Chiyambi: Ntchito ya Apolisi ku Northern Ireland Yosintha Zinthu

Pulice Service ya Northern Ireland (PSNI) imaimira imodzi ya magulu a apolisi ofufuza kwambiri ndi oimbidwa mlandu kwambiri ku United Kingdom . Inayamba pamapeto a bungwe la Good Friday Agreement (limene limatchedwanso kuti Belfast Adventition), PSNI inapangidwa osati kuumiriza lamulo komanso kukhazikitsa nyengo yatsopano ya mtendere, kuyanjanitsa, ndi kudalirana kwa anthu. Kwa zaka makumi angapo m'mbuyo, Royal Ulster Consabrary (RUC) inali bungwe lalikulu losungitsa lamulo, koma inali yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi mikangano yampatuko yodziŵika monga Nkhondo, yomwe inatsogolera ku kusadalirana kwa anthu ambiri, makamaka pakati pa anthu a dziko ndi a mayiko a za zigaŵenga.

Kusintha kuchoka ku Ruc kupita ku PSNI kunali maziko a mtendere. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa ntchito yapolisi m'chitaganya chomwe chayamba zaka 30 za nkhondo yachiwawa. Lerolino, PSNI ikupitirizabe kuyendera malo ovuta: kusunga malamulo anthaŵi zonse ndi dongosolo, kuthetsa ziwopsezo za asilikali . Nzokhazo ziŵiri zotsutsana ndi wosakhulupirika ndi wokhulupirika . Ndi kuyang'anira mikangano ya anthu ndi ya ndale zadziko yomwe sinathe. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza ntchito ya PSNI m'nyengo ya Preseace, mathayo ake aakulu, mavuto amene ikukumana nawo, ndi kusintha kumene kwapanga kudziŵika kwake.

Nkhani Zake: Kuchokera ku RUC Kufika ku PSNI

Kuti munthu amvetse ntchito ya PSNI, choyamba ayenera kuzindikira chiyambi chake. Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1922 ndipo kwa nthaŵi zambiri kukhalapo kwake kunagwiritsidwa ntchito monga gulu lankhondo lamphamvu, makamaka lachiprotesitanti. Mkati mwa mavuto (c.1968-1988), Ruc inali pamalo otsogolera nkhondo, inavutika ndi maapola oposa 300 anaphedwa ndi kuvulala zikwi zambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri m'gulu la ogwirizana a bungwelo anaona Ruc kukhala chitetezo cholimba polimbana ndi uchigaŵenga, otchuka kwambiri ndi gulu lampatuko limene linkalimbikitsa ulamuliro wa Britain ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri linagwiritsira ntchito njira zosonkhezera zotere.

Pangano la Good Frive Agreement la 1998 linafuna kuti pakhale chiyambi chatsopano cha ntchito yapolisi ku Northern Ireland. Izi zinachititsa bungwe la Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, lomwe linakhala pampando wa boma la Britain, Chris Patten, amene anafalitsa lipoti lake lapadera mu September 1999. Lipoti la Patten linavomereza 175], kuphatikizapo kulowa mmalo ROGUC ndi mphamvu yatsopano, kutembenuza dzina ndi zizindikiro, kuyambitsa lamulo la kulowa m'chipembedzo kwa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zodziyankhirira.

Apolisi (Northern Ireland) Anachita lamulo la 2000 limeneli, ndipo PSNI inasintha mwalamulo kukhala pa November 4, 2001. Kusinthaku sikunali kokha kudzikongosintha; kunaimira kusintha kwakukulu m'nthambi ya Etos. Mphamvu yatsopano inatenga njira ya munthu ya kuyenera, ndi apolisi a m'chitaganya pamtima. Beji, yunifomu, ndi ngakhale lumbiro la ofesi linaikidwa kuti likhale lowonjezera. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kofunika kuti anthu a m’magulu a dziko monga SDLP ndipo, pomalizira pake, Sin Féin, yomwe inakana kuvomereza ntchito zausilikali ya ku Britain.

