Chipangano cha Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu, chomwe chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chili chimodzi cha zigamulo za mtendere zazikulu kwambiri za kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri. Chinathetsa zaka makumi atatu za nkhondo zachiwawa ku Northern Ireland, ngakhale kuti zipambano zake ndi zinzake zandale zinakhala zolinganizidwa kukhazikitsa bata lokhalitsa mwa kukhazikitsa mphamvu, kuzindikirana, ndi kugwirizana kwa mabungwe. Pambuyo pake, chivoticho chidakalibe maziko a dongosolo la ndale zadziko la Northern Ireland, ngakhale kuti zipambano zake ndi zinzake zikupitirizabe kuyesedwa ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko zosintha.

Maziko a Kulimbanako

Nkhondo imene inayambika ku Northern Ireland chakumapeto kwa zaka za 1960 inayambika m'zaka mazana aŵiri za kugaŵana kwa magulu aakulu: Ogwirizana, omwe ali ndi chipani cha Chiprotesitanti ndipo akufuna kukhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom, ndi autundu, amene ali Akatolika kwambiri ndi ofunitsitsa kukhala m'dziko la Ireland logwirizana. Maboma a chigwirizano chimenechi anachirikizidwa ndi mbiri yaitali ya tsankho, kusalingana kwa zachuma, ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa ndale. Kulengedwa kwa Northern Ireland mu 1921, kutsatira kugaŵidwa kwa Ireland, kunasiya kagulu kaundula kokulira m'dziko mkati mwa dziko limene linalamulidwa ndi maufumu aakulu. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, maboma a chigwirizano analamulirabe kupyola m'mbiri mwa gerrymerman, kumanga nyumba zaumphanga, ndi ntchito zauganda, ndi apolisi ankhondo zankhondo omwe anakanidwa ndi anthu ambiri.

Kutsatira ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa m'ma 1960, kosonkhezeredwa ndi ndawala zofananazo ku United States, kunafuna kuthetsa kupanda chilungamo kumeneku mwa kutsutsa kopanda chiwawa. Komabe, kulabadira kwa magulu a boma ndi okhulupirika kunakula kukhala chiwawa chofala. Kubwera kwa asilikali a Britain mu 1969 poyamba kunali ndi cholinga chotetezera atsamunda, koma kukhalapo kwawo kunakhala kukwiya kwa Republican. Magulu ankhondo ankhondo kumbali zonsezo. . . . . . . . . . Provelaralatarial Republican (IRA), magulu okhulupirika onga Ulster Coort Force (UVF), ndi ena._wag adachita ndawala yankhanza imene inapha miyoyo yoposa 3,600, yovulazidwa ndi zikwi zambiri, ndi zopasulidwa ndi anthu.

Pofika kuma 1990, chinakhala chowonekera kuti palibe mbali iliyonse imene ikanapambana pankhondo. Nkhondoyo inali yosapambana, ndi zotayika zazikulu m’miyoyo, kuwonongeka kwa chuma, ndi kutsutsidwa kwa mitundu yonse. Nkhani zachinsinsi zinayamba kupenda malo okambirana, kumanga pazoyambirira monga Sunnindidale Revention (1985) ndi Anglo - Irish Revention (1985). Mkhalidwe wandale unapita patsogolo ndi Deving Street Declaration ya 1993 ndi kutha kwa 1994 kwa magulu a IRA ndi okhulupirika. Zochitika zimenezi zinayala njira ya kukambitsirana kwamitundu yambiri komwe kunathera pa Chikalata cha Chiyankhulo Chabwino.

Makonzedwe Aakulu a Pangano Labwino Lachisanu

Chikalata cha Good Wear Agreement chinali chovuta kwambiri kufotokoza nkhani za ndale zadziko, malamulo alamulo, ndi za chisungiko zimene zinayambitsa mkanganowo. Chinakonzedwa pa mbali zitatu za mgwirizano wa magulu: ulamuliro wa mkati mwa Northern Ireland (Strand 1), mgwirizano wakumpoto pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland (Strand 2), ndi unansi wakummaŵa pakati pa Ireland ndi United Kingdom (Strend 3). Pansipa pali makonzedwe aakulu.

