Kutetezera Kwaunyinji kwa 144 Demendment kuli ngati limodzi la malamulo osintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, lamulo lake losavuta . Nlomveka kuti palibe boma "lidzateteza munthu aliyense pa ulamuliro wake malamulo amodzi. Komabe tanthauzo lake silinalekeretu. Pa zaka 150 za kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu ku United States. Khoti Lapamwamba layambitsa mfundo zosiyanasiyana za chiphunzitso cha chiphunzitso ndi mmene limachitira tsankho, ndi mmene limachitira tsankho, mfundo zakezo zimakhazikitsa maziko alamulo otsutsa malamulo ndi malamulo alamulo otsutsa milandu ndi malamulo a boma.

Mbiri Yakale

Chikalata cha Unigne Device Claus chinatengedwa kukhala mbali ya Jeneth Amendment mu 1868, m'nyengo ya kukonzanso kwa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni . Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kutetezera ufulu wa anthu omasulidwa chatsopano muukapolo ndi kutsimikizira kuti iwo akuchitira mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Kusintha kunabuka pa mkangano wa dziko wa mkangano wakuya wa tanthauzo la ufulu, unzika, ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Nkhondo ya Civilinic, Malamulo adatetezera ukapolo mwa makonzedwe onga a Fugitive Slace Clace ndi otsata atatu ololera kugonja. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyo, Constantion Constantion Congresspoleed anafuna kupanga malamulo amene akaletsa ufulu wa atsogoleri a fuko ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za fuko.

Malamulo a ku Southern Assel [1] adapangidwa ndi mayiko a Southern [1] mu 1865 ndi 1866. Malamulo ameneŵa analetsa ufulu wa Aafirika aufulu chatsopano kukhala ndi katundu, kuloŵa m'mapangano, kutsimikizira m'khoti, ndi kuyenda momasuka. Poyankha, Nyumba za Malamulo zinapatsirana Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwi cha Chibadwidwe cha 1866, chimene chinalengeza kuti anthu onse obadwa ku United States anali nzika ndipo anali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, kukayikira za malamulo alamulo amene anatsogolera kukhazikitsa malamulo ake kupyola malamulo kudzera m'chilamulo cha 1471. Malamulowo anatsogolera anthu ku mapanganowo, ndipo otsogolera ku mameteni a John Bham ndi Santator, anagwiritsa ntchito zinenero zachikhalidwe lachikhalidwe chachikale.

Makonzedwe Okonzanso

The Fourteenth Amendment, which includes the Equal Protection Clause, is one of three Reconstruction Amendments. The other two are the Thirteenth Amendment (ratified 1865), which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, and the Fifteenth Amendment (ratified 1870), which prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Together, these amendments represented a fundamental shift in the balance of power between the states and the federal government. They granted Congress the authority to enforce the amendments through "appropriate legislation," laying the groundwork for future civil rights statutes such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, the promise of the Reconstruction Amendments was quickly undermined by the Compromise of 1877, which ended federal military occupation of the South, and by the Supreme Court’s narrow interpretation of the amendments in cases like the Slaughter‑House Cases (1873) and United States v. Cruikshank (1876).

Maziko ndi Mafotokozedwe: Zigawo za Scrutiny

Chitetezo cha Acten Claus sichimaletsa kusiyanitsa kulikonse kapena kuika malamulo. Maboma nthaŵi zonse amaika anthu paudindo, ndalama, malo okhala, ndi zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimakhudza ufulu ndi mapindu. Funso la lamulo ndilo pamene magaŵanowo aloledwa. Kuyankha funsolo, Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga mpambo wa maziko wodziŵika monga [[FLT:] mipambo ya kufufuza . Malamulo ameneŵa amasankha mmene mabwalo a milandu adzapendera mosamalitsa lamulo ndi mmene kulungamizira kolimba kuyenera kukhalira.