Udindo wa PSNI

Ntchito za PSNI zimagwira ntchito mokulira ndi kutsanzira ntchito zina za apolisi ku UK, koma ndi zocholoŵana zowonjezereka zapadera ku chitaganya cha pambuyo pogwirizana. Mathayo ake aakulu angaikidwa m'mbali zazikulu zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Kusunga Chilamulo ndi Dongosolo

Mofanana ndi gulu la apolisi lililonse, PSNI ali ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti malamulo achitika tsiku ndi tsiku: kuyankha foni, kuletsa ndi kufufuza za upandu, kuyang’anira magalimoto, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu atetezeke pa zochitika monga Orange Order, zimene zingakhale malo oonetserapo mavuto ampatuko. Gululi limayendetsa madera onse a boma la Northern Ireland, ndi likulu ku Lisburn.

Kuletsa ndi Kufufuza Upandu

PSNI amasamalira zinthu zonse kuyambira ku kuba pang’ono mpaka upandu wolinganiza. Imapatula mabungwe a kufufuza upandu waukulu, upandu wa pa Intaneti, chinyengo, ndi malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mphamvuyi imayendera limodzi ndi National Crime Agency (NCA) ndi A Garda Síochána (Riphabliki ya apolisi a Ireland) pa upandu wa pakati pa malire. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, PSNI yakhala ikukambirananso ndi nkhani zonga za malonda a anthu ndi ukapolo wamakono.

Kulimbana ndi Maupandu ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko

Ngakhale kuti magulu aakulu a asilikali (IRA, UVF, UDA) alengeza kuti moto watha ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zida, magulu oukira boma . Magulu oukira boma monga New IRA ndi Óglaigh na hÉirean . Magulu ankhondo okhulupirika akupitirizabe kuopseza, makamaka pa upandu wolinganiza koma nthaŵi zina m'kuukira kwachiwawa. PSNI’S URGRICTIC UNICTTCURT ndi Service of Northern Ireland’s Crime Observations Departments ndi Service of MI5 ndi UK’s Counitection Colicism Policial.

Mwachitsanzo, mu 2021, mkulu wa apolisi a PSNI ananena kuti anthu opanduka auganda “anayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu cha polisi pambuyo poyesa kupha apolisi. PSNI ali ndi bungwe lodzipereka logamulapo za zida zoukira boma ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera posokoneza zigaŵenga.

Kuthandizana ndi Kumanga Chidaliro

Ili mwinamwake ndilo thayo la PSNI losiyana ndi lotopetsa. Polishi ya pambuyo pa kugamula mlandu yalongosoledwa bwino ndi lamulo la “kuyang'anira ndi chitaganya. Asilikali akuyembekezeredwa kukhala owoneka, ofikirika, ndi oŵerengera. Ankhondo amagwiritsira ntchito [[FLT: 0] Policing Policing Coliging (NPT) m’chigawo chilichonse kuti agwirizane ndi anthu okhalamo, amalonda, ana a sukulu, ndi atsogoleri a chitaganya. Cholinga chake ndicho kuchoka pa ntchito yothandiza kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu kuti apeze mavuto.

Mwachitsanzo, apolisi ayenera kudalirana m’madera omwe anthu amayendera limodzi ndi mayiko awo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kuchita nawo zinthu monga zochitika za kumaloko, kuchirikiza anthu amene achitidwa upandu wa udani, ndiponso kukambirana nkhani zonyozana pa mapwando a anthu opikisana.

Kuchirikiza Ovutika ndi Upandu

PSNI imaika chigogomezero chachikulu pa chisamaliro cha anthu ovutitsidwa. Imagwiritsira ntchito bungwe la Oberedwa Sutrust Invect ndipo imagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe othandizira ndi mabungwe a malamulo kupereka uphungu, chithandizo chothandiza, ndi kulangiza. Zimenezi nzofunika makamaka m'nkhani za chiwawa cha m’banja, kuukira akazi, ndi upandu wa udani, zimene zingakhale ndi mbali yaikulu m'chitaganya chogaŵanika. Mphamvuyo yaphatikizidwanso m'choloŵa cha Maupandu, kupereka chilungamo kwa mikhole ya kupyola m'Chikhalidwe chake cha Enquisities Tea (HET), ngakhale kuti gululo layang'anizana ndi kusuliridwa kwake kwa milandu ina.

Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

PSNI officers are often first responders to emergencies, including road traffic collisions, fires, and medical incidents. They also manage public order situations, such as protests and riot control. In a post-conflict society, the ability to de-escalate tension without inflaming sectarian passions is a critical skill. The PSNI has won praise for its handling of the 2020–2021 loyalist protests against the Northern Ireland Protocol, where it maintained order without heavy-handedness.

Mavuto ndi Zochitika Zomwe Zinachitika Pambuyo Pokula

Ngakhale kuti pakhala kupita patsogolo kuyambira mu 1998, PSNI imakumana ndi mavuto osatha ndiponso othetsa mavuto chifukwa cha mavuto, ntchito za asilikali zopitirizabe, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kusakhazikika kwa ndale.

Kugonjetsa Kukhulupirira Kolakwika kwa M’mbiri

PSNI yakhala ikulandira chitokoso chachikulu koposa kwa anthu a dziko la Northern Ireland. Pofika chakumapeto kwa ma 2000, kulembedwa kwa Akatolika kwawonjezera kuimira kwake kwa Akatolika . Cy2021, pafupifupi 33% ya apolisi anali Akatolika, poyerekezera ndi 8% m'dziko lakale . Komabe, kukhulupirira kumakhala kosalimba. Zotsatira zasonyeza kuti pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ambiri ku Northern Ireland ali ndi chidaliro mu PSNI, anthu ochepa sachitabe. Apolisi akupitiriza kuyang'anizana ndi zinenezo za tsankho la mbali zonse ziŵiri: nthaŵi zina aunyinjikizidwa ndi dzikolo amatsutsa kuti mphamvuyo idakali “Britii" ndi chigwirizano m’chikhalidwe, pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zina mamembala ambiri akuona kuti mphamvuyo ndi yosafuna kuukira anthu oukira boma.

Procta Ombudsman ya Northern Ireland [[FLT :1] imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri posamalira madandaulo ndi kufufuza kusayenera. Ofesi ya Ombudsman imalandira madandaulo zikwi zambiri chaka chilichonse, ambiri osimba mbiri yakale kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Nkhani zapamwamba, monga imfa za anthu wamba m'mabungwe a apolisi, zikupitirizabe kuyesa anthu kuti adzidalira.

Kusagwirizana kwa Anthu ndi Mavuto

Kusintha nyengo [1] Makamaka mapwando a Twelfth a July a Orange Old Order . PSNI amayenera kulinganiza kuyenera kwa msonkhano wamtendere ndi ngozi ya kusokonezeka kwa anthu. M’madera ena, monga Ardoyne syne ku Belfast, madeti aletsedwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi bungwe la Parades Commission, koma zimenezi zachititsa kukwiya kwa okhulupirika. PSNI amagwidwa pakati, ndi okhulupirika a m'dziko kuti ali odzipereka kwambiri ndiponso odetsedwa ndi olekerera kwambiri.

Kusagwirizana kwa mawu, kumene anthu ogwirizana ndi autundu amakhala molekana ndi “makoma a mtendere,” kumafuna apolisi nthaŵi zonse. PSNI amagwira ntchito ndi anthu a m'deralo kukhazikitsa mikangano ndi kuletsa chiwawa, makamaka m’nyengo ya m'chilimwe.

Chiwopsezo cha Nkhondo cha Dziko Lopanda Chilungamo ndi Wokhulupirika

Mabungwe otsutsa dziko la dziko lapansi . Magulu otsutsa Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu akupitirizabe kuukirana mwakamodzikamodzi. Amaukira apolisi, asilikali, ndi malo amalonda. Ma Tracs amaphatikizapo kuphulitsa mabomba, kuwombera, ndi kumenyedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵerengero cha kuukira kwa chitetezo cha dziko lapansi chatsika kuyambira m'ma 1990, mlingo wa chiwopsezo udakalipobe. Mu 2022, PSNI inalemba kuukira kwa dziko 10 ndi zochitika 22 zogwirizana ndi asilikali.

