Chikalata cha Tenth Amendment ku United States ndi maziko a Bill of Rights, cholinganizidwa kusunga ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Chisinthiko chimenechi chimathandiza kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma mwa kulengeza kuti maulamuliro onse amene sapatsidwa ku boma kapena kuletsedwa ku boma ndi osungidwa ndi maboma. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupendedwa kochititsa chidwi kwa Demeter, kupenda chiyambi chake cha mbiri yakale, kupenda matanthauzo ake aakulu a zachiweruzo, ndi kupenda mbali yake yopitirizabe m’kutsutsana pa ufulu wa maboma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Nkhani Yakale ya Mpumulo wa Khumi

Majinisi a Tenth Amendment agona pa mikangano yaikulu ya kuchepetsa ufulu wa munthu pa 1787-1788 pambuyo polembedwa ku Philadelphia. Anti-Federalist , kuphatikizapo anthu otchuka monga Patrick Henry ndi George Mason, adatsutsa kuti Lamulo la Malamulo linalola boma lalikulu, mphamvu zopanda malire zimene zingagonjetse ulamuliro ndi kuopseza ufulu wa munthu. Anafuna lamulo la ufulu limene likachepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kutetezera maboma kuti asaloŵereredwe. Federalists, lotsogozedwa ndi James Madison, poyamba linatsutsa lamulo, loletsa kuti Lamulo la malamulo lenilenilo linali lokwanira. Komabe, kutetezera ufulu, Madiane analonjeza kubweretsa ufulu boma latsopanolo litangokhazikitsidwa.

Mkati mwa Nyumba Yoyamba ya Madison mu 1789, Madison anapereka mpambo wa zobweza ndi misonkhano ya boma yogwirizanitsa. Nkhani yakhumi ndi yomaliza ya Bill of Rights inakonzedwa kuti ithetse mantha osatha a mphamvu za ulamuliro. Chinenero chake chinabwereza mawu a Maganizo a Maganizo a Confederation ndi Chipangano cha Virginia Ratification. Mwa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zosaikidwa ku maboma kapena anthu, Demendment inafuna kutsimikizira kuti boma la United States linali limodzi la maulamuliro oŵerengedwa, ndi mphamvu zochepetsedwa.

Mawu a Mpumulo wa Khumi ndi Tanthauzo Lake

Mawu onse a mu Mpando wa Kusintha wa Khumi Amanena kuti:

] , `Zimphamvu zimene sizikuperekedwa ku United States ndi Konsichushoni, kapena zoletsedwa ndi ilo ku United States, zasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. [1]

Kuyang'ana koyamba, chinenerocho chimaoneka kukhala cholunjika, koma kumasulira kwake kwabutsa mkangano waukulu. Chisinthiko sichimapatsa mphamvu iliyonse; mmalomwake, chimagwira ntchito monga lamulo la kumanga, kukumbutsa omasulira kuti kachitidwe kalikonse ka boma kayenera kutsatiridwa ndi lamulo lalamulo logamulapo ulamuliro. Chikuvomerezanso kuti ulamuliro wamitundu iŵiri . Mabomawo amasunga mphamvu zawo zachibadwa za apolisi ndi ulamuliro wa kulamulira monga momwe aona kuti ali oyenerera, malinga ngati saswa lamulo la boma kapena Malamulo. Mawuwo “kapeto kwa anthu" amagogomezera kuti uchifumu umakhalapo kotheratu mu nzika, osati m'boma.

Kodi Ndi “Chikhristu” Kapena ndi Ziletso Zosafunika?

Kwa mbiri yaikulu ya America, Bwalo Lapamwamba linaona Tenth Amendment kukhala “Trusalism” mawu ongonena kuti kutha kwa ulamuliro sikunachepetse mphamvu za boma kuposa zimene maulamuliro otchulidwa analamulidwa kale. Mu United States v. Darby (1941], Khoti linanena kuti kukonzanso “maufumu koma kukhazikitsa kumene kulibe mphamvu. Pambali pako, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inagwira ntchito m’maulamuliro ake ololedwa (monga Commust Clausle), Desmentiod , popanda chitetezero china. Komabe, chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi aŵiri, Khoti linayamba kukhazikitsanso chigwirizano cha tenitenti monga kukhazikitsa kokambirana kwa mphamvu za boma.