Mawu Opatulika 1: Boma Lolamulira

Central ku panganolo linali kukhazikitsa boma loluluzika ku Northern Ireland, lozikidwa pa lamulo la mphamvu zolamulira. Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland unalengedwa monga bungwe losankhidwa mwa democracy, koma ndi njira zenizeni kutsimikizira kuti onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi autundu anali ndi mawu atanthauzo olamulira. Chofunika kwambiri pa zimenezi chinali [[FLT:] chifaniziro cha mphamvu [pa] chivomezi : zosankha zazikulu m'gulu la ogwirizana ndi aunyinji, kaya kupyolera mwa chivomerezo chofanana (ochuluka a mamembala aŵiri onse aŵiri ndi a dziko amavomereza) kapena kupyolera ndi chiwonse (60%, kuphatikizapo pafupifupi ziwalo zonse 40%). Izi zinaletsa chigamu china chimodzi cha .

Bwana wamkulu analinganizidwa mogwirizana ndi malo a Nduna Yoyamba ndi wachiŵiri kwa Nduna Yoyamba, amene anasankhidwa ndi Msonkhanowo ndipo anali ndi mphamvu zofanana. Otumikira anagaŵiridwa pakati pa zipani mogwirizana ndi mphamvu zawo mu Msonkhano wogwiritsira ntchito njira ya D'Hondt. Zimenezi zinatsimikizira kuti onse aŵiri a mgwirizano ndi aunyinji a m'bungwe la Unduna wa Dziko, kupanganso mkuluyo kukhala wogwirizana. Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsanso CBICFORUM kuti chipereke mawu kwa anthu a m'dziko, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake chinasiya.

Strand 2: Msonkhano Wautumiki wa Kumpoto kwa South America ndi Malo Ounjikitsa

Kuti athetse zolinga za dziko zogwirizana kwambiri ndi Republic of Ireland, pamene akulemekeza mgwirizano wokhudza ulamuliro, pangano linachititsa msonkhano wa North-South Aunt Council . Bungwe limeneli linasonkhanitsa atumiki ochokera ku Northern Ireland Idvidup and a Irish boma kuti agwirizane pa nkhani za chidwi cha anthu, monga zoyendera, ulimi, malo okhala, ndi ntchito zokopa. Mabungwe asanu ndi limodzi anakhazikitsidwa kuti apereke mautumiki othawa, kuphatikizapo Waterways, Food Safety Provetionition Board, ndi The Special European Unions Couning.

Bungwelo linachita pa maziko consensus , kutanthauza kuti mbali zonse ziŵiri zinayenera kugwirizana pa zosankha. Makonzedwe ameneŵa adalinganizidwa mwadala kuletsa msonkhanowo kukhala ulamuliro wogwirizana wa ku Ireland ndi kutsimikizira ogwirizana kuti mgwirizano wa ku Ireland sungaikidwe popanda chivomerezo cha unyinji ku Northern Ireland.

Kusintha kwa zinthu 3: Bungwe la Britain ndi Conference Interferial Statein

Kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha kunapangidwa kudzera pa [FT:1] Bungwe lachibritish . Bungwe limeneli linaphatikizapo oimira ochokera ku maboma a Britain ndi Ireland, maulamuliro osinthasintha a Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland, ndi chisoti cha chisoti chachikale cha Chingelezi ndi Zisumbu za Mchere. Bungweli linathandiza kudutsa zisumbuzo pamavuto ogaŵana. Kuwonjezerapo, , Britishish-Irish Conflication Conference [1] yopitirizabe kukambirana pakati pa maboma aŵiri achifumu pa nkhani zosakhudzananso ku Northern Ireland, monga ngati kutetezedwa ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Malamulo ndi Zizindikiritso

Chimodzi cha mbali zowopsa kwambiri za panganolo chinali kuyang'anira ulamuliro. Boma la Ireland linasintha mawu ake a lamulo kwa Northern Ireland (Magazini 2 ndi 3 a Irish Constitution) kuwona kuti Ireland wogwirizana ukhoza kubwera ndi chivomerezo cha unyinji ku Northern Ireland. Boma la Britain linatsimikizira kuti linalibe phindu ladyera kapena lachuma ku Northern Ireland ndipo likanavomereza Ireland wogwirizana ngati anthu a ku Northern Ireland akanavotera.

