Malamulo a boma ndiwo bungwe la malamulo amene amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsatiridwa ndi makhoti pamene amaletsa milandu ya boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulira mbali iliyonse ya mlandu wa boma, kuchokera pa kugamula mlandu koyambirira mwa kutulukira, kuzenga mlandu, ndi kuchonderera kulikonse komwe kungachitike. Ophunzira, maparagalamu, ndi aphunzitsi omwe, kuzindikira bwino lomwe njira zachikhalidwe sikuli kokha maphunziro a zamaphunziro. Nkofunika kuti munthu ayendetse dziko lenileni pogamula mlandu. Mosiyana ndi njira ya upandu, imene imaphatikizapo boma kuswa munthu chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo, kachitidwe kachiŵembu ka ka kalamulo kamagwira ntchito pakati pa magulu a anthu achinsinsi (Indidiage, mabungwe, kapena mabungwe ena) pa ufulu, mathayo, ndi mankhwala. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuwonjezereka, m’mbali yaikulu, m’nkhani ya ntchito, ndi mbali yofunika yofunika, ya kachitidwe kaundula, ndi kaundula.

Kupenda Zochitika za Chiŵeniŵeni

Njira yachiŵeniŵeni ndi yaikulu ndi yocholoŵana. Ku United States, malamulo amalinganizidwira kutsimikizira chilungamo, kupambana, ndi kuneneratu za chigamulo cha kugaŵana kwa anthu. Iwo amatchula zonse kuchokera ku kugwirizana kwa zipani ndi mfundo, kuchonderera zifuno, njira zotulukira, kachitidwe, ndi njira zoyesera. Kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa nkovuta chifukwa ngakhale malamulo aang'ono a boma angatulutse kuchotsedwa mlandu kapena kuchotsedwa kwa mfundo zofunika.

Cholinga chokulira cha njira yachiŵeniŵeni ndicho kupereka dongosolo lolinganizidwa limene limalola onse aŵiri oweruza ndi oimbidwa mlandu kupereka milandu yawo, kufukula mfundo zoyenerera, ndi kupeza chigamulo chachilungamo . (kaya mwa chiweruzo, kugawa, kapena chigamulo china. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba lanenera mobwerezabwereza, malamulo a malamulo a chikhalidwe alinganizidwira kusungitsa “cholungama, mofulumira, ndi chosakwera mtengo cha kachitidwe kalikonse ndi ." (FRCP Laul 1).

Kuyambika kwa Mlandu wa M’dziko

Nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni zimakula mwa kutsatizana kwa masitepe olongosoledwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti si nkhani zonse zimene zidzafikiridwa pozengapo [1] zambiri kapena zikutha poyambirirapo. Mapu a msewu akhalabe ogwirizana. Pansipa pali kusweka kwatsatanetsatane kwa siteji iliyonse.

1. Kuyamba Kufuna Kugula ndi Kufuna

Asanaweruze mlandu, mapwando kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa m'ntchito zoyamba. Zigawo zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kukambirana kwamwayi, kutumiza kalata [[FLT: 0] yolembedwa (pamene woweruzayo afotokoza zidandaulo zawo ndi kupempha mankhwala apadera), ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni woyamba. Mapangano ambiri amafuna kuulutsa kapena kutumiza zinthu asanayambitse kufotokoza. Nthaŵi ya kutumiza ndi nthaŵinso yakuti anthu ayese mphamvu zawo, ganizirani mtengo wa ligigation, ndi kukonza njira zothandizira. Makampani a inshuwalansi kaŵirikaŵiri amadziloŵetsamo pa sitejiyi, makamaka povulala katundu kapena powononga katundu.

Kuzenga mlandu kuli kokwera mtengo ndipo kumafuna nthaŵi, chotero maloya achidziŵitso kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kuthetsa mikangano popanda kuloŵererapo kwa khoti. Komabe, ngati kukambitsiranako kulephera, mlanduwo umayamba kupempha.

