Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Chiphunzitso cha kupenda chiweruzo sichimatchulidwa mwachindunji m’Bungwe la Malamulo la United States. Komabe, magwero ake amabwerera ku miyambo yalamulo ya Angelezi ndi machitachita a atsamunda. Makhoti oyambirira a ku America nthaŵi zina anapatula malamulo a boma amene anatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma, koma mphamvu ya kuswa malamulo a boma sinayesedwe kufikira pa Republic yoyambirira.

Nkhani yaikulu imene inakhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo pa mlingo wa boma inali Marbury v. Madison (1803). Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, mlandu unabuka kuchokera ku kusamvana kwa ndale zadziko kwa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 1800. William Marbury, pakati pausiku woikidwa wa Pulezidenti John Adams, sud Briester James Madison chifukwa cholephera kupereka ntchito yake monga chiweruzo cha mtendere. Lingaliro la Marshall linapeŵa mwaluso kulimbana ndi nthambi ya pulezidenti mwa kuweruza kuti Marbury suce [1] Sactus ya Judia ya 1789 , yomwe inasiya chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa Supreme Count. M'lamulo zitatu zinakhazikitsa malamulo a Madrake:

  • Konsichushoni ndiyo lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, logwira ntchito pa nthambi zonse za boma.
  • Oweruza ali ndi ulamuliro wa kumasulira Malamulo ndi kulengeza machitidwe a Congress kapena kusoŵa kwa ulamuliro pamene akutsutsana nawo.
  • Makhoti amafunika kuti aonenso bwino mlandu wa munthu wina, ndipo zimenezi zimathandiza kuti lamulo la boma likhale lodalirika.

Marbury isanafike, makhoti angapo a boma anali atapenda kale lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu Commonwealv v. Caton (1782], khoti lapamwamba la Virginia linapereka mphamvu ya kulephera malamulo. Koma mfundo yotsimikiza ya Khoti Lalikulu ku Marbury inapereka mphamvu ya dziko lonse ndi kukhazikitsa malo a maziko a malamulo a jinikonsipo.

Mabuku Ofotokoza za M’tsogolo ndi Nkhani za M’kati mwa Marome

Lingaliro lakuti makhoti angachotse malamulo opanda chilungamo kapena osakhala alamulo linatsutsana pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787. Alexander Hamilton anatsutsa [[FL:0] Federalist Ayi. kuti khoti lingakhale “nthambi yowopsa" chifukwa chakuti silinasonkhetsedwe ndi lupanga kapena chikwama. Hamilton analingalira kuti makhotiwo ndiwo woyang'anira malamulo, osati kuti“ pamene lamulo la malamulo, lingakhale lotsutsa anthu, lolengezedwa m'malamulo, oweruza ayenera kulamulidwa ndi omalizirawo. Chithunzichi sichinapita kumbuyo. Chithunzichi sichinasiyane ndi chigamu. Oweruzawonetsa chisakugamulidwa ndi owopa kuweruza.

Mmene Kupenda Chiweruzo Kumagwirira Ntchito

Kupenda chiweruzo sikuli mphamvu yachigamulo yochitidwa ndi khoti lirilonse. Imagwira ntchito mwa njira wamba za kuvomereza. Mlandu uyenera kuperekedwa moyenerera . (payenera kukhala ndi mlandu, nkhaniyo iyenera kukhala yokhwima, ndipo payenera kukhala mkangano weniweni. Makhoti amatsatira njira zenizeni popenda malamulo kapena zochita za lamulo.

Miyezo ya Kubwereramo

Malinga ndi mtundu wa lamulo kapena kachitidwe, makhoti amasanthula zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

  • [[FLT: 0] Rasal Basis Review: [[FLT: 1] Muyezo waulemu waukulu. Lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala lalamulo, ndipo wotsutsayo ayenera kusonyeza kuti lamulo siliri logwirizana ndi chivomerezo chalamulo. Zimenezi zimagwira ntchito ku malamulo ambiri a zachuma ndi a kakhalidwe ka anthu.
  • Scrutiny: igwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka kugawano kozikidwa pa kugonana kapena kusaphunzira. Lamulo liyenera kukhala logwirizana kwambiri ndi chiwonjezeko chofunika cha boma.
  • Scrutiny Scrity : Muyezo wovuta kwambiri. Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo amene amatsendereza ufulu wofunika (monga kulankhula mwaufulu kapena kuvota) kapena magawo ozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, kapena mtundu. Boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo limakhala ndi chikondwerero chokakamiza ndipo nlokonzeka kukwaniritsa.

