Khoti Lapamwamba la United States latumikira monga lotsogolera kutsegulira kotheratu kwa tanthauzo la lamulo, ndipo zigamulo zake pa zoyenera za anthu zasintha kwambiri chitaganya cha Amereka. Kuyambira kutha kwa maukwati mpaka kulingana, zigamulo za khoti laletsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo. Nkhani ino ikufufuza milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu Koposa yokhudza ufulu wa anthu, kupenda nkhani zake za m’mbiri, mfundo za lamulo, ndi ziyambukiro zosatha. Kumvetsetsa zosankha zapadera zimenezi nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene ja a Judicantia amamasulira kulingana, ufulu, ndi kachitidwe koyenera pansi pa Malamulo.

Maziko ndi Zopinga Zoyambirira

M’nyengo yamakono yomenyera ufulu wa anthu, Khoti Lalikulu linapereka zigamulo zingapo zimene zinalongosola − ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zinachepetsa — ukulu wa ufulu wa anthu.

Sandford (1857)

Dred Scott v. Sandford amaonedwa mofala kukhala chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba koposa m'mbiri ya America. Woweruza wamkulu Roger Taney analemba kuti Aafirika, kaya akapolo kapena aufulu, sakanaonedwa kukhala nzika za U.S. ndipo chifukwa chake analibe kuima kuti asunge m'khoti ya boma. Khoti linakantha Missouri Ololera, kuweruza kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zinalibe ulamuliro woletsa ukapolo m’madera a boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali choopsa ndi kufulumiza nkhondo ya Chiweniweni. Chinaimabe monga chikumbutso chachikulu chakuti chiletso cha ufulu wa anthu pamene chilephera kuzindikira anthu onse. Mlandulowo unaperekedwa mogwira ntchito mwamphamvu ndi boma la Amerekation. [2], [4]

Ferguson (1896)

Plessy v. Ferguson anachirikiza kugamula kwa lamulo kwa kusankhana mafuko pansi pa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso. Homer Plessy, amene anali woyera ndi mmodzi wa asanu ndi atatu Black, anaswa lamulo la Louisiana lofuna kuti magalimoto a sitima akhale a anthu akuda ndi oyera. Khoti Lapamwamba, m'chigamulo cha 7 - 1, linakana mfundo yakuti lamulo la Pelby’s linaswa Mtetezo wa Clause. Woweruza Henry Billings Brown analemba kuti kudalirana sikunasonyeze kutsika kwanthaŵi yaitali ngati zinthuzo zinali zofanana. M'kayinde wamphamvu, John Marshall Harlan analengeza, "Malamulo athu ndi a mtundu wakhungu, ndipo samadziŵa ngakhale kulekerera makalasi a anthu a Pyylves odzipatula kwa anthu ena. Iye analemba kuti malamulo a kufupi ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, kudutsa kwa malamulo a Kummwe kwa Kummwe kwa K.

Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Unasweka

Chapakati pa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri kunakhala ndi mpambo wa zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba zimene zinathetsa kusankhidwa kwa lamulo ndi kufutukula chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe. Milandu imeneyi inatuluka kuchokera ku gulu lokulirapo la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kusonyeza kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education imadziwika kuti ndi chigamulo chotchuka kwambiri cha ufulu wa anthu m'mbiri ya Khoti Lapamwamba. Khotilo linalengeza kuti kusankhana mafuko m’masukulu a boma kunaswa Chitetezo cha Ecult Claus wa 144th Amendment. Chigamulo cha Mfumu Justice Earl Warren chinakana chiphunzitso chosiyana ndi chosiyana, chikumanena kuti "maphunziro osiyanasiyana ndi osalingana ndi chibadwa. Chigamulocho chinagwetsedwa ndi Pesby . Ferguson ndi kukhazikitsa maziko alamulo a zoyesayesa zochepetsa ufulu m'dziko lonse lonselo.