Chipanganocho chinazindikiranso kuyenera kwa kudziŵika kwa dziko lonse: British ndi Irish [1]. Anthu obadwira ku Northern Ireland anapatsidwa ufulu wa kukhala ndi unzika wa Britain, nzika za Ireland, kapena zonse ziŵiri. Ichi chinali chisonyezero champhamvu chimene chinavomereza kuti nzika zambiri zilipo ziŵiri ndipo chinathandiza kuchepetsa lingaliro la kunyada kwa anthu a dzikolo.

Kusintha Ufulu wa Anthu, Kulingana, ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Panganolo linaphatikizapo lamulo lokwanira la ufulu wa Northern Ireland, kuti lilimbitsidwe ndi bungwe latsopano la ku Northern Ireland Lourst Human Rights Commission . Linafunanso kukhazikitsa [[FLT:] . Linafunanso kukhazikitsa [[FLT:] sta alangizi a Superty Commission kuti alimbitse ufulu wolingana ndi unansi wabwino. Chipani cha Ulster Constacy (RC), chomwe chinali chopambana ndi kuimbidwa ndi gulu lachikulu la ochirikiza kukhulupirika kwa nkhondo, chinaloŵetsedwa ndi kupangidwa ndi boma la Chiprotestanti ndi chikalata chopangidwa ndi chikalata chotchedwa chikalata cha kutembenuzidwa. Chipani cha kumbuyo kwa chikalata chotchedwa chikalata chotchedwa chikalata chotchedwa Chikatolika.

Kumasulidwa ndi Kumasulidwa m’Ndende

Makonzedwe ena otsutsana koma ofunika anali pangano la lomasulira zida zankhondo . Magulu onse ankhondo anayenera kuika zida zawo zosakhoza kugwiritsira ntchito mkati mwa zaka ziŵiri za panganolo. Zimenezi zinakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zotsogolera ku mavuto a ndale zadziko . Komabe, pofika 2005, IRA inachotsa zida zake zonse, zotsimikiziridwa ndi mabungwe a mitundu yonse odziimira. Molingana, pangano loperekedwa kaamba ka akaidi a social oyambirira amene magulu awo adalengeza kuti aleke kutentha. Oposa 400 anamasulidwa m'zaka ziŵiri, kusamuka kumene anthu ovutikawo anakwiya koma anaonedwa kukhala oyenera kusunga mtendere.

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga ndi Chanthaŵi Yaitali pa Chigwirizano cha Ndale zadziko

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement chinavomerezedwa modabwitsa ndi ovota ku Northern Ireland (71% okondedwa) ndi Republic of Ireland (94%) potsatira nthaŵi yomweyo kuchitidwa pa 22 May 1998. Lamulo limeneli lotchuka linapatsa panganolo kuyenera kwamphamvu. M'zaka zoyambirira chisiyeni chisainidwe, kuchuluka kwa chiwawa cha ndale zadziko kunatsika kwambiri. Chiŵerengero cha imfa zoperekedwa ku Mavuto chinatsika kuchokera pa 55 mu 1997 mpaka 11 mu 1999 ndipo chinakhalabe chapansi pambuyo pake. Magulu ankhondo analeka kumanga madera amene adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka makumi ambiri anayamba kuwona kutsika kwa chipwirikiti.

Mabungwe a mphamvu za ulamuliro, ngakhale kuli tero, sanaletsedwe mwamsanga. Boma loyamba lopatulidwa. Linatsogozedwa ndi Nduna yoyamba David Trimble (Unity Union Party) ndi wachiŵiri kwa Nduna Yoyamba Seamus Mallon (Social Democratic ndi Labour Party), adalenjekeka nthaŵi zingapo chifukwa cha kusagwirizana chifukwa cha kuchotsa mphamvu ndi kukonzanso zinthu. Msonkhano waukulu unabwera mu October 2002, pamene mlandu wa woimba mlandu wa IRA ku Shont. Kulamulira kwachitete kwa ku London kunaikidwanso kufikira 2007, pamene Stres Adreas Agreement inachititsa kubwezeretsa mphamvu za anthu, nthaŵi ino ndi magulu a m'dziko la Democratic Union (DUP), ndi Sinnis Prinner pansi pa ulamuliro wa Appenion Panley.