Muyezo wopanda pake ndiwo [[FLT: 0] maziko oyenerera opendedwa [[FLT: 1]]. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala lalamulo ndipo lidzachirikizidwa malinga ngati ligwirizana ndi chiwonjezeko cha boma chalamulo. Malamulo ambiri a zachuma ndi a kakhalidwe ka anthu amayesedwa mopendedwa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu Railway Expression v. New York (1999) , Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la mzinda limene limaletsa kusatsa malonda pa galimoto koma kumasula magalimoto, kupeza malo oyenerera oyendera ku chitetezo.

Kumapeto ena a kusiyanasiyana ndiko kufufuza kwa m'mafuko, kapena, m'zochitika zina, kuyang'anira kofunikira kwambiri. Kusanthula kwenikweni kumagwira ntchito pamene lamulo lisankhana pa . Kuti apulumuke kuyang'anitsitsa kolimba, boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo limatumikira chikondwerero chokakamiza ndipo nlosafunika kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu wakhala wakupha m'malamulo ambiri oyesedwa ndi mafuko, monga momwe amaonera . [7]

Pakati pa maziko oyenera ndi kusanthula kosamalitsa pali kufufuza kokhudzana ndi kuyang'anira kwa boma. Muyezo umenewu unachokera ku Craig v. Boren / , umene unaluluza lamulo la Oklayo lomwe linakhazikitsa zaka zosiyanasiyana za kumwa kwa amuna ndi akazi. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi kuyenera kutumikira boma lofunika kwambiri ndi cholinga chofanana nalo.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Malamulo ambiri otchuka okhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za malamulo a Khoti Lalikulu la Akatolika athandiza kuti pakhale chitetezo chofanana ndi cha Claus.

  • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) : Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la Louisiana lofuna kusankhana mafuko pa magalimoto a sitima pansi pa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso. Chigamulocho chinapatsa mokhutiritsa lamulo la malamulo kwa Jim Crow ku madera a Kumwera.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) : Khotilo linasintha Plessy, kulengeza kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse kunaswa Chitetezo cha Unyinji cha Claus chifukwa chakuti malo a maphunziro osiyana ndi osalingana mwachibadwa. Brown amaonedwa kwambiri monga chimodzi cha zosankha zofunika kwambiri za Bwalo Lapamwamba la zaka za zana la 20.
  • Loval v. Virginia (1967) : Khoti linaswa malamulo a boma oletsa ukwati wa mafuko, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yakuti kusankhana mitundu m’malamulo a ukwati kuyenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa ndipo sikungalungamitsedwe.
  • Edid v. Reed (1971] : Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito Chitetezo chofanana Claus kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kuchotsa lamulo limene linapatula pamaziko a kugonana, kuswa lamulo la Idaho limene linakonda amuna poyang’anira akazi.
  • Craig v. Boren (1976)[FL:1]: Monga tanenera, Khoti linakhazikitsa kusanthula kwapakati kwa masankho a kugonana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi.
  • United States v. Virginia (1996) : Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la amuna la Virginia Military Institute, kufunikiritsa boma kupatsa akazi mwaŵi wa maphunziro amodzimodziwo.
  • Romar v. Evans (1996) : Khotilo linapeputsa lamulo la Colorado loletsa nthambi iliyonse ya boma kutetezera amathanyula, kugonana kwa akazi kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena mathanyula. Chigamulocho chinagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera a kupenda koma chinapeza kuti chiwongoleredwe chinalibe unansi uliwonse woyenerera ndi chikondwerero cha boma.
  • LAWREnce v. Texas (2003) : Ngakhale kuti anagamulidwa pansi pa Claus Claus, mlanduwo unatsegula njira ya zitsenderezo zofanana za pambuyo pake ponena za maunansi a kugonana ofanana.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti okwatirana a kugonana ali ndi ufulu walamulo wa kukwatira, ndi lingaliro la anthu ambiri likudalira kwambiri pa zonse ziŵiri Claus ndi Chitetezo cha Apuloteni.
  • Fisher v. University of Texas pa Austin (2016) : Khotilo linachirikiza programu yongovomereza pa maphunziro apamwamba, kutsimikizira kuti kusiyana kungakhale chinthu chofunika kwambiri pochisanthula mosamalitsa.