Mlanduwo unayambika pamene Oliver Brown anasuta Topeka, Kansas, bungwe la sukulu pambuyo pa mwana wake Linda anakanidwa kugonekedwa ku sukulu yachiyambi yachiyera. NACP LVIP Legal Defense Fund, yotsogozedwa ndi Thirfaill Marshall (amene pambuyo pake anakhala Chilungamo cha Supreme American Court), anatsutsa kuti kuvulaza ana a Black. Khotilo linatchula kufufuza kwa maganizo kuti lichirikize mfundo yake. Pa chigamulo chotsatira, [FLD:0] Brown v. Board of Education II [FLD:55] [1955], khoti linalamula kuti livulaze "mwalire ndi liŵiro lonse ladala. Ngakhale kuti Brown anatsutsa kwambiri m'mayiko ena, Brown anachotsedwa mphamvu zoyendera ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo ogwirizana ogwirizana ndi malamulo a mu 1964.

Mtima wa ku Atlanta Motel ndi United States (1964)

Department ya Atlanta Motel ndi United States inachirikiza kuti Theort II ya Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chisungiko cha 1964, chimene chinaletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu. Bungwe la akulu linakana kutumikira makasitomala a Black ndi kutokosa lamulo monga mphamvu yoposa ya Congress pansi pa Commerce Claus. Khoti Lapamwamba linagwirizana kuti tsankhu la mafuko m’malo ogona okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malonda a mayiko ena, kupatsa Nyumba za Ufumu ulamuliro kuletsa. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira lamulo la malamulo a ufulu wachibadwire, kutsimikizira mahotela, malesitilanti, masewera, ndi malo ena oonetsera malonda a anthu onse kuti asatsutse ntchito yokhudzana kwambiri malonda a mayiko, kuletsa ufulu wa anthu.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Kukonda Virginia adachotsa malamulo a boma oletsa kusiyanitsa mafuko. Richard Loving, mwamuna woyera, ndi Mildred Jeter, mkazi Black, anakwatira ku Washington, D.C., koma pamene anabwerera ku Virginia adaimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa lamulo la Refual Perfect of Virginia. Iwo anadziimba mlandu ndipo anaweruzidwa kukhala m'ndende chaka chimodzi, ataleredwa pamkhalidwe wosiyana. Atachonderera, Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha onse a boma lotsutsa malamulo a boma. Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren adakhulupirira kuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi kutetezeredwa ndi Programme ndi Claus Claus. Kulamulirako kunathetsa lamulo lalamulo la ukwati m'magawo 16 ndipo linalemba la fuko losiyana. "Bungwe lathu, Warnarner, ", kapena kukwatira, kapena kukwatira munthu wina, ndi kulephera kukwatira ndi kugaŵidwa kwa munthu wina.

Kukhala Wekha, Ufulu, ndi Kudzifunira

Khoti Lalikulu lawonjezera pang’onopang’ono chitetezo cha lamulo m’mbali zimenezi, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri lakhazikitsa ufulu wa kukhala pawekha ndi ufulu pansi pa Claus Claus.

Kuyenda m’mahema

Roe Geade anakhazikitsa ufulu wa mkazi wosankha kuchotsa mimba. Mlanduwo unabuka ku Texas umene unaphwanya malamulo ambiri ochotsa mimba kusiyapo kupulumutsa moyo wa mayi. "Jane Roe" [1] adapeka mwalamulo pa Norma McCorvey .Challalleng lamulo la akazi onse oyembekezera. Khoti Lapamwamba, m'chigamulo cha 7 - 2, linakhulupirira kuti ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Kusintha kwa Ndalama kwa 145 Clause (Inquisition's Proces Claus (Kusankha) ndi chosankha cha mkazi kuti athetse mimba. Jasitala wa Harry Blackmun adagawa pakati pa mimba kukhala atatu, ndi malamulo a boma akuwonjezera pamene mimbayo ikupita patsogolo.