Asilikali okhulupirika, ngakhale kuti akuleka kupsa, amakhala odziloŵetsa kwambiri m'maupandu olinganiza, malonda a anamgoneka, ndi kuopseza. Iwo amachititsanso upandu panthaŵi ya mavuto a ndale zadziko, monga PSNI’s Orgamed Crime Task Force imagwira ntchito kusokoneza magulu ameneŵa, koma chuma chochepa ndi kuvuta kwa madongosolo aupandu opatukirana ndi mtanda wa apandu kumapanga nkhondo imeneyi yanthaŵi yaitali.

Brexit ndi Lamulo la Kumpoto kwa Ireland

Brexit wayambitsa mavuto atsopano. Pangano la Northern Ireland, limene limasunga Northern Ireland ku malonda a katundu mmodzi a EU, lapanga malire a madera a ku Ireland Nyanja. Zimenezi zakwiyitsa anthu ambiri, amene amaona kuti n’zofooketsa Union ndi Great Britain. Nthaŵi zina kusakhazikika kwa ndale kumene kwachitika kwachitika m’makwalala, kukufuna kuti apolisi ayang'anira kuukira ndi kuyang'anira kuukira zinthu. PSNI wafunikiranso kuzoloŵera miyambo yatsopano ndi makonzedwe a zachitetezo ku madoko ndi mabwalo a ndege.

Brexit alinso ndi ntchito yovuta yoyang'anira madera ozungulira malire a dziko. Malo Oyendera Onse pakati pa UK ndi Ireland akukhalabe, koma kusiyana kwa dongosolo la zinthu ndi UK kwafuna mapangano atsopano. PSNI yakhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi A Garda Síochána, koma kusagwirizana kwa bungwe la Northern Ireland kwachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kwambiri kugwirizanitsa zinthu.

Kusintha ndi Kuyang’anira: Kutetezeredwa kwa Mabungwe

Kusintha kwakhala njira yopitirizabe kuyambira pamene mphamvuyo inalengedwa. Northern Ireland Policing Board (NIPB) ndi bungwe lalikulu loyang’anira. Kugwirizanitsa oimira andale ndi ziŵalo zodziimira, NIPB imaŵerengera ndi Mfumu ya Chipani, imakhazikitsa zofunika za ntchito za ntchito, ndi kuyang'anira bajeti ndi ntchito.

Proctae Ombudsman modzifunira amafufuza madandaulo motsutsana ndi apolisi, kuyambira pa kusadziletsa kwapang'ono kufikira zinenezo zowopsa za khalidwe laupandu. Ombudsman angavomereze kachitidwe kopereka chilango kapena kuimira ku Komiti ya Public Prosecuction Service . Bungwe limeneli nlofunika kwambiri kuti lisunge kuonekera, makamaka kupatsidwa choloŵa cha mbiri yakale yosadziŵika ya RUC.

Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission imachitanso mbali ina, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za apolisi ndi kuyang'anira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ufulu wa anthu. PSNIyo ili ndi Dipatimenti ya Malamulo a Akatswiri ndi Bungwe la Ufulu wa Anthu. Kuwonjezera apo, maofesala onse a PSNI amaphunzitsidwa zoyenera za anthu monga mbali ya maphunziro awo oyambirira ndi opitiriza.