Kumasulira Koyambirira ndi Kubuka kwa Mphamvu ya Federal

Mayeso oyamba aakulu a Tenth Amendment anapezeka Mcloch v. Maryland (1819). Nkhani yokhudza ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikanakhazikitsa banki ya dziko lonse /a mphamvu yosandandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anachirikiza bankiyo monga njira yoyenerera ndi yoyenera yophera maulamuliro ndi yotchuka yokhayikitsira “kulola kuti maulamuliro akhale oyenera, aileke ikhale m’malo a malamulo, ndi njira zonse zimene zili zoyenera... ndi lamulo lolamulira. Khoti la Lamilandu la Mary la dziko linakana kuyesa kukhoma msonkho ku banki, kugogomezera ukulu wa boma pansi pa Supy Clauslea. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyendetsa kotchuka kwa khumi kunachitidwa ndi Mary, Marshall kuŵerengedwa kwake kwakukulukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma.

M’zaka za zana la 19, Dewittt, yomwe inachepetsa kuletsedwa kwa maolivi ena. Khotilo linadalira pa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma amene analoŵerera mwachindunji apolisi, monga mu United States v. DeWitt [1869], amene analepheretsa boma kuletsa kugulitsa mafuta ena. Koma chikhoterero chachikulu chinali kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano wa boma, makamaka nkhondo ya Chiweniweniweni ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a 14neth Amerekale, zimene zinapatsa mphamvu za Congress kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu pa ntchito ya boma. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, mphamvu za malonda zinakula kulola malamulo a boma kukonza zinthu, zitima za sitima, ndi mayiko ena, kuchotsa ufulu wa mayiko.

Chida Chatsopano ndi Kusintha kwa Federalism

New Deal A. New Develop ya ma 1930 inasinthanso modabwitsa kulinganizika kwa boma. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt maprogramu, monga National Industrial Recovery Act ndi Agricultural Sect, anasanja malire a Commerce Claus kuti ayang'anire ntchito zachuma zotsala kale ku maboma. [[FLT: 0]] Schechter Poult Corp. v. United States [FLT:] [1935] , Khoti linagwetsa NiRA monga kazembe wosasinthika ndi kuswa kwa Dementi la Dementi, lolamulira malonda osakhudza malonda. Momwemo.

Komabe, pambuyo pa kuopseza kwa khoti la Roosevelt ndi kutsatizana kwa opuma pantchito, khoti linasintha njira. NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp . [1937] ndi [FL:] United States v. Darby [1941], Khoti linavomereza lamulo la boma la ntchito ndi malipiro, loletsadi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma a ntchito ndi malipiro, kukhala malire atanthauzo. Kwa theka lotsatira lacentur, kuwonjezera ulamuliro wake monga Msonkhano wa malonda, misonkho, ndi ufulu wotsogolera boma lomwe lili ndi likulu m’zigawo.

Kusintha kwa Mapempho a Khumi

Kuyambira m’ma 1990, Bwalo Lapamwamba pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu William Rehnquist linalembanso kosi yatsopano ya boma, kubwezeretsa Mpambo wa Kusintha wa Khumi monga lamulo lokakamiza lochitidwa mwachiweruzo. Zigamulo zitatu zapadera zimasonyeza kubukanso kumeneku:

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Mu United States v. Lopez . , Bwalo lamilandu linagonjetsa GunǎFree School Zoners Act ya 1990, imene inapangitsa kukhala upandu wa boma kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu. Boma linatsutsa kuti lamulolo linagwa mkati mwa Commerce Clause chifukwa chakuti chiwawa chokhudza mfuti chinayambukira chuma cha dziko. M'chigamulo cha Gun_64, Khoti linakana kutsutsa mfundo imeneyo, kuwona kuti ntchitoyo inali “yosachita kanthu kalikonse ndi malonda” ndipo sinali yachuma. Chigamulocho chinasonyeza nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka 60 kuti Khoti linawononga lamulo la boma la mphamvu yoposa zamalonda, ndipo linalimbitsa kusungidwa kwa ntchito ya kuyendetsa chuma cha Khumi.

