M'maboma a democracy, njira imene mavoti amatembenuzidwa m'mipando imapanga maziko a kuimira kwa ndale zadziko. Dongosolo la voti si njira yaukatswiri chabe ya umisiri; limapanga masankho, amene amaikidwa, ndi mmene nyumba yovomerezera bwino zinthu zosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Zaka mazana ambiri, madongosolo ambiri apangidwa, limodzi ndi makampani osiyanasiyana osintha zinthu pakati pa kulolera, kulingana, ndi kuyang'anira kwa malo. Kupenda kumeneku kumapenda mphamvu za madongosolo angapo otchuka oonera mavota — Oyamba- Post, Ranked , Vorportigation, Proportation, ndi Mixer-Merkiegation — ndi kupenda maluso osiyanasiyana amene akufuna kuwongolera. Mwakumvetsa, opanga makompyuta, ndi opanga mapulogalamu ofufuza zinthu

Kumvetsetsa Madongosolo a Kulankhula: Njira Yodziwira

Kugwira ntchito kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kojambula kangaonedwe mwa magalasi angapo. Choyamba, kulinganiza kuti mbali ya malo oikidwiratu ikugwirizana ndi mbali yake ya voti yotchuka. Chachiwiri, [[FLT:] kuimira malo apadera [[FLT:] kumafunsa ngati chigawo chilichonse chili ndi woimira wodzipereka. Chachitatu, [[FLT:] chigamulo cha mipando [[FLT:] [FLT] chimakopa mlingo umene nzikazo zingaperekere popanda chitsenderezo choyenerera. Chachinayi, [FLT:] ndi kuwonekera kwa chivomezi ndi kuchuluka kwa chivomezi. Chivomezi ndi kufalikira kwa chivomezi chachimodzi. Chomwe chimadalirana, ndi chivomezi chandale, chivomezi chachi.

Kupyola milingo ya mkati imeneyi, nkhani zapatsogolo: ukulu wa chigawo, kulinganiza kwa maluŵa, malo oikapo malo, ndi kukhalapo kwa ma primmage kapena mipope zingasinthe kwambiri. Zigawo zotsatirazi zimasiyanitsa madongosolo ofotokozedwa kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko ndi chidziŵitso kuwunikira ziyambukiro zawo zothandiza pa kuimira.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Woyamba ndi Past- Post — wodziŵikanso kukhala mbali imodzi ya kuchulukitsitsa — ndi njira yosavuta: wosankha amene alandira mavoti ambiri m'chigawo amapambana, mosasamala kanthu kuti angapambane ochuluka. FPTP imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho a dzikolo ku United States, United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi maiko ambiri a Chigwirizano Chadziko. Kupirira kwake kumachokera ku kapangidwe kake kolunjika ndi njira yozoloŵereka ya wopambana mmodzi pa chilolezo chimodzi.

Mapindu a FPTP

  • Kusintha: Mavoteri amaika chizindikiro munthu mmodzi, ndipo zotulukapo zimasungunulidwa mofulumira. Kuchepa kwa nzeru kumeneku kumawonjezera kutembenuka, makamaka pakati pa nzika zotopetsa za ndale zadziko.
  • Kudziwitsa mlandu: [1] chigawo chilichonse chili ndi woimira mmodzi, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa ogwirizana kuzindikira ndi kuchititsa chiŵalo chawo cha nyumba ya malamulo kukhala ndi mlandu.
  • Zotsatirapo za Planet: Kuŵerengera nkwachindunji, kulola zilengezo za masankho usiku ndi kuchepetsa kukayikira.
  • Maboma amodzi a gulu limodzi: FTP] FP imapanga mavoti akuluakulu ngakhale pamene palibe chipani chimene chapambana chisankho, kutheketsa ulamuliro wotsimikiza (m' lekuatiso, Chipani cha UK’s Conservative Party chinapambana mpando wa 56% ndi mavoti mu 2019).

