Kupirira: Mmene Chisonkhezero cha Chisonkhezero cha Chigwirizano cha Madzoma Chimayambukirira Mipatuko Yandale Zadziko ya Japan

Unansi pakati pa zikondwerero za malonda ndi ulamuliro wandale ku Japan suli nkhani yongoyerekezera — ndi magwero a kuyendetsa dziko. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kudutsana kumeneku kwakhazikitsa njira ya kayendetsedwe ka chuma, zotsatira za masankho a dziko, ndi kuyendera limodzi kwa masankho a demokrase. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusintha kwayambitsa njira zoonekera bwino, kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa mabungwe a mabungwe a kampani ndi likulu la zipani kudakali kolimba. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu imeneyi nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mmene makina opanga malamulo a Japan amagwirira ntchito.

Maziko a Chigwirizano cha Mabizinesi ku Japan

Kupinga kwamakono kwa malonda ndi ndale zadziko mu Japan kukutsata mwachindunji ku nyengo ya pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse. Pambuyo pa nkhondo, maulamuliro a United States anachotsa poyamba zaibatsu — makampani aakulu a maindasitale amene anasonkhezera makina ankhondo a Japan. Komabe, pamene Nkhondo Yozizira inakula, malamulo a Amereka anasintha kumanganso Japan monga malo otetezera akapitolizimu ku Asia. Zimenezi zinatsogolera ku ku kukonzanso magulu a maindasitale ameneŵa kukhala [FLT: 0] Kemirytsu [1]: mapangano ola a makampani ogwirizanitsidwa ndi chigawo cha mtanda, opanga makampani, ogwirizana ndi oyendetsa malonda, ndi mabizinesi.

Chipani Chomenyera Democratic Patronage ndi Chipani cha Corporate

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) mu 1955 kunali nthaŵi yowonongeka. LDP inapangidwa mwa kuphatikiza magulu aŵiri osasinthasintha, ndipo kuyambira pachiyambi chake inadalira kwambiri pa ndalama za makampani. Makampani akuluakulu ndi makampani a makampani anaona kuti LDP ndi amene ali ndi malo okhazikika a bizinesi — oletsa a communist, a promerest, ndi ochirikiza malamulo a maindasitale. Kubwereranso, LDP inatsimikizira kuti makampani aakulu a a kayendetsedwe ka makampani, kuchokera kubanki ndi kumanga magalimoto. Unansi umenewu wa zitsutso unakhala wodziŵika monga "Iron Cantal" wa a a andale zadziko, bureactive, ndi atsogoleri a mabizinesi.

Malo Ochezera a Keiretsu Monga Akaboli Amphamvu Andale

Dongosolo la keiretsu linafutukuka kuposa ku chisonkhezero chachindunji cha ndale zadziko. Maneseti onga Mitsubishi, Mitsui, ndi Sumitomo anagwirizanitsa zopereka zawo zandale kupyolera mwa mapulatifomu a maindasitale ambiri monga Japan Business Federation (] Keidan). Kufikira mu 1990, Keidan adagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lapakati la kusonkhanitsa ndi kugaŵira zopereka za kampani ku LDP. Makonzedwe ameneŵa analola magulu a zamalonda kukakamiza anthu onse pa zosankha za malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a msonkho, malonda, ndi malamulo a ntchito ogwirizana ndi zikondwerero za makampani ena. Makampani ena aumwini anasunganso unansi ndi makampani a LDP, kuthandizira ndalama za m'makampani oyanjana.

Ntchito ya Amabudari

Njira yovuta koma yosaoneka kwambiri ndi Amabudari [1] (m’lingaliro lenileni "kuchokera kumwamba"), mchitidwe wa akuluakulu opuma pantchito amene amasankha malo apamwamba m'mabungwe aumwini. Olamulira akalewa amaloŵetsa chidziŵitso ndi madongosolo aumwini ku makampani amene amaloŵa nawo, pamene makampaniwo amapeza njira yachindunji ya chisonkhezero chandale. Ndiponso, abuluacrates amene amalakalaka mapwando apamwamba a ntchito zapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsa olemba malamulo okomera kwa owalemba ntchito a mtsogolo. Zimenezi zimasinthanso zitseko pakati pa ntchito ya anthu ndi phindu laumwini, popanga chisonkhezero cha makampani mkati mwa boma la boma.

