Table of Contents
Maziko ndi Kulinganizika kwa Zinthu Zake
Malamulo a kupima ndi kulinganiza sanatuluke mumpata. Anakonzedwa dala ndi Afonso a Malamulo a U.S. mu 1787, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nzeru yandale zachifrenchi woganiza Baron de Montesquieu , amene anatsutsana ndi mfumu yamphamvu, anali kukayikira kwambiri ulamuliro. [[FLT:] Pamutu: [FLT] Mzimu wa Malamulo [1748]] (1748]) kuti ufulu wandale umafuna kulekana ndi maulamuliro. Mafamers, kungolimbana ndi kusintha kwa mfumu yamphamvu, anali okayikira kwambiri ulamuliro. [[FL:] Fallerast. [2]
Malamulo ogaŵanikana pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana: malamulo (Conterferal), mkulu (Prezidenti), ndi judge (makhoti). nthambi iliyonse inapatsidwa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, komanso mphamvu yoletsa zina. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathe kuchotsa lamulolo ndi anthu atatu aŵiri. Makhoti, kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya kupenda mlandu (okhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yachizindikiro [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Magnessado , angalenge malamulo kapena ntchito zapamwamba zosakhala zaudindo. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amapanga chipwirikiti chimene chimapanga chigamulo champhamvu chimene chimapanga chigamutso ndi kugonja.
Lerolino, dongosolo limeneli limayambukira pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa Amereka, kuyambira pa madzi amene mumamwa kufikira ku mpweya umene mumapuma ndi ufulu umene mumagwiritsira ntchito.
Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera ndi Kulinganizika m’Nyengo Yamakono
Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma sasintha kwambiri, ntchito yoyendera ndi kulinganiza yasintha kwambiri kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 18. Kukula kwa boma la boma, kukwera kwa mabungwe a boma, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu padziko lonse kwachititsa kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zochitira nkhondo ndi kugwirizana. Pano pali kusokonezeka kwa mmene nthambi iliyonse imapimira ina m'maulamuliro amakono.
Kupenda Malamulo pa Waukulu
Congress imagwira ntchito zamphamvu zingapo zoyang'anira ndi kuumiriza nthambi ya akuluakulu. Chomwe chikuoneka kwambiri ndicho mphamvu ya kachikwama: Nyumba ya akulu yokha ndiyo ingalole kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndipo ingaletsenso kupereka ndalama zothandizira pulezidenti. Ndiponso, Nyumba ili ndi mphamvu zotsimikizira kapena kukana kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ku jaji, kabungwe, ndi mabungwe a boma. Makomiti a Congressgationalational amachititsanso kufufuza ndi kufalitsa mapepala a pansi pa umboni kapena mapepala a akuluakulu a boma. M'nkhani zoipitsitsa, Nyumba ingapereke pulezidenti wa pulezidenti, ndipo Nyumba ingaize kuichotsa pa ofesiyo. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo makomiti aŵiri a Presidenti ya Donald Brump ndi mayeza ofufuza opitiriza kuyang'anira nthambi za akuluakulu a boma.
Akuluakulu Afufuza za Lamulolo
Kufufuza kwachindunji kwa pulezidenti pa Congress ndiko . Pamene kuli kwakuti vetoes angaone ngati ali ndi vuto, kuopsa kwa bungwe la aveto kaŵirikaŵiri limakakamiza bungwe la boma kusintha malamulo kuti asunge chikalata cha pulezidenti. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu ya dongosolo la pulezidenti, zimene zimawalola kutsogolera mabungwe a boma kuchita zinthu zina popanda kudikira malamulo atsopano. Komabe, malamulo a akuluakulu angatsutsidwe m’khoti kapena kutsutsidwa ndi pulezidenti wina. Kufufuza kwina kochenjera koma kwamphamvu ndi kwa pulezidentiyo monga "pulatikulu" . [1] Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani zapo mawu ndi nkhani zapoyera kuti agwire ntchito ntchito pa nkhani zina.