Roe v. Wade anakhala chimodzi cha zigamulo zotsutsana kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Inatsimikiziridwanso mu Parents v. Casey (1992), yomwe inaloŵa mmalo masitepe oyeretsedwa ndi "mtolo wosafunika". MaDobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], Khoti lolamulira Roe ndi Casey, kubwezera lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ku maiko. Mosasamala kanthu za kugamula kwake, zokhalabedwa ndi mathayo apakati pa makambitsirano a kubala ndi thupi.

Lawrence ndi Texas (2003)

Lawrence v. Texas anagamula malamulo a boma oletsa kuyanjana kwa kugonana kofanana. Mlandu unayamba pamene apolisi analoŵa m'nyumba ya John Lawrence ndi kumumanga ndi Tyron Garner chifukwa choswa lamulo la Texas "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha". Khoti Lapamwamba, m'chigamulo 6-3, linaletsa chigamulo chake choyamba mu [FLT: 0] Bawickers v. Harty Wick [[FLLD:1] (1986) ndi kukhulupirira kuti Procession Claus itetezera kuyenera kwa achikulire kuchitapo kanthu pawekha. Lingaliro la Boongo la Anthony Kennedy linagogomezera kuti kukana khalidwe lauchimo. Lawlorence v. Texas anali maziko a LT.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obergefell v. Hodges analoledwa ndi lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana m'dziko lonselo. James Obergefell ndi John Arthur, okwatirana aŵiri a kugonana kwalamulo ku Maryland, sud Ohio chifukwa chokana kuvomereza ukwati wawo pambuyo pa imfa ya Arthur. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula 5-4 kuti Lamulo la 14 Demendment limapereka ufulu wa kukwatira okwatirana a amuna ndi akazi okhaokha. Lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy logwirizana ndi malamulo aumwini, ulemu, ndi kulingana. "Iwo amapempha ulemu wofanana m’maso mwa lamulo," Kennedy analemba. " Lamulo limawapatsa iwo kulondola zimenezo. Chigamulo chigamukire chigamulo chonse cha kutsutsa la malamulo a ukwati a anthu okwatirana okwatira aŵiri a mtundu umodzi ndi ozindikira maukwati m’mayiko ena.

Kupatsa Ena Ufulu ndi Kutenga Nawo Mbali Mwachidemo Kachimo

Khoti Lalikulu lakhala likuweruza anthu powasankha pa mlandu womasulira za ufulu wa anthu pa pepala la 15 Amereka ndiponso pa Chikalata cha Boma cha mu 1965.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Shelby County v. Mtsogoleri wa bungwe la United States analuluza njira yoperekera masinthidwe. Njira yoperekera mapangano, yozikidwa pa 1964 ndi 1968, sinasinthidwe. Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts's adali ndi madera ambiri.

Chigamulocho chinathetsadi lamulo lapadera, monga Congress inalephera kukonzanso njirayi. Poyankha, maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka ovota, kuphatikizapo malamulo a kuvota, kuchepetsa kuvota koyamba, ndi kuchotsa mpukutu wa ovota. Otsutsa amanena kuti Shelby County v. Horer wathandiza kutsendereza ovota ndi kufooketsa chitetezo kwa osankha ochepa. Ochirikiza akutsutsa kuti ilo linabwezeretsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuti Voting Rights Act ikhalebe yovomerezeka. Nkhaniyi ikugogomezera kuti nkhani yopitiriza yokhudza mmene angagwirizanitsirire boma ndi ufulu wa anthu m'masankhoti.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