Miyezo imeneyi imatsogolera oweruza kuwona ngati lamulo likuswa Lamulo. Sizangwiro, koma zimapereka maziko a kupanga zigamulo zosasintha.

Kusankha Malamulo

Khoti likayankha chitokoso cha lamulo, zimenezi zimayamba motere:

  1. Kupitira ndi kutsogolera: Placttiff ayenera kutchula chivulazo chenicheni chochititsidwa ndi lamulo kapena kachitidwe ka boma kamene kamaswa ufulu wa lamulo.
  2. Kuvumbula ndi Umboni: Nthaŵi zina, umboni wonena za chifuno kapena chiyambukiro cha lamulo umasonkhanitsidwa. Pamavuto a nkhope, khoti limayang'ana pa lemba la lamulo; pakuti pamene zitokoso ziperekedwa, limafufuza mfundo zenizeni.
  3. Malo ndi Kufupikitsa: Maparti akupereka zigomeko za lamulo zotchula mawu a m'malamulo, chitsanzo, ndi nkhani za m'mbiri.
  4. Mlandu wa mawu: Malamulo apereka mlandu wawo pamaso pa oweruza, amene amafunsa mafunso ofufuza nzeru ndi tanthauzo la mbali iliyonse.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Kugamula ndi Malingaliro: Oweruza amakumana kuti afotokoze mlanduwo. Malingaliro ambiri . "kuchulukitsitsa(kumasulira kufotokoza mfundo. Kupezeka ndi kutsutsana kwa malingaliro amapereka malingaliro ena.
  6. Malamulo: Ngati lamulo lagwetsedwa, khoti limautcha kukhala wopanda pake ndi wosakakamizika. Nthaŵi zina, khoti lingapereke lamulo loletsa kusungitsa kapena kusintha lamulo kupyolera mwa “kusanthula kwamphamvu”.

Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo sikuli kokha kwa Khoti Lalikulu. Makhoti apamwamba nthaŵi zonse amapenda malamulo alamulo, ndipo zosankha zawo nzoyenera kuchitidwa. Kokha zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu ndizo zomalizira pokhapo ngati Lamulolo lasinthidwa kapena Khotilo pambuyo pake ligonjetsa malamulo ake.

Zosankha Zapadera Zimene Zinakhudza America

Nkhani zina zawonjezera ufulu wa munthu payekha, zina zagonjetsa boma pang’ono, ndipo zingapo zasulizidwa mofala kukhala zopambanitsa.

Maziko a Matenda Apamwamba Kuposa ku Marbury

  • McCulloch v. Maryland [1] (1819): Khoti linachirikiza kukhazikika kwa lamulo la Bank yachiŵiri ya United States, kukhazikitsa kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo yatanthauza mphamvu zoposa zimene zinandandalikidwa mwachindunji (chikalata cha “chofunika ndi choyenera”). Mlanduwo unagogomezeranso ulamuliro wa boma pa kachitidwe ka boma.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Mwaunyinji, kumasulira mphamvu ya Congress kulamulira malonda a chigawo cha dziko, kuyala maziko a ulamuliro wa boma pa zachuma.
  • Dred Scott v. Sandford [[FLT: 1] (1857] : Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachiweruzo kowopsa. Woweruza Wamkulu Roger Taney analengeza kuti Aamereka sanali nzika za ku Africa ndi kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo sikanatha kuletsa ukapolo m'magawo. Chigamulocho chinatentha kwambiri ndipo chinagwetsedwa ndi ma Reconstanson Amendment.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kumasulidwa

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Mosadukiza anagonjetsa tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, kuchulukitsa “kusiyana ndi kulingana” chiphunzitso cha Plass v. Ferguson[FLT] (1996]. Umboni wolamulira wa sayansi wa sayansi ya za chikhalidwe cha anthu unasonyeza kuti kudalirana kwa Mulungu sikunapeze chitetezo chofanana.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963): Ataona kuti Kusintha kwa Chisanu ndi chimodzi kumafuna kupereka uphungu kwa apandu amene sangathe kulipira loya. Zimenezi zinasintha dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Apolisi ofunika kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo wa kukhala chete ndi kuunika. “Machenjezo a Monda" akhala apolisi anthaŵi zonse.
  • Roe v. Wade[FLT : [1973]): Anazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Procession Clause ya Domest of 14neth Amendment. Mlandu unabutsa mikangano yopitirizabe ya ndale zadziko ndi yalamulo. (Note: Roe analamulidwa ndi Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [ mu 2022], kubwezera nkhaniyo ku manyuzipepala.)
  • Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015): Kulengeza kuti ukwati wa kugonana ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri pansi pa Demetrie Wachinayi, kufunikira maboma onse kupereka laisensi ya ukwati kwa okwatirana a kugonana.