Oweruza Afufuza Malamulo ndi Ulamuliro
Nthambi yachiweruzo, makamaka Khoti Lalikulu, ili ndi chigamulo chomaliza pa malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu. Mwa kupenda kwa khoti, khoti lingaike lamulo loswa malamulo. Ilo lingaperekenso malamulo oletsa maulamuliro a boma oyembekezera kuzengedwa mlandu wonse. Khotilo limayang'anizidwa ndi mfundo yakuti mamembala ake amasankhidwa ndi pulezidenti ndipo malamulo a Khoti, ndi Commission ingasinthe ukulu wa Khoti (kutaliku n’kosachitika) kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuswa zigamu za mlandu. Zitsanzo zapamwamba zaposachedwapa zikuphatikizapo zigamu za Khoti la Afford Careal Areact, Act , kuchotsa mimba, ndi malamulo a za kusamukira m'dziko.
Kufufuza pa Nthambi Yoweruza
Chigamulo cha jaji si chodziimira paokha ayi. Nyumba ya akulu ingapereke malamulo amene amasintha ulamuliro wa khoti la boma, ndipo ngakhale kuletsa makhoti ang'onoang'ono a boma. Kuwonjezerapo, pulezidenti ndi Congress pamodzi amalamulira ntchito yoika anthu. Kuweruza kumagwira ntchito kwa boma limodzi ndi zina zambiri zachotsedwa pa benchi la chisembwere. Nthambi ya mkuluyo imakakamizanso kulamula makhoti; ngati pulezidentiyo akana kukakamiza chigamu, jajiyo yakhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa kugonjera (kutsutsana koteroko nkwachilendo ndi kotsutsana).
Ziyambukiro Zenizeni za Dziko pa Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Zinthu zimenezi zikhoza kuoneka ngati zosadziwika bwino, koma zingakuthandizeni kuti muzitha kuchita zinthu zina zimene mungazidziwe bwino tsiku lililonse.
Zitetezero za Anthu Ogula ndi Zopanga Zofunika
Pamene mugula galimoto, choseŵeretsa, kapena botolo la mankhwala, mumapindula ndi ndandanda yaitali ya macheke ndi mamiyeso. Nyumba ya akulu imaika malamulo onga Consonsor Product Safety Act ndi [FLT:] chakudya, mankhwala, ndi Cosmetic Act , ndi Commocism Act . nthambi ya akulu, kudzera mwa mabungwe onga [[FLT:]] Consum Reformation Safety Commotion Commis [CC] [FL:] ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT] Adroma ndi mankhwala osokoneza mankhwala (FLD) [FFFD] [FLD] [FM] [FFD]], imachirikiza malamulo amenewo mwa kukonza njira zotetezera, ndi kupenda malamulo, kupenda malamulo, ndi kubwereza, kubwereza kwa mapangano, mapangano, mapangano, kapena kutsutsana ndi mapangano a zigalamu, a mapangano, pa mapangano, pa mapangano.
Kupeza Thanzi ndi Kuwononga Ndalama
Inshuwalansi yanu ya zaumoyo ndi chisamaliro cha zamankhwala zimasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi macheke ndi malingana. Mwachitsanzo, Act yopereka chisamaliro chokhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito (ACA) inaperekedwa ndi Congress, yosainidwa ndi pulezidenti, ndipo kenaka inatsutsidwa mwamsanga m'khoti. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza malamulo ambiri mu 2012 (Iferance of Independent Business v. Sebelius) koma kuchepetsa kuwonjezereka kwa Medicaid. Chiyambire pamenepo, mapresidenti otsatira apereka malamulo kapena kuwonjezera kapena kukwaniritsa mapangano, pamene makhoti apitirizabe kulamulira pa malamulo apadera. Zimenezi zikupitirizabe m'mbuyo ndi pakati pa nthambi za nthambi zina zimatanthauza kuti njira yanu yosamalira ingasinthe kwambiri malinga ndi amene ali ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro.