Kufufuza za Chitetezo Chofanana cha Claus

Pamene kuli kwakuti Aumeal Protection Claus inakhazikitsidwa poyambirira kutetezera anthu a mafuko ochepa, ukulu wake wakula kwambiri m’zaka makumi ambiri. Mawuwo tsopano akutumikira monga chiŵiya champhamvu chopezerapo chisankhulo chozikidwa pa kugonana, kholo laukwati losakhala padera, kupunduka m’zochitika zina, ndipo ngakhale mkhalidwe wa zachuma m’mikhalidwe yochepa. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kwasinthanso chitaganya cha Amereka m’njira zazikulu.

Kulingana kwa Mabanja

Kutetezera Khirisimasi kofanana ndi kuyenera kwakhala maziko a kulimbanirana kwa lamulo kwa kugonana. Pasanafike ma 1970, Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza malamulo amene anasiyanitsa akazi, kaŵirikaŵiri akutchula ntchito zachimuna monga maziko oyenerera. Zimenezi zinasintha ndi Red Red'. Reed (1971] [[FL:1] ndi [FL:] Craig v. Borten [[FL:3]] [kaŵiri]. M'nkhani zotsatira, khoti linaswa malamulo amene anachotsa akazi mu utumiki wankhondo, anakhazikitsa zaka zosiyanasiyana za anthu ambiri, kapena kukondera akazi oyembekezera kuntchito. [FL:] mu United States. [196] Virginia [196], FL]

Kutetezedwa kwa LGBTQ+ Ufulu

Kutetezera Khirisimasi kolingana kwakhalanso kothandiza kupititsa patsogolo LGBTQ. Chigamulo cha Khotilo mu Romer v. Evans (1996) chinawononga chitsutso cha boma chimene chinasankha amuna ndi akazi okhaokha chifukwa cha kuletsedwa kwa lamulo. Obergefev v. Hodges (], Khoti linavomereza ukwati umodzimodziwo kukhala lamulo loyenera, kulingalira kuti kuchotsa kwa okwatirana aŵiri aŵiri aŵiri aŵiri aŵiri aŵiri aŵiri aŵiri ndi akazi okhaokha ku ukwati kumakana chitetezo chofanana cha malamulo. Ngakhale kuti mbali yake inayo inali yofanana ndi njira yotetezera, yofanana inali mbali yaikulu ya lingaliro yachidziŵikiridwa kwa anthu ambiri. [FT.BB:] Count Creatences, Revotion (2]) yogwirizana ndi kudalira pa ufulu wofanana wa Chilamulo cha Chilamulo cha .

Zipatso Zina

Chitetezo cha Active Claus chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera magulu ena osakhoza kutetezedwa. Mu Doroba la Cleburne Living Center . Cleburne Living Center (1985) , khoti linagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera kukhazikitsa lamulo limene linasiyanitsa anthu olemala, lokhala ndi malingaliro opanda pake. Khoti lagwiritsanso ntchito kupenda kwambiri malamulo ozikidwa pa makolo a mabanja osakwatirana, kuswa malamulo amene ana obadwira kunja kwa ukwati. M'malo a kugamula, Kutetezera kwa Claus Claus kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa lamulo, kuvota, malamulo ena, ndi ena amene amakhudza anthu ochepa. Komabe, khoti la kutsutsa malamulo a zachuma, kuyang'aniza kuweruza milandu, ndi kugaŵira zigamu za ufulu wopereka.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti pali mlingo waukulu, Aumetic Protection Claus imayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu ndi kusuliza. Ena amatsutsa kuti njira ya Khoti Lapamwamba yopendera njolimba kwambiri ndipo imalephera kukwaniritsa ziyambukiro zenizeni za dziko lapansi za tsankho. Ena amatsutsa kuti mawuwo aikidwa mokakamiza m'madera onga umphaŵi, kupunduka, ndi maphunziro. Kusuliza kopitirizabe nchakuti malamulo a lamulo a kachitidwe ka dziko [] [i] imaletsa tsankho lokha, osati tsankho lapatokhalo. Mwachitsanzo, mabwana, eni ntchito, eni nyumba, ndi mabizinesi, ndi mabizinesi angapale mwalamulo ambiri akuphonya lamulo ngati la ufulu wa 1964 kapena malamulo otsutsa ufulu wa boma.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo ndi Kuyambirira