Kupatukana kwa Ulamuliro ndi Mafuko

  • United States v. Nixon[FL:1] (1974): Modzipereka anakana kunena kwa Pulezidenti Nixon kwa mwaŵi wa ulamuliro wonse, kumkakamiza kutulutsa matepi a Watergate. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu, ngakhale pulezidenti, ali pamwamba pa lamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha ndi Kupanga Service v. Chadha [1] (19983): Kugwetsa chiwiya cha malamulo, chipangizo chogwiritsidwa ntchito kugwetsa ntchito za maulamuliro. Khoti linagamula kuti veto anaswa malamulo a bidaralism ndi zofunika za kaperekedwe ka Mfundo I.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT ] (202): Anawona lamulo la munthu aliyense la Chilamulo cha Kachitidwe ka Kasamalira kokhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mphamvu ya Congress yokhoma msonkho, koma ulamuliro wochepa wa Nyumba ya Malamulo pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi Kugulitsa Claus ponena za kuwonjezeka kwa Medicaid.

Kusuliza ndi Mavuto Apanthaŵi Yake

Kupenda chiweruzo kumadzetsa chisulizo chosalekeza kuchokera ku mbali zonse za ndale zadziko. Zitsutso za maziko zingagaŵidwe m’magulu atatu: kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokalase, kuchita komiti yachiweruzo, ndi kuyenera.

“ M’vuto la Chigawo Chachikulu ”

Woyambirira kufotokozedwa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Alexander Bickel, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumeneku kumalola oweruza osasankhidwa kugwetsa malamulo opangidwa ndi oimira osankhidwa ndi demokrase. M'dziko la demokrase, nchifukwa ninji maloya asanu ndi anayi ovala zovala ayenera kukhala ndi chiganizo chomalizira pa mafunso otsutsana a makhalidwe ndi andale? ochirikiza lamulo la malamulowo akuyankha kuti Komyunizimuyo ndi chikalata chachikulu chosinthidwa ndi zinsinsi zapamwamba, ndi kuti makhoti amatetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa pa zikhumbo zambiri.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Osuliza kaŵirikaŵiri amaimba makhoti mlandu wa “kulimbana kwa milandu” pamene aswa malamulo osonyeza kuti amafuna kutchuka kapena pamene apanga ufulu watsopano wa lamulo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, “kuletsa kwa lamulo” kumayamikiridwa pamene makhoti amvera malamulo . kapena akalephera kuteteza magulu otetezeka. Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Khoti limakhala lopanda mbali iliyonse. Limafunsa ngati khoti limakhala lokhulupirika ku malemba alamulo, kapangidwe ka zinthu, kapena ngati likukhazikitsa malamulo ake. Nkhani ngati [[FLT:] Lochner v. [FLD: 1] (195], limene limalimbana ndi lamulo lolamulira zinthu za , limaonedwa mofala monga wochirikiza, [FLT:], kapena ngati limachititsa mfundo zake zofunikira. [FLT] Covern.[3] Covergar. [3]

Chisonkhezero cha Zandale ndi Nkhondo Zotsimikizira

Chifukwa chakuti oweruza amaikidwa (oweruza apadera kaamba ka moyo), njira yotsimikizira yakhala yopangidwa mokulira. Kuyesa kwa litmus ndi kuyendetsa malo otsala kwao kwawonjezereka, makamaka kwa Khoti Lapamwamba. Kukana kwa 2016 kutsimikizira Merrick Garland ndi chitsimikizo cha mwamsanga cha Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020 kumasonyeza mmene mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo imalinganizidwira ndi zotulukapo zosankhidwa. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zimachepetsa chidaliro cha anthu onse m'Chilamulo cha kusakondera. Komabe ena amawona kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo kwalinganizidwa bwino kuyang'anira nthambi zandale, ndipo mlingo wina wa chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko m’maikidwa nkosapeŵeka.