Kuthetsa Kudandaula

Kuzengedwa mlandu kumayamba pamene woweruzayo alonga asuliza ndi khoti loyenerera. Chidandaulocho ndicho kuchonderera kwamaziko kumene kumalongosola zonena za mtsamunda. Pansi pa FRCP ndi malamulo ambiri a boma, dandaulo liyenera kukhala nalo:

  • Ndemanga yaifupi ndi yomvekera bwino ya ulamuliro wa bwalo lamilandu (mwachitsanzo, ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena ulamuliro wa boma).
  • Mawu achidule ndi omveka bwino a kudzinenera kuti wochondererayo ali ndi kuyenera kwa mpumulo.
  • Kufuna chithandizocho kunafunidwa (mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka kwa ndalama, kuchepetsako mphamvu, kapena kuchepetsa chigamulo).

Miyezo yamakono yochonderera, yopangidwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Miyezo iŵiri ya kuchonderera (2007) ndi Ashcroft v. Iqbal [FLT] [2009]), ikufuna kuti kudandaulako kukhale ndi mfundo zenizeni zonena kuti “kuonekera bwino. Zimenezi zadzutsa bar ya mapost , amene tsopano ayenera kupereka mapepala ndi ziganizo zambiri.

Kuthandiza

Pambuyo pokhazikitsa chidandaulocho, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kudziŵitsa mwalamulo woimbidwa mlanduyo kupyolera mwa ntchito yochitidwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutumiza kope la dandaulolo limodzi ndi maoda (kapena chidziŵitso chofanana) kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Utumiki uyenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo okhwima operekedwa mwaumwini, kusiya mapepala pamalo anthaŵi zonse a munthu woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi munthu wa msinkhu woyenera, kapena mwa kutumiza makalata ndi chivomerezo. Utumiki wamwayi ungatsogolere ku ku kuchotsedwa kwa mlanduwo kapena kuchedwa. FRCP ndi malamulo a boma akupereka njira zina, zoterozo mwa kufalitsa, pamene woimbidwayo, pamene woimbidwayo sangakhale woyenerera kupezeka.

Zimene Msilikali Woteteza Anachita

Ataperekedwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuyankha mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikika (monga masiku 21 pansi pa FRCP, ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amasiyana). Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi zosankha zingapo:

  • Kuyankha: Oimbidwa mlandu amapanga yankho, kuvomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chirichonse m’kudandaula. Kulephera kukana chinenezo kungaonedwe kukhala kuvomereza.
  • Kuchotsa: Mmalo mwa yankho, woimbidwa mlandu angapange kachitidwe ka kuchotsa pansi pa Lamulo 12(b) kaamba ka kusoŵeka kwa ulamuliro, malo osayenerera, kachitidwe kosakwanira, kulephera kulongosola chinenezo, kapena zophophonya zina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cureamerclaim: Woimbidwa mlandu anganene kuti akutsutsana ndi wotsutsa mwa kusindikiza m'chitsulo chimodzi. Counterclaims ingakhale yokakamiza (kuletsa malonda amodzimodzi) kapena kulola.
  • Crosclaim: [[FLT ] Mlandu ndi oimbidwa mlandu ambiri, woimbidwa mlandu anganeneze kuti akutsutsana ndi woyendetsa.

Ngati akana, khoti lidzalamula woimbidwa mlanduyo kulemba yankho.

Kutulukira zinthu 5.

Kufufuza kaŵirikaŵiri kuli mbali yaikulu ndi yokwera mtengo ya kufotokoza za boma. Ndi njira imene onse aŵiri amafotokozerana chidziŵitso ndi umboni pokonzekera kuzenga mlandu. FRCP imalola kutulukira kochuluka kwa “zinthu zilizonse zosafunikira zimene zikugwirizana ndi zimene gulu lililonse likufuna kapena kudziteteza ndi kulingana ndi zimene likufuna. (Rule 26(b)( 1). Ziwiya zofunika kwambiri zofufuzira zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro.
  • Malamulo: Umboni wa pakamwa wotengedwa pamaso pa mtolankhani wa khoti kapena vidiyo, ndi mpata wa kusanthula mtanda. Malamulo angakhale a zipani, mboni, kapena akatswiri.
  • Kufuna kaamba ka Kutulutsa: Zofunidwa kaamba ka zikalata, chidziŵitso chosungidwa pakompyuta (ESI), ndi zinthu zowoneka. Chofunsidwa chamakono chakhala munda waukulu, makamaka m'zochitika zophatikizapo mavolyumu aakulu a makope ndi ma metain ndi ma media.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka Kuzenga: Mawu amene wotsutsanayo ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana, ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku nkhani zochepera zozengedwa mlandu.
  • Kusanthula kwa m’thupi ndi m’Malingaliro: yolinganizidwa ndi bwalo lamilandu kokha pamene mkhalidwe wakuthupi kapena wa maganizo a munthu uli pa mkangano.