Zopinga za FPTP

  • Mavoti osankhidwa: Mavoti oikidwiratu otaikiridwa otaikiridwa — ndipo ngakhale mavoti ochuluka a opambana kupyola pa thanga lakuloŵa — samathandizira kuimira. Mu chisankho cha boma cha mu 2015 cha Canada, oposa 50% ya mavoti “anawalandira" m’lingaliro limeneli, malinga ndi Fair Vote Canada.
  • Zotsatirapo zomveka: FTP yolinganizidwa kubwezera m'madera ambiri ndi kulanga awo amene akuchirikizidwa . Mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha chachikulu cha UK, Scotland National Party inapata mipando 56 ndi 4.7% ya voti ya dzikolo, pamene kuli kwakuti ma Liberal Democrates anapata mipando 8 yokha ndi 7.9% ya voti.
  • Lamulo la kutchuka (kapena kupangidwa): Wosankha angapambane ndi 30-40% ya voti ngati adani agaŵanitsa mbali yotsalayo, kuchititsa mafunso ponena za kuyenera kwa demokalase. Chosankha cha 2000 pulezidenti wa United States ndi chochitika chotchuka: Al Gore anapambana voti yotchuka koma inataya Electoral College — ikole yokha ya FPTP-m.
  • Kuvota: Kaŵirikaŵiri osankha awo amasiya wosankhayo kutsekereza wokonda, kutsekereza kalankhulidwe kena kena ndi kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa malingaliro m’nyumba ya malamulo.
  • Mpikisano wothamanga: mipando yachisungiko imalimbikitsa mapindu a kuchuluka ndi kutsika kwa pepala, monga momwe ovota amawonera chisankho chawo “sichiŵerengeki.

Ngakhale kuti FPTP imalephera, imapitirizabe chifukwa chakuti anthu amapindula ndi mkhalidwe, ndi kupeputsa kwa dongosolo la zinthu kuchenjera kwa ovota masinthidwe ovuta kwambiri. Komabe, kuwonjezereka kwa kusakhutira ndi “mavoti opotozedwa” ndi kulimbikitsa magulu osintha zinthu m'maiko angapo a FPTP.

Kutulutsa Malo Okongola

Kusankha Kosankha Koyamba Kochitidwa — kumatchedwanso kuvota kwamwamsanga m'zigawo chimodzi — kumalola ovota kugawa osankhidwa m’njira yoyenerera. Ngati wobatizidwa aliyense alandira voti zambiri za chivoti choyamba, wosankhidwa ndi voti yoyamba yoŵerengeka amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo apadera aikidwa kwa wofunsira wotsatira wotsatira wina aliyense. Mchitidwe umenewu umabwereza kufikira munthu mmodzi atapatuka chitseko cha 50%. RCV amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masankhoti a dziko lonse ku Australia (Nyumba ya Oimira Aunyinjikizidwa), Ireland (magawo apamwamba), ndi m’mizinda yambiri ya United States yonga New York City, San Francisco, ndi Minneapolis. Main ndi Alas Cive ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito kwa chisankhoti ya Alas.

Mapindu a RCV

  • Wopambana wopambana: RCV imatsimikizira kuti wosankhidwayo ali ndi chichirikizo chokulira, kupeŵa “wopambana pakati". vuto la FPTP. Mu chisankho cha 2018 Maine gabernator, Democrat Janet Mills anapambana ndi 55% pambuyo pa RCV, ngakhale kuti anali ndi 50.9% pomalizira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Achepetsa kugaŵikana kwa voti: Akhoza kupikisana ndi mapulatifomu ofananawo popanda kuopa kuti adzapereka chisankho kwa wotsutsa ndi malingaliro osiyana. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kupikisana kowonjezereka ndi kolimba kwambiri.
  • Atola malonda olimbikitsa: Chifukwa chakuti oyembekezera kubatizidwa amafunikira mavoti achiŵiri ndi achitatu, kaŵirikaŵiri amakopa ochirikiza ena ofuna kubatizidwa, kuchepetsa ziukiro zoipa. Kufufuza kwa ku Australia kumasonyeza kuti mkupiti wa RCV sufuna kwambiri kujambula matope ndi kusiyanitsa kwambiri malamulo.
  • Kuvota kowonekera kwambiri: Mowona mtima oyembekezera kubatizidwa angaikepo osankhidwawo pambali popanda kudera nkhaŵa za “kutaya [1] voti yawo; wochirikiza Green Party angandandalika sekondi ya Libertrian ndi Democratic chigawo chachitatu popanda kuvulaza chowononga.