United States v. Nixon analankhula za malire a mphamvu ya pulezidenti panthaŵi ya manyazi a Watergate. Ngakhale kuti si nkhani yachibadwa ya ufulu wa anthu, inalimbikitsa lamulo ndi chilungamo chofanana pansi pa malamulo . Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ananena kuti ali ndi mwayi waukulu wokana kujambula tepi ndi zikalata zolembedwa ndi woimira boma wapadera. Khoti Lapamwamba linakana mfundo yake, posunga kuti kufunikira umboni wa mlandu wa upandu kumaposa chikondwerero cha Pulezidenti wamkulu cha kumbali. Sanawone chiphunzitso cha kulekana kwa maulamuliro, kapena kusoŵa kwa kubisa mawu apamwamba olankhulana, Woweruza Walternar Burger analemba, "Acan, mwaŵi wosakwanira wa kuletsa kuweruza milandu pansi pa zonse. Chigamuchichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichi

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Chitetezo Chofanana

Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti lamulo la m’bungweli linkafuna kuti anthu aikidwe m’khoti, kuzengedwa milandu mwachilungamo, ndiponso kuti asamaweruzidwe ndi mlandu woweruza milandu.

Gideon ndi Wainwright (1963)

Gideon ndi Wainwright anatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kwa oimbidwa mlandu m'milandu ya boma. Clarence Gideon adaimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa malo a Florida ndipo sanakhoze kulipira loya. Bwalo lamilandu linakana kuika limodzi, ndipo Gideoni anaimbidwa mlandu. Iye mwini adalemba chikalata chapamanja ku Bwalo Lapamwamba. Khotilo linavomereza kuti ufulu wa Sixth Amendment wa kupereka uphungu umagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera ku Processsion Reclacy Claise. Woweruza wa Black Hugo Black analemba kuti maloyation ndi "aiseke, osati kukongola kwa zinthu. Mlandulo wa Gideoni anatsogolera ku pangano la oteteza anthu kuzungulira dzikolo ndipo lidakalibe chitetezero cha oimbidwa m'malamulo.

Batson ndi Kentucky (1986)

Batson v. Kentucky analetsa kuchotsedwa kwa anthu oyembekezera kukhala a jurs pamaziko a fuko. Khotilo linakhazikitsa njira zitatu zopimira tsankho la fuko posankha ajuli: choyamba, woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kupanga prima facie akusonyeza tsankho la fuko; yachiŵiri, mlandu uyenera kupereka mafotokozedwe a fuko la anthu a fuko la juorne; yachitatu, khoti lozenga ngati mafotokozedwewo ali oyambirira. Batson amagwira ntchito ku milandu ya upandu ndipo waperekedwa ku milandu yachiŵembu ndi kutsatitsatsa tsankhu lakale la anthu akuda oimba mlandu wa ku jurre kuti atsimikizire onse a ku milandu ya anthu akuda, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoletsa kutetezedwa kwa malamulo a komiti ya malamulo a .

Kumaliza

Chizindikiro cha milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba pa ufulu wa anthu chasonyeza ndi kuwongolera kumvetsetsa kwa mtundu kwa kulingana, ufulu, ndi chilungamo. Kuchokera ku kukana kwa Dred Scott kwa unziko kwa Obergefell, ulendo wa Khotilo wakhala wosalingana koma wopita patsogolo. Chigamulo chilichonse chozikidwa pa mapindu kapena zolakwa zakale. Nkhani zokambidwa pano / Brown, Long Roe, Lawrence, Obergefell, Shelby County, ndi ena .

Kuzindikira zosankha zimenezi sikuli kokha kuphunzira. Zimakhudza moyo weniweni: amene angakwatiwe, amene angakwatire, amene angalandire mlandu wosakondera, ndi kaya lamulo limapereka ulemu wolingana kwa anthu onse. Pamene mayeso ndi zigamulo zamtsogolo zikupitirizabe kumasulira Malamulo, choloŵa cha zolembedwa zimenezi chidzatsogolera / ndipo chikayikitsa ndi mbadwo watsopano. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zofunsira, kuphunzira nkhani za ufulu wa anthu ku Supreme Court nkofunika kumvetsetsa kuyesa kwa ku America mu ulamuliro wa munthu mwini ndi nkhondo yopitirizabe ya mgwirizano wangwiro.