Kufufuza kumafunanso kuti anthu agwirizane ndi kupanga mapulani otulukira, ndipo makhoti amakhazikitsa zilolezo za kulephera kugwirizana. Kukula kwa zikalata zachidziŵitso kwawonjezera miyalo ya kucholoŵana, kuphatikizapo ntchito yosunga ESI ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kodi yoneneratu za cholembedwa. Choloŵa chothandiza pa malamulo a e-edict ndi [[FL:0] Malamulo a Chigamulo cha Chibadwidwe monga procediture [1].

6. Kuyenda ndi Misonkhano Zisanachitike

Asanazenge mlandu, mamembala angalembe njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera mlanduwo kapena kuchepetsa nkhani. Zotsatira za nthaŵi zonse za milandu isanaikidwe:

  • Motion ya Chigamulo cha Chidule: [[FT:1] Pansi pa Ulamuliro 56, chipani chingapereke chiweruzo pa zitsenderezo ndi zinthu zopezedwa ngati palibe mkangano weniweni ponena za nsonga iriyonse ya zinthu zakuthupi ndipo movant ali ndi kuyenerera ku chiweruzo monga nkhani ya lamulo. Muyezo ngwapamwamba; myezo wa bwalo umawona umboni m’kuunika kokomera kwambiri gulu losakhala lopita.
  • Motion mu Limine: Njira yochotsa umboni wa kuzenga mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri ponena za mabodza, mwaŵi, kapena zinthu zokondera.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: [[FL:1] Mafilimu akalephera kuyankha zifuno zopezedwa kapena kupereka mayankho osakwanira.
  • . . . "'''''''''A' kuswa malamulo opezedwa kapena malamulo a khoti.

Khoti lidzakhalanso ndi misonkhano yapasadakhale [[FL:0] (pansi pa Lamulo 16) kukambitsirana zothekera za kugawira, kugawira, ndi kuyang'anira kuyesa. Msonkhano womaliza usanayambe pulogalamu imene imalamulira kuzenga mlandu.

Kuzenga Mlandu

Ngati mlanduwo sunathetsedwe mwa kuthetseratu, chiweruzo chachidule, kapena kuchotsedwa, umayendera kuzenga mlandu. Mayesero angakhale ziyeso zapa ben ben (kuweruza kokha) kapena ziyeso [1] (ngati lamulo la ajuli linapangidwa bwino). Kuzenga kukutseguka m'dongosolo lotsatizana:

  • Kusankha (Voir Dire): M'milandu ya ajuli, maloya ndi oweruza amafunsa oweruza othekera kutulukira tsankho ndi kutsimikizira ajuli opanda tsankho.
  • Mfundo zotseguka: Mbali iliyonse imandandalika umboni umene akufuna kupereka, popanda kukangana mfundo.
  • Kalate-in-Chief: Mtsogoleri amapereka umboni kupyolera mwa mboni ndi zisonyezero, wokhoza kutsogolera ndi kusanthula mtanda.
  • Case-in-Chief: Woimbidwa mlandu akupereka umboni wake ndi mboni.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kutsutsa ndi Kutsutsa : Kupereŵera umboni wowonjezereka kutsutsa nkhani ya mbali inayo.
  • Nkhani zofotokoza: Attorney afupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa kuti apeze chigamulo.
  • Mitemo yogwirizana: Woweruza amalangiza ajuli pa lamulo logwirizana. Mbali iliyonse ingapereke malangizo operekedwa.
  • Jurlibration ndi Verct: Oweruza achita dala mwamseri ndi kubwezera chigamulo. M'khoti la boma, zigamulo za ajuli siziyenera kuvomerezana pokhapokha ngati mamembala agwirizana.

katundu wa umboni [[FLT :1] m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi kusinkhasinkha za umboni [ [1] kutanthauza kuti mfashoni ayenera kusonyeza kuti kuli kothekera kwambiri kuposa kuti woimbidwa mlandu ali woyenerera. Uku ndiko muyezo wotsika kuposa “kukayikira koyenera” muyezo wa maupandu.