Chitokoso chimodzi chachikulu ndicho mkangano wopitirizabe wonena za mmene Chitetezo cha Excalial Classia chiyenera kumasulira. Oweruza ndi akatswiri a m'Chiyambi cha Chipangano cha Chingelezi amatsutsa kuti mawuwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha monga momwe amadziŵikira ndi olemba ake . Moyambirira kutetezera mafuko aang'onoang'ono kuchokera ku boma. Kudalirana kwa ufulu wa anthu. Kusankhana kumatsutsana kuti chinenero chofalachi chimachilola kusinthira ku mitundu yatsopano pamene chitaganya chikusintha. Kugawana kumeneku kumatsogolera kutsutsana ndi malamulo, makamaka m'nkhani zokhudza LGBTQ+, indee, ndi kuvomereza malamulo ogwirizana ndi kuteteza. Mwachitsanzo, [FLT: 0] County . Vald (12.000) [12.[FLT], khotilot , khoti la m'nkhani ya Chigamu cha Chikalata chopereka Chikalata cha Oweruza cha Chikalata cha Chikalata Chosanja]

Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Lerolino, Kutetezera Kwaunyinji kuli maziko a mikangano yambiri yosatha. Kachitidwe kotsimikiza kadakali kotsutsana, ndi zochitika zonga Zotsatira za Fair Admacts v. Harvard (20023) za fuko lovuta kuvomereza malamulo. Chigamulo cha Khotilo chakulamulira bwino lomwe poyamba ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa fuko m'makoleji. Kuyenera kwa kupitirizabe kukhala malo otetezera, ndi nkhondo pa malamulo ovota, redigation, ndi kuchotsako zitsutso zosadziŵika bwino. Anthu ambiri osadalira pa ufulu wa anthu, osagwirizana ndi ufulu wa anthu. Zilungamo zamakono sizikudziŵikanso kuti zili ndi ufulu wa kupambana kwa ufulu. Anthu ambiri a kuchuluka a kukana ufulu wa kukana ufulu wa kukana ufulu wa anthu ndi kukana kukana kukana mpikisano wachipembedzo. Anthu ambiri m’mayiko ena amakono, ndipo ena ambiri amatsutsa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti anthu osauka sagwirizana ndi kulephera kuvomereza kuti apezere.

Kumaliza

Chitetezo cha Alingana chidakali maziko a lamulo lachilamulo la America ndi chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri chopitirizira chilungamo. Kuyambira kuyambitsa kwake kugwirizanitsa ntchito yake m'nkhani za anthu zotsutsana kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 21, mawuwo ayamba kuyang'ana kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano pamene akusunga chitsimikizo chake chachikulu chakuti palibe munthu aliyense ayenera kukana chitetezo chofanana. Komabe lonjezo lake siliri kudzidula yekha. Tanthauzo la mawuwo limadalira pa oweruza amene amalimasulira, ochirikiza, ndi magulu a kakhalidwe amene amafuna kukhazikitsa lamulo lake. Pamene kuli kopitirizabe, Kutetezera kwa Clauslaus kudzakhala kodetsa nkhaŵa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndi zinthu zamakonozo. [F3]