Kusintha Zinthu m’Nyengo ya Kusintha

Pofika m'ma 1990, unansi wosangalatsa pakati pa malonda ndi ndale unayamba kukopa kusuliza kwakukulu. Mpambo wa maupandu a katangale — kuphatikizapo mbiri yoipa ya Recruit (1988) ndi mbiri yoipa ya Sagawa Kyubin (1988) ndi kuswa lamulo la Sagawa Kyubin — unavumbula ukulu wa chiphuphu ndi kusonkhezera. Mpandu wa anthu unasonkhezera kusintha kwakukulu. Ndalama zandale za Control zinasinthidwa kuti zifune kuvumbulidwa kwatsatanetsatane wa zopereka, ndipo chiletso cha makampani chinalingaliridwa m'ma 1990, ngakhale kuti sichinachitikepo nkomwe. Mu 1994, phukuto la ndale zadziko lakusintha ndalama za anthu odalirana.

Kusintha Malamulo Opereka Malipiro: Maenje ndi Kusintha

Mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kumeneku, ndalama za makampani sizinazimiririke — zangokhala zosatheka. Mmalo molemba macheke mwachindunji kwa andale zadziko, mabizinesi tsopano athandizira ku magulu a ndale zadziko (monga ngati LDP’s KAMIN Kyokai , kapena National Association). Iwo amachirikizanso kusungitsa ndalama za magulu ochirikiza ndalama, kugula matikiti amtengo wapatali ku zochitika za ndale zadziko, ndi kuyendetsa ndalama kupyolera mwa makampani. Lipoti la 2020 lochitidwa ndi Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications linasonyeza kuti mabizinesi ndi makampani akuperekabe 30% a LDP osimbidwa. Kunena zoona, chiŵerengerocho chiwonjezero chapamwamba pamene anthu osapereka ndalama kapena ndalama zotsika za malonda akuphatikizapo.

Kukayikira Ndale ndi Zotsatira Zake 2024

Tsoka laposachedwapa linabuka chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2023, pamene oweruza anatulukira kuti magulu angapo a LDP analengeza kuti ngakhale patapita zaka mazana mamiliyoni ambiri a Yen popereka ndalama anawonjezera pa nyengo ya zaka zisanu. Mwadzidzidziwu unakakamiza Nduna ya Primeenturial Fumio Kisida kusungunula magulu angapo a LDP ndi kutsogolera ku kutsutsidwa kwa opanga malamulo aakulu. Chochitikachi chinasonyeza kuti ngakhale zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pa kuyesayesa kwa kusintha zinthu, kugwirizana pakati pa ndalama ndi chisonkhezero kudakalibe vuto lalikulu. Poyankha, boma linadutsa bungwe la Politili ndi Landale za Chigwirizano Control Act mu June 2024, koma otsutsa masinthidwewo ndi kuperewera kwa kuwala kwenikweni — iwo amalolabe ndalama za bungwe la makampani kutuluka popanda munthu aliyense payekha.

Mmene Chisonkhezero cha Kusintha Chimawonongera Kachitidwe ka Olamulira

Kusintha kwa makampani kukusonyeza kuti makampani ayamba kuyendera limodzi.

Mafakitale ndi "Japan Inc"

. Mivi itatu — kuchepa kwa ndalama, kuwonjezera, ndi masinthidwe a makampani aakulu. Lingalirani za nyengo [[FLT: 0] pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Shinzo Abe (2020). Mivi itatu — kuchepetsa, kuwonjezera, ndi kusintha kwa mafakitale — adapangidwa m’kukambirana kwapafupi ndi [FLT:] Keinan ndi Komiti ya Zamalonda ndi Industric. Chotulukapo chinali kutsika kwa ndalama za Yen, zimene zinawonjezera phindu la Toyata, Sonta, ndi mitundu ina, koma zinawonjezera malipiro a antchito apanyumba. Otsutsa zimenezi anali omveka bwino kwa odzikongoletsa.

Mphamvu za Nyukiliya Komanso Kugwira Ntchito ya Nyukiliya

Palibe kumene kampani ya zandale ikudalira kwambiri kuposa pa kampani ya magetsi a nyukiliya. Pambuyo pa tsoka la 2011 Fukushima, anthu anatsutsa mwamphamvu mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Komabe pofika 2023, boma la LDP linavomereza kuyambikanso kwa makina ambiri ndipo linafuna kuwonjezera mphamvu za zomera. Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsidwa ndi kutengeredwa mwamphamvu ndi makampani amagetsi — makampani a zandale amene ali akuluakulu opereka mphamvu za dziko ku LDP Magemp. The Nuclear Regtive Authority , adapangidwa mu 2012 kutsimikizira kuti adziimira, adaimbidwa kuti atengedwenso moyo wosinthasintha, popeza akuluakulu a boma ambiri ayamba kukhala akuluakulu a kampani a magetsi.