Kumasuka pa Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukhala Wekha
Zina za mbali zakuya za moyo wanu . PURUTIOT ALT [[FLT: 1], kuyenera kwanu kwa kukwatira, kulamulira thupi lanu . N’kotetezeredwa ndi macheke ndi dongosolo lolinganiza. Pamene mabungwe akuluakulu kapena kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo a boma achita mochenjera, makhoti akuloŵamo. [[FLT:] PUTURATTTT AS [[FLT:]] AS, ASPA mu zina za maulamuliro amenewo., khoti lalikulu linalamulira posachedwapa [FL:] Dobbbs, koma kutsutsana ndi kukonzanso kwa Azimayi. [A.] Azikulu a KG.[222]
Malamulo a Zachilengedwe
Mpweya umene mumapuma ndi madzi amene mumamwa amayendetsedwa ndi magawo ovuta kwambiri a nthambi. Nyumba za malamulo amaika malamulo aakulu a malo monga Sucmood Act ndi Malamulo a madzi oyera [ ndi ['''''''Ayakuti]. nthambi ya mkulu, kudzera m'malamulo a kuteteza zachilengedwe (ENTH) [PA], malamulo atsatanetsatane. Mabungwe a za kampani ndi kunena kuti, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsana kuti EPA ikupitirira ulamuliro wake, ndipo nthaŵi zina makhoti ayang'anira malamulowo kapena kukonza malamulowo. Virginia . [IFT.] V. [FLT. [2] [FLT.] [2] [2], EKK], EKP], ESPA, kuperepeseza mphamvu ya ESP, kuyendetsa kwa mphamvu za mlengalenga, Chigasiti, Chilunga chakusintha chakumbuyo, Chilunga, Chilunga chika chakumbuyo
Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kusankha Kukhulupirika
Luso lanu la kuvota limapangidwa ndi kukakamiza ndi kukopana pakati pa nthambi zitatu zonse. Malamulo amapatsa mphamvu yokhazikitsa njira zosankha, koma malamulo a boma onga Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu mu 1965 (kupatula ndi Country ndi kusainidwa ndi pulezidenti) kukhazikitsa ziletso za kuphwanya lamulo. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo (kudula nthambi) imakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa, pamene makhoti akulimbana. [[FLT:] Shelby County v. Haver ) (2013), Khoti Lapamwamba linaukira mbali ya kutetezera, mosalephera ndi malamulo a m'mbuyo a kusinthitsa.
Kufufuza za Matenda: Zitsanzo za Machenjezo ndi Kulinganizika Zochitidwa
Kuti timvetse bwino mmene zinthu zoyendera ndi kulinganizika zimakhudzira dziko lathuli, timafunika kupenda nthaŵi zenizeni za m’mbiri imene dongosololi linayesedwa ndi kufotokozedwa bwino.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Pankhani yamwano ya Watergate, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ananena kuti ali ndi mwayi waukulu wokana kujambula tepi ya nkhani za White House. Khoti Lapamwamba linagwirizana kuti Nixon ayenera kutembenuza matepiwo, akumanena kuti pulezidenti saposa lamulo. Nixon anavomera ndi kusiya mwamsanga pambuyo pake. Nkhaniyi idakali chitsanzo champhamvu cha nthambi yoyang'anira bwanamkubwa, ndipo inachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu m'zachuma ndi boma (kuphatikizapo kulengedwa kwa Malamulo a Boma ). Kwa anthu wamba, inalimbikitsa mfundo yakuti palibe nduna ya boma imene ili ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi mlandu.
Clinton v. Mzinda wa New York (1998)
Mu 1996, Congress inakhazikitsa Line Inter Veto Act, kupatsa pulezidenti mphamvu yochotsa zinthu zina zowonongedwa m'mafaindi. Pulezidenti Bill Clinton anagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro watsopanowu mobwerezabwereza. Koma Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa lamulolo monga lopanda lamulo, likugamula kuti linaswa Preace Preace of the Constitution polola pulezidentiyo kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa chipambano. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kupenda kwa nthambi ya malamulo pa mkulu: Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kupatsa mphamvu zina, koma khoti la ja limatsimikizira kuti iwo sasokoneza kulinganiza kwa lamulo. Chigamulo chosungidwa cha Msonkhano cha Malamulo pogamula kuti ndalama za msonkho zithetsedwa.
Lamulo la Kusamalira Losawononga ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo
Mu [[FLT: 0] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2016]), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza mbali zambiri za Chilango cha Chisamaliro cha Affordid koma linachepetsa kufutukuka kwa Medicaid. Mfumu v. Burwell (2011], Khoti linatsimikizira kuti boma lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kaamba ka mapulani a zaumoyo ogulidwa pa mabungwe onse aŵiri a boma ndi kuyendetsa ntchito. Mu Kalidi ya mapangano a zaumoyo. [[FLT:] v. [FLT: 5,1], khoti linaletsa chito chofuna kuchotsa lamulo lonse. Malamulowa amasonyeza mmene amayendera malamulo onse aŵiri ndi kuyendera makwawa kwa mamenti aungwe oyendetsetsa kupyola njira ya malamulo, ndi kuyendera njira ya malamulo yoyendera kuyendera kuyendera kuchuluka, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa malamulo, ngakhale kugalamu, ngakhale kuwonjezera.