printz v. United States (1997)

Mu Shicilelaz v. United States, Bwalo linalingalira makonzedwe a Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act amene anafuna boma ndi akuluakulu a boma a boma kuti apereke mayeso kwa ogula mfuti zapamanja. Khotilo linanena kuti Kusintha kwa Zilamulo kwa Khumi kumaletsa boma la boma kuchoka ku “kulamulira” akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma oletsa lamulo. Lingaliro a Antonin Scialia anagogomezera kuti lamulo loterolo “li la kuyang’anira lamulo la ndale ya ndale zadziko . ndi kuswa lamulo la ulamuliro wa maboma. Chigamu chigamu chitsimikizo cha boma chochirikiza umphumphu cha boma monga olamulira.

Sebelius (202)

Nkhani yapamwamba kwambiri yaposachedwapa ya Kusintha kwa Pangano ndi National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, imene inatsutsa Affordal Care Act . Khoti linachirikiza chilolezo cha munthu aliyense pa mphamvu ya Congress yokhoma koma inasiya makonzedwe omwe anaopseza kuchotsa ndalama zonse za boma za Medicaid ku mayiko amene anakana kufutukula Medicaid. Woweruza John Roberts, kulemba za kuchuluka kwa anthu, anakhulupirira kuti chiwopsezo cha kutaya ndalama zoperekedwa ndi Medicaid zomwe zilipo . Kuwonjeza ku ndalama 10% kapena kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama za boma kuletsa kukakamiza, kuswa lamulo la Kuwononga ndalama. Zolamulira za Bomalamulolo zinayenera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma.

Nkhani za M’nthaŵi Yathu ndi Kutsutsana kwa Khumi la Lamulo

Masiku ano, pankhondo ya ulamuliro wa boma la United States, anthu ambiri amakangana pa nkhani ya zachipatala, maphunziro, malamulo a zachilengedwe, kusamukira m’mayiko ena, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kusamalira thanzi

Kupyola Affordble Care Act, zifuno zatsutsa malamulo a boma onena za ziyeneretso za ntchito za Medicaid, ndalama zothandizira kuchotsa mimba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala operekedwa ndi mankhwala. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa kusinthana kwawo ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo, akumadziwitsa ulamuliro pansi pa Tenth Amendment kugwirizanitsa malamulo a kulinganiza mikhalidwe ya kumalo. Kusintha kwa boma kutsutsa ziletso za boma za kuchotsa mimba. Mwachitsanzo, monga California ndi New York kwapereka malamulo otetezera kuchotsa mimba, akutsutsa kuti lamulo la zamankhwala likugwera m'manja apolisi osungidwa.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

One of the most vivid Tenth Amendment battlegrounds is marijuana policy. Although marijuana remains a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law, more than 30 states have legalized it for medical or recreational use. Federal enforcement has generally deferred to state laws under the Obama‑era Cole Memorandum (later rescinded under the Trump administration) and subsequent guidance. State officials often invoke the Tenth Amendment to defend their legalization statutes, arguing that the federal government lacks the constitutional authority to force states to criminalize marijuana. The tension between state legalization and federal prohibition persists.

Kusamukira ku madera Ena ndi Kuyeretsa Uchigaŵenga

Malamulo a Sanctuary ndi a boma . Kumene maulamuliro a boma akuchepetsa kugwirizana ndi kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko . Mu Dolot of Chicago v. Sessions (2017), chigawo cha Seven Trans chinagwetsa mikhalidwe ya boma imene inafuna maulamuliro othandiza maulamuliro a anthu oloŵa m'dziko, kutchula mfundo zoletsa kuloŵerera za boma kuchokera ku Pripz . Mofananamo, maboma angapo asumira boma la United States pa zoyesayesa kuletsa kupatsa malamulo ku mizinda yopatulika, akutsutsa kuti boma la khumi limaletsa boma kuvomereza lamulo la boma la ogwirizana ndi kuvomereza mwa kudalirana mwa kuwopseza ndalama.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act yapangitsa chiwombano kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Maboma onga Texas ndi West Virginia atsutsa malamulo a EPA oletsa kutentha, akumanena kuti boma likuloŵerera pa ntchito zamwambo za boma monga kugwiritsira ntchito dziko ndi magetsi. Mu Virginia v. EPA [2022], Khoti Lapamwamba linaletsa mphamvu ya EPA yoika mabomba pansi pa Divice Act, kulimbikitsa lamulo lakuti Congress iyenera kulankhula bwino pamene ifuna kusintha kulinganiza kwa boma.