Kuyambira 2007, mabungwe ochotsa zigaŵenga akhala ndi mtendere kwambiri, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina akhalapo ndi mavuto. Oimira a mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dziko la Ireland akakamiza ogwirizana ndi atsamunda kuti agwire ntchito pamodzi tsiku ndi tsiku polamulira . Mabanja a mtendere akuoneka m’mizinda monga Belfast ndi Derry, kumene mahotela atsopano, chikhalidwe, ndi zigawo za malonda zalowa m’malo mwa mayiko omwe kale anali ankhondo.

Pangano la chikhalidwe, linachititsa kuti anthu akhale ololerana. Pamene kuli kwakuti magawo ambiri a anthu akukhalabe opatulidwa ndi chipembedzo . Kuchuluka kwa chiwawa cha magulu ampatuko kwagwa. Falades nkhani yokhudzana ndi anthu, makamaka zochitika zoyambitsa nkhondo monga kuyendayenda kwa Dumcrae , zakhala zachiwawa kwambiri pa nthaŵi yake. Kugwirizana kwa maphunziro kwawonjezeka pang’onopang’ono, ndipo kuvomereza kwa ma SOBC kwathandiza anthu kufotokoza mtundu wawo popanda mantha, ndipo chiŵerengero cha anthu akuzindikira kuti " Northern Ireland" chakula, kusonyeza kuphatikizana kwa makompyuta.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo

Mosasamala kanthu za zipambano zake, Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu chayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zosatha zimene zikupitirizabe kuyesa bata la ndale zadziko limene chinayambitsa.

Kulephera kwa Ndale ndi Kutha kwa Nthaŵi ndi Nthaŵi

Chitsanzo cha mphamvu yopitira patsogolo ya mphamvu njosalimba chifukwa chakuti imafunikira kugwirizana pakati pa mamembala okhala ndi zolinga zotsutsana ndi malamulo. Zaka zoyambirira zinasonyezedwa ndi mavuto obwerezabwereza ochititsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito. Pambuyo pake, mikangano ya chikhalidwe . Monga kuuluka kwa mbendera ya Union pa Belfast City Hall ndi kupitiriza kwa Parades Commission . Kugwetsa ndi kuimitsana. Kukonzanso kwakukulu kwaposachedwapa kunachitika kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2020, pamene Msonkhano unaletsedwa pa mlandu wokhudza chitsenderezo cha kutentha chokhudza (RHI). M’nyengo ino, lamulo lachindunji silinakonzedwanso; mmalo mwake, antchito a boma anayendetsa ntchito zapo ntchito za anthu onse, kupanga kusoŵa kwa democracy. Kukonzanso 2020 kunafunikira pangano latsopano (Amakumi asanu ndi 2020, Kukambirana kwa zaumoyo kwatsopano) kumene kunathetsa mavuto aakulu koma kulongosola chiganitso cha kutsutsana ndi kusasintha kwa chiganitso.

Okana Nkhondo

Ngakhale kuti magulu aakulu a asilikali achotsa kapena kuchotsa zida zawo, magulu otsutsa monga New IRA ndi Óglaigh na hÉirean adakali achangu. Magulu ameneŵa amakana Komiti Yabwino Lachisanu ndipo amapitirizabe kuukira magulu ankhondo ndi ngakhale anthu wamba. Mphamvu yawo njochepa, koma angayambitse chiwawa chimene chimayambitsa zipani za anthu osoŵa pokhala ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro cha anthu. Asilikali okhulupirika asunganso nyumba zina, zoloŵetsedwa m'maupandu ogwirizana ndi udani pakati pawo. Mautumiki a apolisi ndi a luntha amayang'anirira kwambiri magulu ameneŵa, ndi kuopsa kwa Northern Ireland kumakhala "uchigaŵenga" pogwirizana ndi Northern Ireland.