8. Kuyenda ndi Kukopana Pambuyo pa Kulira

Pambuyo pa chigamulocho, chipanicho chingalembetse njira zotsatizana, kuphatikizapo:

  • . . . . "Kusinthanso kwatsopano pansi pa Lamulo 50(b), kunena kuti palibe umboni wokwanira wochirikiza chigamulocho.
  • [[MLT:0] Kuweruza kwa Mlandu Watsopano: Mu ulamuliro 59, wozikidwa pa zolakwa m’ kuzenga mlandu, kusadziletsa, kapena chigamulo chotsutsa kulemera kwa umboni.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kusintha kapena Chiweruzo chodetsedwa:[[FUL:1] Pansi pa Ulamuliro 59(e), kuwongolera zolakwa zowonekera za lamulo kapena zenizeni.

Ngati aletsa kuyendetsa zinthu kumeneku, chipanicho chingapereke chikalata ku khoti lapamwamba. Zipilo zimayang'ana kwambiri pa zolakwa za lamulo, osati mikangano yeniyeni (osalakwika). Khoti la appellate lingatsimikizire, kutembenuza, kapena kubwezera mlandu. M'khoti la boma, kuchonderera kochokera ku khoti lamilandu la apilo, ndipo potsirizira pake ku Khoti Lapamwamba (lotchedwa kuti la ceretiaririari). Cornell Information Institute [FLT: 3]

Kulimbana Kosiyana Kothetsa Vuto (ADR)

Si mikangano yonse yachiŵeniŵeni imene iyenera kutha m'kuweruza. Makhoti amalimbikitsa mwamphamvu chigamulo chosiyana [ njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa milandu ndi mtengo. Njira ziŵiri zofala za ADR ndi:

  • M''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''a' amalola kuti anthu agwirizane kuti awathandize kulowa m'dziko mwaufulu. Kukonza mlandu sikungagwirizanitse pokhapo ngati pangano lasainidwa.
  • Arbitation: Woyang'anira akumva umboni ndi kumasulira chigamulo kapena chosamangirira. Mapangano ambiri amalonda amaphatikizapo malamulo okakamiza.
  • Mayeso a Chiyeso cha Chimake [[FULT:1] ndi predernal Sextification ndi njira zina za ADR zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo zina.

Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi malamulo a kumaloko ofuna kuti anthu atenge nawo mbali mu ADR asanazengedwe mlandu. American Bar Association’s toolation on Dispute Resolution [1] imapereka chitsogozo chowonjezereka.

Ntchito za Otengamo Mbali Okulira

Kumvetsa amene amachita zimene munthu wachita m’boma n’kofunika kwambiri.

Palaxtiff

Woweruzayo ayambitsa mlandu ndi kutsimikizira kuti ndi wolakwa. Ayenera kunena mawu omveka bwino, kuweruza mlanduwo mosamala, ndi kutsatira malamulo a nthaŵi yake. Woweruzayo angakhale munthu, bizinesi, kapena bungwe la boma. M'machitidwe a m'kalasi, woweruzayo amaimira gulu la anthu okhala ndi malo ofananawo (oyenerera kulembedwa pa ulamuliro wa 23.)

Wochirikiza

Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayankha ku chidandaulocho ndi kuchirikiza zimene akunena. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angabweretsenso zinenezo zotsutsa kapena gawo lachitatu (mtsogoleri). Zosankha zaluso . Zonga ngati angayankhe kapena kusamuka kuti athetse kudandaula konse. Woimbidwa mlandu akalephera kuyankha angayang'ane ndi chiweruzo chotsimikizirika.