Kusintha Kofunika Kuchokera mu 2001

  • 50:50 Recruitment : Kufikira 2011, dongosolo lotsimikizira kuti kwa ofesi yachiprotesitanti yatsopano iliyonse yolembedwa, Mkatolika mmodzi ayeneranso kulembedwa ntchito. Izi zikuwonjezera kwambiri kuimira kwa Akatolika.
  • Patrol ndi Response: Shift kuchokera ku Land Rovers mpaka ku olondera apansi ndi magalimoto apolisi a m'mudzi kuwonjezera kuwoneka ndi kufikirika.
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu: [[FLT :1] Kutenga njira zina zocheperapo, zonga ngati Tasers ndi zipangizo zothandizira kutulutsa, ndi malamulo okhwima pa mfuti.
  • Ulendo Woikizira Wosunga Ana: Odzipereka kufufuza za ubwino wa ogwidwa.
  • [[MTL:0] Transparency: [[FLT :1] Buku lokhazikika la zolembedwa zotsekera ndi kufufuza, kudana ndi ziŵerengero za upandu, ndi ziyambukiro za kudandaula.

Kudziloŵetsa m’Chigwirizano cha M’chitaganya

Kugwirizana kwa anthu a PSNI si nkhani yongolankhula chabe.

  • Timu za Ubwino wa Kuyandikana (NPT): maofesala odzipereka ogaŵiridwa ku malo ena apafupi, kugwira ntchito ndi nzika za kumaloko kuzindikira ndi kuthetsa mavuto a kumaloko.
  • Ofesi ndi Community Safety Partneppoctive (PCSP): MaFum m'dera lililonse la bungwe la akulu asonkhanitsa apolisi, boma, ndi oimira a m'chitaganya kuti akambirane nkhani za upandu ndi za chisungiko.
  • Programu za Uchiwth Diversion Scheme: zotetezera achichepere ku upandu, kuphatikizapo maseŵera ndi maluso.
  • Programme ya magetsi: Oyang'anira amachezera sukulu kuti akalankhule za chisungiko, unzika wa magetsi, ndi ntchito ya apolisi.
  • Zochitika za Chikhulupiriro ndi Chigwirizano: Masiku otseguka, mmaŵa wa khofi, ndi magome a pakati pa mabuloni a magaŵano.

Chochititsa chidwi chimodzi ndicho PSNI’s Cultural Awareness Teachers , kumene apolisi amaphunzira mbiri ndi miyambo ya anthu onse aŵiri. Zimenezi zimawathandiza kudziŵa zinthu zovuta, monga ngati kuchita ndi zizindikiro za mbendera kapena kuyankha kudandaula kwa mawu audani.

Komabe, pangano la anthu a m'deralo lili ndi mavuto. Anthu ena amaimba PSNII mlandu wa “kukakamiza mwa kuvomereza . Kukhala wodekha pa upandu wolinganiza. Ena amaganiza kuti kutomerana ndiko kumangopeka, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa nzeru mmalo mwa kumanga mayanjano enieni. PSNI amazindikira kusuliza kumeneku ndipo afuna kukulitsa pangano la ukwati, mwachitsanzo mwa “Kupangana Chipangano Chabwino.

Ntchito Zamakono Ndiponso Malangizo Abwino

PSNI pakali pano imagwiritsira ntchito apolisi 7,000 ndi antchito wamba 2,000. Ndalama zake zapachaka zili pafupifupi $1 biliyoni, zochirikizidwa ndi boma la UK. Mphamvuzo zakhala ndi makonzedwe atsopano a ntchito 2020-2025, “ Kumanga : A Service Fit for the Future. [1]

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:

  • Kuchepetsa chiwawa chachikulu ndi upandu wolinganiza.
  • Kulimbikitsa usilikali ndi anthu a m’deralo.
  • Kuwongolera chichirikizo cha mnkhole ndi kuchinjiriza.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito luso la pakompyuta ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zinthu pa Intaneti.
  • Kulimbikitsa anthu kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndiponso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.

Umisiri wayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. PSNI yagwiritsa ntchito makamera ogwiritsa ntchito popanga manambala, kugwiritsa ntchito manambala, ndi njira yamakono yolamulira. Ilinso ndi bungwe lodzipereka la Cyber Crime Unit limene limayang'anira chinyengo pa Intaneti, kudyerera ana, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wakuda wa utoto.