Brexit ndi Lamulo la Kumpoto kwa Ireland

United Kingdom kutuluka kwa European Union kwachititsa chitokoso chachikulu kwambiri ku Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu kuyambira pamene linasaina. Mgwirizano wa malonda pakati pa UK ndi EU, wophatikiza pamodzi ndi kufunika kwa kupeŵa malire olimba pa chisumbu cha Ireland, unachititsa kulengedwa kwa Paratiogramu ya Ireland] Northern Ireland [N’kumene], mbali ya Brhit Withrave Actal Active. Lamulolo linasunga motsimikizirika Northern Ireland m'makedzana mumsika umodzi wa EUC, kutanthauza kuti pali miyambo ndi kubwereranso pakati pa Great Britain ndi Northern Ireland. Zimenezi zakwiyi zakwiyitsa maukwati, zimene zimagwetsa monga malo a Northern Ireland. DUP kutuluka kwa mphamvu ya UK kutsutsana ndi kugwetsanso kwa ulamuliro wa Ecuant, zikutulutsanso nkhani zandale zokambirana pakati pa UK ndi kutsutsana kwa dziko la Demora. Koma za madera la madera la madera a Mediterranean likupitirizabe kuwonjezera la chipani chakunja la U.

Kusintha kwa Mademographial ndi Mitembo

Malinga ndi 2021 , anthu a ku Northern Ireland tsopano ndi 42.3% Akatolika ndi 37.3% a Chiprotestanti, ndipo Akatolika akupitirizabe kuchuluka. Chikhoterero chimenechi cha anthu chimakhudza ndale chifukwa chakuti anthu a dzikolo akhala Akatolika ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. Ngati osankha autundu akhala ochuluka, akhoza kutchula kuŵerengera kogwirizana kwa dziko la Ireland, monga momwe zaperekedwa ndi Good Wender Agreement. Mafufuzidwe akusonyeza kuti ambiri amene akuchirikizabe UK, koma maganizo a anthu akusintha, makamaka pakati pa anthu achichepere. Kuthekera kwa kugamula kwa m'dziko la Ireland kubweretsa kukayikira kuti kutha kwa dongosolo landale lamakono.

Zimene Anatengera ku Mavutowa

Kulimbana ndi zakale kudakali imodzi ya nkhani zovuta kwambiri zosathetsedwa. Mabanja zikwi zambiri akufunafunabe choonadi ndi chilungamo kaamba ka kupha kumene kunachitika mkati mwa Mavuto. Chigwirizanocho chinapanga njira zonga Historical Enquies Team ndi [FLT] kuvomereza kwa mikhole ndi Opulumuka , koma chigamulo cha UK cha kukhazikitsa lamulo la mavuto okhudzana ndi zigamu za (Brige) zakhala zotsutsana, ndi magulu a mikhole ndi boma la Ireland kutsutsa chilungamo. Chisoni chimenechi chikupitiriza kuchititsa mitundu ya ndale ya ndale.

Kumaliza

Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chinapambana kuthetsa umodzi wa nkhondo zosatha m'mbiri yamakono ya Yuropu. Mwa kukhazikitsa boma lolamulira mphamvu, kukonzanso mphamvu zonse ziŵiri za dziko, ndi kupanga zigwirizano zopitira ku mdadada, chinapereka makonzedwe osatha a kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko ku Northern Ireland. Chipangano chatheketsa kutukuka kwa zachuma, kuyanjanitsana kwa anthu, ndi kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa chiwawa. Komabe, sikuli pepala lamphamvu; kuyambitsa kwake sikufunikira kukambitsirana ndi kukhazikika. Zitoko za Breti, kusintha kwa chibale, ndi nkhani zosatha kusonyeza kuti dongosolo la mtendere limakhalabe ntchito yopita patsogolo. Chipangano chachi ndicho mphamvu yake yaikulu kwambiri ndi maziko ake pa mfundo yake yogwirizana ndi kuvomereza mfundo za mtendere yosagwirizana kuwonjezera pa mtendere wa kumbuyokusintha. Chipangano chake cha m'dziko lapansi kugaŵanitsa mtendere kwa anthu onse.