Uyang’aniro Wolamulira: Iran-Contra Affir
Mu 1980, boma la Reagan linagulitsa zida ku Iran mwachinsinsi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo kusungitsa opanduka a Contra ku Nicaragua, kuswa chiletso cha communion (Boland Amend Amendment). Pamene kuswa kwa mlanduko kunatha, Nyumba ya Malamulo inatsekereza makutu, inasankha woweruza wapadera, ndipo potsirizira pake inakakamiza akuluakulu angapo a boma kusiya kapena kuimbidwa mlandu. Nkhaniyo inasonyeza kuti ngakhale nthambi yaikulu ya oukira boma ingafufuzidwe mwakufufuza mosamalitsa ndi kusanthula wailesi ya boma.
Ntchito ya Nzika Yoonetsetsa Kuti Ilibe M’malo
Anthu akamvetsa mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira, akhoza kuchititsa oimira awo kukhala ndi mlandu ndiponso kulimbikitsa kusintha zinthu zikabuka.
Kufuula Monga Chopinga Chachikulu
Zisankho ndizo kupenda kwachindunji kwambiri kumene nzika zili nako pa boma. Mwa kuvota, mungalowe mmalo mwa akuluakulu amene amagwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu kapena kulephera kuchirikiza Konsichushoni. Masankho a Midters, makamaka, angachotse kwambiri mphamvu pakati pa desitala ndi Congress. Pamene ovota achotsa gulu la anthu pa ulamuliro wa Nyumba kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo, amalemba mayeso a pulezidenti.
Kulankhula ndi Nkhani ya Pa TV
Atolankhani amafufuza machitidwe olakwika, kudziŵitsa anthu, ndi kuyambitsa mikangano yosonkhezera boma. Nzika zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito nkhani molakwika, kugaŵana chidziŵitso chodalirika, ndi kuchirikiza manyuzipepala aumwini zimathandiza kuyang’anira zimenezi. M'nyengo ya makompyuta, manyuzipepala ayambanso kukhala malo osungira akuluakulu mlandu, ngakhale kuti amabwera ndi ngozi za nkhani zabodza.
Kukhala ndi Mbali m’Nyimbo za Onse ndi Milandu ya Bwalo Lamilandu
Mabungwe a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuti anthu adzipereke asanapereke malamulo. Nzika zingalembe ndemanga, kumvetsera madandaulo, kapena ngakhale kuweruza boma pamene zikhulupirira kuti lamulo kapena lamulo linawaswa ufulu wawo. Makhoti a kalasi yochitapo kanthu, mwachitsanzo, akakamiza kusintha pa chilichonse kuchokera ku machitachita obwereketsa ogulitsa kuyeretsa malo okhala. Ntchito ya nthambi yachiweruzo monga cheke imadalira pa nzika zimene zikufuna kupititsa patsogolo milandu.
Kuchirikiza Masinthidwe a Mabungwe
Nthaŵi zina macheke ndi malinganizidwe amafunikira kusintha. Nzika zingachirikize masinthidwe onga ngati malamulo a tchuthi, kusintha kwa ndawala, kapena kufutukuka kwa Khoti Lalikulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusintha koteroko nkovuta kukwaniritsa, kwafotokozedwa m'mbiri yonse ya America. American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) ndi Calmmon Chast ndi zitsanzo za magulu amene amagwira ntchito yolimbikitsa kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuwala kwa democracy.
Kumaliza
Mayeso ndi kulinganiza si mfundo yafumbi ya kalasi la sukulu za sekondale. Ndizo zomangamanga za moyo wa anthu a demokrase, zoyesedwa ndi kuyengedwa nthaŵi zonse ndi zochita za mapresidemokrati, opanga malamulo, oweruza, ndi nzika wamba. Kuchokera ku miyezo ya chisungiko imene imatetezera banja lanu ku ufulu umene umakulolani kulankhula, dongosolo lino limakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwakukhala wodziŵitsidwa, kusanthula, ndi kuphatikizidwa ndi njira ya ndale, mumathandiza kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu ikhalabe yolinganizika ndi kuti boma litumikira anthu, osati njira ina. Nthaŵi yotsatira mudzaona nkhani yonena za kuweruza kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kapena kufufuza, kumbukirani kuti: Mwakukhala ndi dongosolo lolinganizidwa monga ngati protoko.