Zopinga za RCV

  • Kucholoŵana kwa malo: Osankha ambiri angasokoneze ovota ena, kutsogolera ku mlingo wapamwamba wa ojolayo ovundidwa (m., kukweza aŵiri obatizidwa monga “5”. M'zigawo zambiri za RCV, ndawala za maphunziro a voti nzofunika kuchepetsa zimenezi.
  • Kusinthasintha kwa malo: Kuŵerenga mizere yambiri kumachedwa ndi kuoneka pang’ono; zotsatirapo zingatenge masiku kumaliza, monga momwe kuwonedwa meya wa mzinda wa New York City 2021. Kuchedwa kumeneku kungawononge chidaliro cha anthu ngati sikunatheke.
  • Ili ndi tanthauzo la “kulephera kwa mawu ”: M'zochitika zachilendo, chilakiko cha wobatizidwa chingasinthidwe ngati alandira mavoti oyamba. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkotheka, umboni wa masamu umasonyeza “kulephera kwa kulinganiza” kukhala kwachilendo m'masankho enieni.
  • Makina a kukwaniritsa: makina atsopano ovotera ndi pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ayenera kugulitsidwa kapena kukonzedwa, ndipo akuluakulu a masankho afunikira kuphunzitsidwa. M'zigawo zokhala ndi bajeti zochepa, zimenezi zingakhale chopinga chachikulu.

Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ameneŵa, RCV yakhala ndi mphamvu ku United States monga kusintha kumene kumachepetsa kuchepa kwa zinthu ndi kuwongolera chikhutiro cha wovota. Kufufuza kuchokera ku Fairvote kumasonyeza kuti RCV imawonjezera malongosoledwe a akazi ndi anthu ochepa, popeza kuti oyembekezera kuthamanga amakhala ofunitsitsa kwambiri pamene sayang’anizana ndi “chiwopsezo”.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a Proportigational directoration cholinga cha kugawira mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo molingana mwachindunji ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira m'dziko kapena m'chigawo. Pali mitundu yambiri, kuphatikizapo extracty PR [ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu Israyeli, Netherlands, ndi South Africa ) ndi [FLT:] kusamutsira kumodzi (STV) yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo za zigawo zambiri ku Ireland ndi Melita. M'ndandanda woyera PR, Revice, sankha gulu, ndi kulandira mipando m'magulu kuti agwirizane nawo. Khoti (aŵiri 3 [1]] laikidwa kuletsa kugaŵana.

Mapindu a PR

  • Kulinganiza kwakukulu: PR imapanga nyumba zoyamwitsa zimene zimawunikira mosamalitsa zokonda zosandutsa pulogalamu. Mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha cha boma la Germany cha 2021, chigawo cha Bundestag chogaŵikana chinatsimikizira kuti SPD’ 25.7% voti igawana mampando 25.7% — kufanana kwabwino.
  • Oimira apamwamba a timagulu ting'onoting'ono ndi timagulu ting'onoting'ono: ufuko, fuko, ndi malingaliro aang'ono angapambane mipando popanda kufunikira kusumika maganizo a dziko. Ku New Zealand, Māori Party yakhala ndi mipando pansi pa PR imene ingakhale yosatheka kwambiri pansi pa FPTP.
  • Kulonjezana za chivoti: [1] Nzika zimalingalira mavoti awo “magawo” chifukwa chakuti ngakhale gulu laling'ono lingapambane mipando, kuwonjezera. Kufufuza koyerekezera kumasonyeza kuti maiko a PR ali ndi wovota wochuluka kuposa maiko a FPPP — kaŵirikaŵiri ndi 5-10 percentes.
  • Fauter adawononga mavoti: Pansi pa PR, pafupifupi voti iriyonse imathandizira kugaŵira malo. Cholowa chogwira mtima nchochepa (kaŵiri 0.5-1% m'zigawo zazikulu), kutanthauza kuti osankha oŵerengeka amatsala popanda kuimira.

Zopinga za PR

  • Kusakhazikika kwa boma la Chigwirizano: PR kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa mbali yaikulu imodzi, kukakamiza kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano kumene kungatsogolere ku kutseguka kwa maluwa achidule, kapena ulamuliro wa maulamuliro wa anthu aang'ono. Masinthidwe obwerezabwereza a boma la Italy (oposa 60 chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko II) amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala nthano, ngakhale kuti kusintha kwamakono kwalimbikitsa kukhazikika.
  • Kuimira kwa kumaloko: M'malemba otsekereza PR, ovota sangasankhe munthu aliyense payekha; maphwando amene amaloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo, kufooketsa kugwirizana pakati pa makampani ndi oimira. Otsegulira PR (monga ku Finland) amachepetsa zimenezi koma amawonjezera kucholoŵana.
  • Extreme polacation : Nthaŵi zina, PR ikhoza kulola zipani zotengeka maganizo kupata malo a nyumba ya malamulo (m’ lekuatiso, Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany), ngakhale kuti malamulo a m'malamulo amaletsa kutsata kwapang'ono.
  • Mavoti a m'makompho: m'madera aakulu okhala ndi mapwando ambiri, pepala losankhira lingakhale lodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, ma datchit kaŵirikaŵiri amandandandanda maphwando ambiri pa masamba ambiri, okhoza kusokoneza ovota.