Kuletsedwa kwa Ntchito ndi "Chochita Chachikulu"

Magulu a mabizinesi akhala akufunafuna nthaŵi zonse chitetezo cha antchito kuti achepetse ndalama ndi kuwonjezera kusinthika. Pansi pa chizindikiro cha "maluso akukula," LDP yakhazikitsa malamulo amene amafutukula mapangano a ntchito yaupo ([FLT: 0]] sayayo yokwanirō [1] [FLT] [[FLT]] [1]) ndi kulola makampani kuchotsa antchito a dzuŵa kuti asiye ntchito yowonjezereka ngati apeza ndalama zowonjezereka. Malamulo ameneŵa amachirikizidwa ndi Kadrenrenn [[FLT:] ndi ntchito yotsutsidwa ndi magulu otsutsa. Chotulukapo chagona pakati pa mikhalidwe yabwino ya antchito ambiri m’makampani ndi malo aakulu ndi malo otsika.

Zosankha, Choonadi cha Zipani, ndi Mtengo wa Kampeni

Ndemanga zandale ku Japan nzokwera mtengo kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti pali chithandizo cha anthu, ofuna kupatsidwa ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku mabizinesi kuti apereke chilichonse kuchokera ku kusatsa malonda kwa pa wailesi yakanema kokwera mtengo kufikira ku mtengo wa magalimoto a ganyu ndi antchito olemba ntchito. Makampani a LDP''' Khochikai [ kaikulu kwambiri, kufikira pamene anawonongedwa mu 2024 — anali odalira kwambiri pa zopereka za ntchito za kumanga ndi makampani enieni a makampani.

Zopereka zoperekedwa ndi opereka zimaumbanso kulinganiza kwa mphamvu mkati mwa magulu. Mfundo zimene zimapanga mapindu ambiri a makampani m'masankho apakati a pulezidenti wa chipani (ndipo nduna yaikulu). Izi zimapanga chiwonero chobwezera: andale zadziko amene amachirikiza malamulo a malonda a malonda amakopa zopereka zambiri, zimene zimawalola kukwera ku malo a utsogoleri, kumene angapititse patsogolo ntchito za makampani. Nippon. Com kupenda za ndalama za ndale zandale [ kutsimikizira kuti ma PDP amene amakakamiza kusungitsa kuperekedwa kwa makampani a makampani.

Kulimbana ndi Ntchito Zogwira Anthu Okha

Kuli kofunika kudziŵa kuti LDP sindiyo yokha gulu logwirizana ndi kampani. Khoti la Constitutional Democratic Party ya Japan (CDP) limalandira chichirikizo chachikulu kuchokera ku bungwe la antchito, makamaka Japanese Trade Union Confederation (] Rengo. Pamene kuli kwakuti zopereka za bungwelo nzalamulo, zimapanga mtundu wofanana wa chiwongola dzanja ndi gulu. Komabe, ndalama zoyendetsera ndizo zochepa kwambiri kuposa chuma chonse cha kampani ya Japan. M'chisankho chachikulu cha 2021, LD PPP PFS transting CDt , ndi mbali ya pafupifupi zitatu kwa mmodzi, ndi unyinji wa odzaza ndi chiwonjezeko cha kampani.

Kulinganiza Koyenera: Demokalase ndi Plutocracy

Pamene mkupiti wa chisankho umodzi ungatayitse wosankha woposa mamiliyoni 93100 — pafupifupi $700,000, ndi yowonjezereka m'madera a mpikisano a m’mizinda — kufunika kwa osunga malamulo ozama kumakhala kokhalako. Zenizeni zimenezi ziimiridwe za awo opereka ndalama. 2023 Times ya Japan inagogomezera kuti kumidzi ya LDP opanga malamulo, amene amaimira anthu otsika, ali pakati pa odalira kwambiri pa kumanga ndi zopereka zaulimi, zimene zimasintha chitsutso chawo cha kutsutsana ndi zigawo zapamwambazo.