Kulimbikira ndi Kukana

Ngakhale pamene makhoti alankhula, zigamulo zawo sizimamvedwa nthaŵi zonse. Chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wachiweruzo . “John Marshall [1832], kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kumangitsa nthambi zina zonse . Watsutsidwa pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Mosimbidwa kuti posachedwa, pulezidenti Andrew Jackson adanena [[FL:0] Worcester v. [[Folt:1] [Genease Councipt]] [1832], “John Marshall wapanga chosankha chake; tsopano alole kuti chigwiritsiridwe. Mu 1950 ndi 1960, ena amatsutsa malamulo a boma lopatula malamulo ndi“ mfundo za boma lakhazikitsa malamulo. Khoti lenileni lavomereza kuti limadalira “kuvomera kwa anthu onse kuvomereza kwake ndi kusavomereza malamulo ake. [Forset] [Fod] [Fod]

Mtsogolo mwa Kupenda Chiweruzo m’America Wosintha

M’zaka zikubwerazi, anthu adzavutika kwambiri ndi luso la zopangapanga, kudalirana kwa mayiko ndiponso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Luso la Zaluso Ndiponso Kudzibisa

Makompyuta, mawailesi, ndi nzeru zopeka zimadzutsa mafunso ponena za chiletso cha Genetic on project . Khoti Lapamwamba layamba kale kuzoloŵera, monga mu [FLT: 0] Carpeenter v. United States [1] (20: 1), lomwe linkanena kuti boma limafunikira chilolezo cha kutsegula ma pulogalamu a malo ena. Mtsogolomu lingalankhule za kutchuka kwa nkhope, kutsalira zinthu ndi makampani achinsinsi, ndi kusamala kwa maalamu.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Nkhani za Moyo

Pambuyo pa Madob , malamulo a kuchotsa mimba amagaŵidwa. Makhoti a boma angafotokoze tsopano malamulo awo otetezera ufulu wa kubala, ndipo makhoti a boma adzayang'anizana ndi mafunso a ulendo wapakati pa dziko, mankhwala ochotsa, ndi chisamaliro cha zamankhwala. Panthaŵiyi, Affordcable Care Act angayang'anizane ndi mavuto atsopano, ndipo makambitsirano atsopano onena za kudzipha kothandizidwa, uinjiniya wa majini, ndi malamulo aumoyo a anthu adzayesa malire a njira yoyenerera ndi chitetezo chofanana.

Chilungamo cha Mayanjano ndi Kusalingana Makonzedwe

Mabungwe amakhalidwe onga Black Live Matter ndi # Me Too adafuna kuti apange masinthidwe. Makhoti angapemphedwe kulengeza za kusankhana mafuko kwa dongosolo m'mapolisi, nyumba, ndi maphunziro. Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Ecual Protection Clause ndi Voting Rights Adzakhalabe malo apakati a nkhondo. Zitokoso ku gerrymering, malamulo a chisankho, ndi malamulo a za ndawala adzapitirizabe kukonza dongosolo la ndale zadziko.

Kusakaza kwa Padziko Lonse

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ku America kumayenderana kwambiri ndi malamulo a mitundu yonse ndi zigamulo za makhoti achilendo. Zoweruza zina zimatchula zitsanzo zachilendo m'malingaliro awo (m., mu Roper v. Simmons [1] (2006], zimene zinaletsa chilango cha imfa ya ana), pamene zina zimakana kudalira koteroko. Pamene malonda apadziko lonse, mapangano a ufulu wa anthu, ndi kutsegulirana malamulo, U.S. khoti lidzafunikira kuwongolera mikangano pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse ndi malamulo a maiko.

Kumaliza: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo sikuli chiŵiya changwiro kapena mphamvu yopanda malire. Ndi njira ya malamulo imene imafuna kugamula mosalekeza. Ufulu wake umadalira pa mkhalidwe wa kulingalira kwachiweruzo, chidaliro cha anthu m'makhoti, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa nthambi zina kugwirizana ndi zigamulo. Pamene kugwira ntchito bwino, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumatetezera ufulu wa munthu, kumasunga kulekanitsa maulamuliro, ndipo kumatsimikizira kuti palibe boma lingapititse malamulo a boma. Pamene lilephera kulephera. Dritt Scott kapena [FLT:] [[FL:]KMAT]. United States v [194], zimene zimachirikiza chijapani cha chijapanishine.

Pamene United States ayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zatsopano, mphamvu ya makhoti yomasulira Malamulo idzakhalabe yofunika kwambiri − ndipo inatsutsidwa / / kupangidwa kwa ulamuliro wa demokrase. Kupenda chiweruzo nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amasamala za lamulo ndi kusungidwa kwa zoyenera za lamulo.