Madongosolo a zinthu amapezeka m’zinthu zambiri, kulinganizika kulikonse kwa kuyenera ndi kuŵerengera.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

Meseber Proportional imalumikizira chigawo chimodzi ndi mbali imodzi (FPTP-style) ndi mndandanda wa zipani. Voters amaponya maboloti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira wa kumaloko (m’chigawo chimodzi) ndi mmodzi wa gulu (pandandanda ya dziko kapena yachigawo). Chiŵerengero chonse cha mipando yogawiridwa ku gulu lililonse chimagawiridwa ndi chisankho, ndi “ziŵalo zofufuza". Amawonjezera nthumwi za gulu lililonse ku chigawo. Mayiko amene amagwiritsa ntchito MMP amaphatikizapo Germany, New Zealand, Bolivia, ndi Lesotho.

Mapindu a MMP

  • Kuimira kwapadera: [[FLT :1] Wovota aliyense ali ndi woimira wa kumaloko (kuchokera ku voti ya chigawo) pamene nyumba ya malamulo idakali yogwirizana. Zimenezi zimathetsa mkangano pakati pa malo ndi kulingana kumene madongosolo a PR nthaŵi zina alibe.
  • adachotsa mavoti otayidwa: [[FLT: 1] Mavoti a chipani ali osankhidwa m'dziko (kapena m'chigawo), chotero ngakhale ovota amene osankhidwa a m'dzikolo amatayabe mbali pa chiŵerengero cha malo a pa chipani chawo. M'chosankha 2020 cha New Zealand, oposa 95% a zipani zoŵerengedwa ku chigawo cha mpando.
  • Kugwirizanitsa: chifukwa chakuti MMP imafuna kwambiri kupangidwa mogwirizana, magawo ayenera kukambirana malamulo a mtanda kuyambira pachiyambi, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsogolera ku maulamuliro oyenera. “mapangano aakulu” a pakati pa pakati pa kumanzere ndi pakati pa magulu oyenerera akusonyeza mphamvu imeneyi.
  • Kuwoneka : [[FLT :1] MMP ikhoza kulinganizidwa ndi ukulu wosiyana wa chigawo, zipata (mt., 5% ku Germany ndi New Zealand), ndi milongo ya milongo kulingana kuimira kwa kumaloko ndi kulinganiza.

Zopinga za MMP

  • Kupimira: Olemba mabuku ayenera kumvetsetsa mipikisano iŵiri yosiyana ndi mmene njira yobwezera imagwirira ntchito. Akuluakulu a chisankho amafunikiranso maphunziro apamwamba kuti ayang'ane mipando yoŵerengera magawo aŵiri ndi yopitirirapo.
  • Mipando yopatulira ndi yochepetsa: Pamene phwando lipata mipando yambiri yachigawo kuposa mbali yake yolinganiza, limasunga awo “mipando ya chigawo”, kukhoza kuipitsa kulingana kwenikweni. Germany amagwiritsira ntchito“ mipando yapamwamba” kukonza zimenezi, koma bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo lingakhale lalikulu kwambiri — Bundestag lingakhale mamembala 735 mu 2021, mpaka 598.
  • Kuvota kwa SSRAT kudakali: Osankha ena anagaŵabe tikiti yawo mwadongosolo, kuvota kaamba ka chipani china m'chigawo. Kuwonjezera zotsatirapo za mgwirizano. Zimenezi zingasokoneze zotsatira zolinganizidwa.
  • Makope a tsiku lakusintha: m'madongosolo ena, wofuna kulowa m'mipando ya chigawo ndi mpando wa mpambo wa mpambo; kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa pampando wachigawo ndipo mpando wa mpambo umakhala kwa munthu wina, koma malamulo amasiyana, kuwonjezera mutu wa m'matupi.

MMP imaonedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala “yopambana pa maiko onse aŵiri” ndipo ikuvomerezedwa mowonjezereka ndi maiko osintha (m’chitsanzo, New Zealand mu 1996, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Scotland ndi Wales). Kuphatikizana kwake kumachititsa kulolerana koyenera pakati pa kuŵerengerana kwa malo ndi chilungamo cha chitaganya.