Mphamvuyo inafunikira kuyang'anira zochitika zingapo zazikulu m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuphatikizapo kuphedwa kwa mtolankhani Lyra McKee mu 2019 pa kuphana kwa dziko logalukira, kuyankha ku mliri wa Chovid-19, ndi kupitirizabe kufunsa kokhudza mavuto. Chilichonse cha zochitika zimenezi chimayesa kudalira kwa PSNI ku anthu pamene akuchita ntchito zake mogwira mtima.

Nkhani Zokhudza Zipatso Zakale: Anthu Anayamba Kuvutika

Mwinamwake vuto lokhalitsa kwambiri ndilo kuchita ndi choloŵa cha Mavuto. PSNI . Inalandira zikwi zambiri za milandu yosayankhidwa ku nyengo ya RUC. Mu 2005, boma linakhazikitsa [[FLT: 0] Historical Enquies Team (HET) pakati pa PSNI] kupenda nkhani zimenezi. Komabe, HET anayang'anizana ndi kusulizidwa chifukwa cha kusasintha kwa masinthidwe ndi kusapereka chilungamo ku mabanja ambiri.

Mu 2015, HET inaloŵedwa m’malo ndi Service ya ku Northern Ireland’s Legacy Investigation Branch, imene imagwira ntchito pansi pa kuyang'anira kwa apolisi Ombudsman. Panthaŵiyi, boma la UK layambitsa “kuletsa zinthu zolephera ” za mavuto ogwirizana ndi milandu, omwe angathetse kuphwanya milandu yambiri isanafike 1998. Zimenezi zatsutsidwa ndi magulu a a a apolisi ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu monga ochitira milandu.

PSNI yagwidwa pakati: iyenera kufufuza zinenezo za m’mbiri, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi umboni wa ukalamba ndi mboni zokaikira, pamene ikuyankhanso ku mkangano wa ndale zadziko wonena za choloŵa. Kusemphana kwa chikhumbo cha apolisi cha kutsekedwa ndi ovutitsidwawo kumakhala magwero a chipsinjo cha chilungamo.

Kumaliza: Utumiki wa Apolisi m’Kusintha

Pulice Service ya Northern Ireland yakhala ikuchita bwino kwambiri kuyambira pamene inayamba. Yapeza kupita patsogolo kodabwitsa m'kumanga woimira, woŵerengera mlandu, ndi wa polisi waluso amene amalamulira kuzungulira [1] ngati si onse. Kusintha kuchoka ku apolisi a zida, ankhondo a Ruc kulowa m'chitsanzo cha chitaganya choyang'aniridwa ndi anthu, ufulu wa munthu wa PSNI ndi umboni wa dongosolo la mtendere ndi kulimba mtima kwa apolisi ndi atsogoleri amene asintha.

Komabe ulendowo suli wotheratu. Magulu a asilikali asintha koma sanathe. Kukayikira zandale, makamaka ku Brexit ndi tsogolo la boma lotha ntchito, kumachititsa kuti pakhale kusakhazikika kwa ntchito ya upoto. PSNI iyenera kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta za magaŵano a zipembedzo, ndale, ndi kudandaula kwa mbiri yakale, uku akuchita ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku zoteteza upandu ndi kuteteza anthu onse.

PSNI iyenera kumanga pa ndandanda ya anthu, kuyang'anira kwambiri, ndi kutengera zinthu zoopseza monga intaneti ndi kusokoneza. Idzafunikiranso kukambirana nkhani zamkati, kuphatikizapo ukapitawo wa makhalidwe abwino ndi kuiwala, makamaka poyang'anizana ndi mavuto a bajeti. Kupambana kwa dongosolo la mtendere la Northern Ireland kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyenera kwa apolisi ake. PSNI si si si si si si si si si siteshoni ya malamulo ndi dongosolo ayi; ndi chizindikiro cha kutha kwa mapost- reservation. Kuteteza kuti kuyenera kudzakhala ntchito yake yaikulu kwambiri m'zaka zotsatira.