Kusintha kwa Khumi kwa Lamulo ndi Maufulu a Munthu Mmodzi

Ngakhale kuti bungwe la Tenth Amendment limakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ka boma, limakhudza kwambiri ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Mwa kukhazikitsa mphamvu ku maboma, kukonzanso kumapanga laboratori ya demokrase kumene malamulo osiyanasiyana angakule, kusonyeza makhalidwe ndi zofuna za kumaloko. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kungawonjezere ufulu mwa kulola nzika kusamukira ku maiko amene malamulo awo amagwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zawo.

Kuteteza Ufulu Wolimbana ndi Kupambana Kwachipani

Chifukwa chakuti maboma ali pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu, angagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga chitetezo ku ufulu wa boma. Mpambo wa Tenth Amendment umapereka maziko a lamulo kuti maboma atsutse malamulo a boma amene angasokoneze ufulu wa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, boma limateteza ufulu wa mfuti, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi malo achinsinsi kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa amene boma limapereka. Komanso, maboma ali ndi mphamvu yokulitsa ufulu wa anthu kuposa ufulu wa boma, monga momwe malamulo a boma akuletsera tsankho pa nkhani ya kugonana kapena chinsinsi cha mwamuna.

Kusinthasintha kwa Ufulu Wanu

Chigwirizano chimodzimodzicho chimene chimalola maboma kuwonjezera ufulu chikhozanso kulola ziletso zimene zimasiyana kwambiri m'dziko lonselo. Otsatira kuchotsa mimba, malamulo ovota, ndi kulingana kwa ukwati (kuchirikiza ]bergefell v. Hodges . Hodges ) zinali madera kumene kusoŵa kwa muyezo wa boma umodzi kunachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti kudalira pa Tenth Amendment kutetezera kachitidwe ka boma kungafooketse ufulu waukulu pamene maboma aika malire amene anthu ambiri a dzikolo angakane. Chotero, kuyanjana ndi ufulu kwa munthu aliyense payekha kumadalira kaya ngati wina akuona kukhala ufulu wa boma monga wodzilamulira waufulu wa boma kapena woyendetsa galimoto yaikulu yopondereza.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha Supreme Commission chidakali chofunika kwambiri ndipo chikutsutsa lamulo lalamulo la America. Chinenero chake chosavuta ndi chochititsa chidwi chikusonyeza mbiri yovuta yomasulira yomwe yasintha kuchokera ku kufupi ndi sakhoza kuletsa mphamvu ya boma. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likupitiriza kukhazikitsa malire a boma, kukonza zinthu kudzaonekera mosapeŵeka m'makangano okhudza zaumoyo, malamulo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kusamuka, ndi malamulo a malo okhalako. Aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika, kumvetsa Ten Standarded Mendment nkofunika kumvetsetsa kuyendetsa zinthu mwamphamvu pakati pa boma, umodzi wa dziko, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense wolongosola ku America. Chipsinja chogwidwa ndi chiwopsezo sichili cholakwika koma chimatsimikizira kuti mkanganowo pa mkhalidwe woyenerera wa boma ndi ufulu wathu wapakati paukulu wa boma lamphamvu.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani Chikalata cha Kupendedwa kaamba ka kusanthula tsatanetsatane, Cornell Information Institute kaamba ka mlandu, ndi Project Oyez project kaamba ka zigamu za mkamwa ndi malingaliro a zigamulo zazikulu za Khoti Lapamwamba.