Ndiponso, mphamvu ya kuchirikiza makampani imafooketsa kubuka kwa zigawo zachitatu. Zipani zandale zatsopano, monga ngati Gulu la Kutetezera Anthu ku NHK kapena Reiwa Shinsengumi, kaŵirikaŵiri alibe kugwirizana kwa malonda kulowa m’mitsinje yopereka ndalama yofananayo. Voter ku Japan yafalikira pafupifupi 50.60% pa masankho a dziko — pakati pa otsika kwambiri m'dziko lotukuka — ndi nzika zambiri zikulingalira kuti kuvota kwawo sikungapikisane ndi chisonkhezero cha opereka ndalama ambiri.

Kuyesa Kuthetsa Chidani

Magulu angapo okonza zinthu ayesa kuchepetsa kapena kufooketsa kugwirizana kwa malonda ndi mapulogalamu. Kusintha kwa masankho kwa masankho kumatenga malo osiyanasiyana ndi kuphatikiza madera amodzi ndi kuimira mbali imodzi, mwa kunena kwake akuchepetsa mtengo wa ndawala ndi kufunika kwa ndalama zothandizira. M’kuyesayesa, mtengo wa kuthamanga m’chigawo chimodzi n’ngwokwera chifukwa ofuna kufunsira ku pulogalamu yowonjezereka. Zimenezi zangowonjezera kudalira anthu olemera.

Mu 2024, potsatira chipanduko cha misonkho yopereka ndalama ku kuletsa, LDP inapereka malamulo atsopano kuphatikizapo chiletso pa magulu opereka ndalama ochitidwa ndi magulu, chiyeneretso cha malisiti a shagi pa zopereka zonse za ndale zadziko pa 885,000, ndi zilango zolimba kwambiri za kuswa mlandu. Komabe, lamulolo linaleka dala kuletsa kapena kuchepetsa ndalama za kampani. Monga chotulukapo, [FLT: 0] Reuters chitira lipoti pa phukuto la chisinthiko analongosola kuti "sikwani kubwezeretsa chikhulupiriro chapo kwa anthu onse. Magulu otsutsa apitirizabe kuletsa chiwonkhoma cha makampani, koma chigamuchiweruzo chimenechi sichinapeze pepala la pepala la LDP.

Nzika Yathu Imene Imadziwika Kuti Ndi Yamba

Grasroots mabungwe monga Simin kulibe Koe (Mawu a Chingelezi) ndi Japan Federation of Bar Associations nthaŵi zonse imafalitsa malipoti a ndalama zoonekera. Amalemba kulimbikira kwa ndalama zosasimbidwa ndi mapindu a nyumba zimene zimasangalalidwa ndi LDP. Oulutsa nkhani amachitanso ntchito ya woyang'anira — Asaving Shimbun ndi Tokyo Shimbun kaŵirikaŵiri amafufuza njira zoperekera zothandizira kugangira — koma chikumbukiro chapo chaponse cha kupeputsa, ndipo masinthidwe onse amatsa mofulumira ndi njira yatsopano yopezera masinthiko.

Kumaliza: Phindu la Kusonkhezeredwa

Kuloŵa m'malo kwa malonda ndi ndale zadziko mu Japan sikuli kakonzedwe kanthaŵi kapena kamwambo — ndiko mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Kuyambira pa nkhondo yapambuyo pa nkhondo ya kapenanti mpaka ku malo amakono a zachuma, zikondwerero za makampani zakhala zikuumba mosalekeza amene amalamulira ndi mmene amalamulira. Masinthidwe apangidwa, koma iwo afotokoza zizindikirozo mmalo mwa chochititsa chachikulu: kudalira kwa magulu andale pa ndalama zaumwini. Kufikira pamene kudalirako kwasweka — kapena kulinganizidwa ndi ndalama zapoyera kwa onse ndi kuwonekera kwamphamvu — zosankha za Japani zidzapitirizabe kupendedwa ku nyumba ya mabolo mmalo mwa bokosi la boloti.

Kwa ofufuza, atolankhani, ndi otomerana, kumvetsetsa unansi umenewu si chinthu chodzisankhira. Ndicho mfungulo yomasulira mmene Japan amachitira ndi kunyonyotsoka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, kusintha kwa nyengo, kusiyana kwa antchito, ndi kusagwirizana kwa chuma. Ubwino wa demokrase ya Japan umadalira kaya ngati dzikolo lingalekanitse kugwirizana kwa atsogoleri ake andale ndi ochirikiza makampani — kapena ngati lipangitsa kugwirizanako kuwonekera mokwanira kwa ovota kukhala oweruza okha.