemonso dera limene chochitikacho chinachitika kapena kumene munthu woimbidwa mlanduyo amakhala.

Muzimvetsa Malamulo a Nkhani Yokhudza Kuimba

Makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma akugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo atsatanetsatane (mjere, Federal Mibali ya Chigawo Procedecture, malamulo a boma a njira zachiŵeniŵeni). Izi zimalamulira mmene angakonzere dandaulo, kutumikira chipani china, kuyankha, kutulukira, ndi umboni wopezekapo. Kusadziŵa malamulo sikumavomerezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga chodzikhululukira. Makhoti ambiri amapereka malo odzithandizira okha kapena alemberero kaamba ka chitsogozo.

3. Konzani ndi Kukonza Zolemba

Mlandu uliwonse wa khoti umadalira pa zikalata: mapepala, malisiti, malisiti, zolembedwa za mankhwala, malipoti a apolisi, makalata, ndi malamulo alionse a khoti lisanakhale. Pangani makope (zoyamba) kuti mulembe ndi kusunga nthaŵi yotsatizana. Kuzengezera, konzekeretsani mpambo wa zionetsero ndi kukhala ndi makope ambiri kwa woweruza, wantchito, uphungu wotsutsa, ndi ajuli ngati zilola.

4. Pezani Chithunzi Chalamulo Kapena Uphungu

Ngakhale kuti n’kotheka kudziimira nokha, mitengoyo nthaŵi zambiri imakhala yaikulu kwambiri moti siingathe kuitenga. Loya wodziwa bwino angaone ubwino wa mlandu wanu, angakuuzeni za njira yochitira zinthu, kukonza zikalata zalamulo, ndi kukuikirani zifukwa. Ngati mtengo ndi chitseko, ganizirani za malamulo, mapulogalamu a zipatala za sukulu, kapena zipatala zoimira zilembo (mautumiki osaloledwa mwalamulo).

Kuyang’anira Madeti a Khoti ndi Madeti Ofa

Kuphonya nthaŵi yamapeto ndipo mungataye kuyenera kwanu kwa kujambula yankho kapena apilo. Gwiritsirani ntchito dongosolo lakalenda (chiganizo kapena pepala) ndi kukhazikitsa zikumbutso. Nthaŵi zonse tsimikizirani masiku akumva ndi ofesi ya kalaliki. Pitani msanga, moyenerera, ndi kubweretsa zinthu zonse zofunika. Ngati simungathe, jambulani njira yopitirizira bwino lomwe.

Njira Zina za Khoti Lamwambo

Njira zina zothetsera mkangano zikhoza kukhala zachangu, zodula kwambiri, ndiponso zosathandiza kwambiri.

  • Kulankhulana: Imodzi ya mbali yachitatu (mlankhuli) imatheketsa kulankhulana pakati pa magulu kuwathandiza kukhala ndi malo aufulu. Mkhalapakati sakakamiza chigamulo. Kulankhula kuli kofala m'malamulo abanja, mikangano ya anthu, ndi ngakhale nkhani zina zaupandu (m’mphindi). Mabwalo ambiri amafuna kuti magulu ayese kukhazikitsa nkhani asanazenge mlandu.
  • Kusanthula: Woyang'anira kapena gulu lakumva umboni ndi kupereka chigamulo chosunga lamulo. Kusankha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapangano a zamalonda ndi ntchito. Ngakhale kuti si lamulo kwambiri kuposa khoti, kugawa kumakhala kopanda ufulu wokwanira wopezeka ndi wochita apilo wochita apilo.
  • Kugwirizana ndi kutulutsa: [[FT:1] Njira yosagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m'mikangano yaing’ono kapena ya m'chitaganya. Madanga akambirana mwachindunji kapena ndi thandizo kuti apeze chigamulo chovomerezeka.

Kusankha ADR kungasungitse maunansi, kuchepetsa mtengo wa malamulo, ndi kusunga nkhani zachinsinsi.

Malingaliro Ofala Olakwika pa Khotilo

Kungoganizira mmene makhoti amagwirira ntchito kungachititse kuti munthu asankhe zinthu molakwika, koma pali mfundo zina zolakwika zimene zingatithandize.

  • Yamphuno: "Ukhoza kuikiza mlandu aliyense pa chinthu chilichonse.] Malamulo ayenera kukhala ndi maziko alamulo (inde, chifukwa chodziŵika cha kachitidwe, ndi ulamuliro woyenera). Malamulo owopsa angathetsedwe ndi ziŵeruzo, kuphatikizapo ndalama za loya.
  • MPHAMBITSO: ] [1] Mbali ina iyenera kulipira ndalama zalamulo ngati mupambana. Ulamuliro wa America kaŵirikaŵiri umafuna mbali iliyonse kulipira ndalama zake pokhapo ngati pangano kapena lamulo lachindunji limalola kusinthitsa.
  • MPHAMBITSO: Ndingadziimire inemwini ndipo ndi oweruza ambiri osavuta kuthandiza proligit .] Oweruza satenga mbali ndipo sangathe kupereka uphungu walamulo. Oweruza amasungidwa ku miyezo ya masamu ngati maloya. Upandu wa kupanga cholakwika chakupha cha m’matupi.
  • MPHAMBITSO: [ [[FLT]] [1] Kukopa kumatanthauza kuzenga mlandu kwatsopano. Zipimelo zimapenda zolakwa zalamulo, osati nsonga. Simungapereke umboni watsopano; khoti lamilandu limagwira ntchito kuchokera ku mbiri yozenga mlandu.
  • MPHAMBITSO: [makhoti aang'ono] ndi ang'ono chabe. Pamene kuli kwakuti malire ndi otsika, makhoti aang'ono amasamalira mikangano yeniyeni , ngongole zosabwezedwa, zowonongeka, zosungidwa. Chigamulocho chimakhala chogwirizana ndi lamulo.

Mapeto ake: Dzipatseni mphamvu ndi kudziwa zinthu

Makhoti angaoneke ngati ovuta kuyang'anira, koma amapangidwa pa malamulo a chilungamo, kuonekera, ndi dongosolo. Mwakumvetsetsa kayendetsedwe kaŵiri ka makhoti a boma ndi boma, kuweruza ndi kuweruza, mitundu yapadera ya makhoti, ndi ufulu wanu walamulo, mumadzikonzekeretsa nokha kusamalira mavuto alamulo ndi kumveka bwino. Ngati mukufunafuna chilungamo monga wodzitetezera pa mlandu, kapena kungoyesa kumvetsetsa mayeso, chidziŵitso cha m’nkhaniyi, chimapereka maziko olimba. Kumbukirani kuti chuma chabwino nthaŵi zonse chimayenerera uphungu walamulo, koma nzika ya chidziŵitso yayamba kale kuyenda patsogolo. Chifukwa cha kupitiriza kuŵerenga, [FL:0].. Khoti limachirikiza chuma cha maphunziro [FLD: FL:1], ndi kujambula kwa vidiyo, ndi kuwonjezera kumvetsetsa kwanu.