Njira Zina Zotulutsira Zinthu Kutali ndi Mtsinje

Kupyola madongosolo anayi olongosoledwa mofala, njira zingapo zowonjezereka zimapatsa njira zosiyanasiyana zoimira. Kuvota kogwirizana, kogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho ena a United States, kumalola ovotera kuika oyembekezera onse amene apeza kuti n’ngovomerezeka; wofunsira amene ali ndi zivomerezo zambiri amapambana. N’ngwosavuta ndipo amachepetsa kusanthula, koma satsimikiza kuti wopambana wochuluka ndi amene angatulutseko kuti apezepo pamene “okonda mbandayo STOR POT [oct] [P] (Ppo a Runoff)))) imafunsa kusanthula pa makope 0_5; oyenerera aŵiri owonjezereka owonjezereka kuthamanga kuti ayendere pamene pali kuyerekezera koyenera. [kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera kuwonjezera kufalikira kwa chivomezo.

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha zoloŵa mmalo zimenezi chimakhala ndi cholinga chowongolera zopereŵera zenizeni m'madongosolo aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, Chilolezo Chosintha Chimasintha zinthu chofeŵetsa kwambiri koma chimachepetsabe ziyambukiro zowononga. STAR Voting imapeŵa njira ya “kubisa” imene ingavulaze RCV. STV imaphatikiza kulinganiza ndi kusankha kwa wodwala. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe amene wapeza kulandiridwa kwa anthu ambiri, amapitirizabe kukopa makampani osintha zinthu kuchokera ku mabungwe a opanga zinthu monga Mlendo wa EFLT [F:1] ndi [FLT:] ndi

Kusankha Njira Yopangira Zosokerera: Nkhani za M’maundana

Kugwira ntchito kwa njira iliyonse yovota kumayendera chikhalidwe chapadera cha ndale, kukula kwa malo, kupangidwa kwa mafuko, ndi mbiri ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, FPTP imagwira bwino ntchito m'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo amtundu umodzi okhala ndi magulu aŵiri aakulu (m'chitsanzo, United Kingdom isanayambe kubuka ndale zamitundu yambiri m’ma 2010), koma imalephera kutulutsa zotsatirapo zapadera pamene chiŵerengero cha magulu opikisana chikukula. Madongosolo a PR monga momwe andandalika mpambo wa ntchito ya PR mu madera amphamvu ndi kufunitsitsa kuyang'anira pamodzi — dongosolo lokhazikika la Netherlands ndi lachipambano. MMP imapanga nkhani yosinthasintha, koma imachepetsa kudalira kwa anthu ngati sanafotokozedwe bwino.

Maphunziro a zasayansi ochokera ku Mtundu wa dziko lonse IDEA [[FLT :1] ndi ACE SEC Knote yodziŵa zinthu [[FLT: 3] akupereka chidziŵitso choyerekezera mmene madongosolo a magetsi osiyanasiyana amakhudzira kuimira. Zomwe zapezedwa zazikulu zimaphatikizapo: ukulu wa chigawo kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu; masewero apamwamba amachepetsa kugaŵidwa koma amachotsa mawu oyenerera; ndi madongosolo a otsegulira a akazi amawonjezera kuimira kwa madongosolo otsekera.

Kumaliza: Kwa Maufumu Oimira Owonjezereka

Palibe njira yovota yolondola; iriyonse imaphatikiza malonda a kuchoka pakati pa mapindu a demokrase opikisana. Kuyamba-Post kumapereka kulinganiza kosavuta ndi boma limodzi lamphamvu pamtengo wa mavoti otayidwa ndi zotsatira zake zopotozedwa. Kuyesa kulemberana kwa ma quective Vointting quective quective quemptings ndi coption progations . Proportation imapanga mgwirizano pakati pa mavoti ndi mipando koma kaŵirikaŵiri imafuna kugwirizana ndi kufooketsa mapangano a chigawo. Mixed-Mer Proportonal kuyesa kulinganiza ndi kuimira malo ena koma kungawonjezere kulinganiza ndi kugawatsa ndi kusokoneza.

Phunziro lalikulu nlakuti kusintha kwa voti kuyenera kuyenderana ndi zosoŵa zapadera ndi zikhumbo za boma. Mayiko amene akulingalira za kusintha ayenera kupenda kufunika kwa kuimira kwa kumaloko motsutsana ndi kulinganiza, ndi kufewetsa zinthu. Maphunziro a Voter, kupeka, ndi kufufuza kophatikizapo nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti dongosolo losankhidwalo limalamulira anthu onse. Pamene kugawana kwa demokrase kukusintha, kutsutsana pa njira zosankhira kudzakhala kwabwino kwa oimira. Mkhalidwe wa nzika ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kupitiriza kupenda umboni wopanga mavoti alionse ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo asonyezedi chifuniro cha anthu.