Woweruza

Woweruza amayang’anira mlanduwo, amaweruza pa kachitidwe kamwambo, kuyang’anira, ndi kutsimikizira kuzenga mlandu kumachitidwa bwino. M’kuzenga mlandu kwa benchi, woweruza amagamulanso mfundo. Oweruza amakhala ndi kuchenjera kwakukulu polinganiza ndi kuyang’anira milandu, ndipo angapereke ziletso za khalidwe loipa. Oweruza a boma amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo wawo wonse, pamene oweruza a boma angasankhidwe kapena kuikidwa.

Maattorney

Ma a attorney amaimira maphwando. Ntchito zawo zimaphatikizapo kufufuza mfundo, kuchonderera ndi kutsata, kutulukira, kukambirana malo, ndi kukangana pozenga mlandu. Maloya pansi pa Modelgal of Professional Page afuna kuti aloya achite zinthu mwaluso, kulankhulana ndi makasitomala, ndi kupeŵa mikangano ya chikondwerero. Loya waluso angapange kusiyana pakati pa chipambano ndi kugonjetsedwa.

Jury

M’maweruziro a ajuli, oweruza amamvetsera umboni, kulandira malangizo a lamulo kuchokera kwa woweruza, ndipo mwadala amavomereza mlandu wa oweruza m’khoti la boma.

Otengamo mbali Ena

Olemba ntchito za kampani amayang'anira mashelufu ndi madoko; auniversit kupanga ma CD; mboni zodziŵa zimapereka chidziŵitso chapadera; ndi [FLT:] maluwa a m'malamulo [ othandiza ndi masinthidwe ndi mapepala.

Kulingalira Moyenera

Asanalembe mlandu, mtsogoleri wa milandu ayenera kugamulapo ngati khoti losankhidwa liri ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba wogamulapo ndi kugamula kwa munthu pa woimbidwa mlandu. Chigamulo cha mlandu chikutanthauza ulamuliro wa khoti logamulapo kumvetsera mtundu wa mlandu (mphata, makhoti a boma ali ndi malire a ulamuliro wa mu Chigawo III, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa U.C. . 7632 ndi ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa 28 U.C. .[5]). U.C. Ufulu wa munthuweru wa khotilo umakhudza mphamvu ya magulu a anthu, zogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wawo (asease: [FL:] [F]

Kuganizira Ena Moyenera

Malamulo ovomerezeka m'nkhani za malamulo amaposa khalidwe la loya. Olamulira ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a ntchito zaukatswiri, kupeŵa mawu opanda pake (Chilango 11), ndi kusunga chinsinsi cha otsatsa malonda. Kujambula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa zinthu monga kuchotsa zikalata zogwirizana ndi boma kapena kukana zigamulo zoperekedwa. Kuwonjezera apo, mtengo wa ndalama wa zitsenderezo za magulu olimbana ndi ntchitoyo uyenera kukhazikika, ngakhale ngati akhulupirira kuti adzapambana pozenga mlandu. Kumvetsetsa njira zachiŵeruzo kumalimbitsa mamembala ndi maloya kupanga zosankha zodziŵira, kukambirana, ndi kuzenga mlandu.

Kumaliza

Njira yachiŵeniŵeni ndiyo maziko a kuperekedwa kwa lamulo. Mwakuphunzira zigawozo . Kuchokera pa kupempha, kutulukira, kuyendayenda, kuyesa, ndi kukopa . Malamulo ndi aphunzitsi angayamikire kutsata malamulo, njira yogwira ntchito, njira, ndi chilungamo zimene zimalongosola dongosolo lachilungamo. Madongosolo okhazikitsidwa ndi Federal Magalamu a Chigawo cha Chikumbukiro ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo otsimikizira kuti mikangano yathetsedwa mosasinthasinthasintha, mwadongosolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira ya procedatural ingakhale yosagwirizana ndi kulinganiza zikondwerero zonse za magulu onse ndi kuchirikiza lamulo. Kwa aliyense wophunzira kapena kugwira ntchito malamulo, kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa malamulo sikuli koyenera kukhala kodzisankhitsa.