Chiyambi: Maziko a Kuimira Democraticism

Madongosolo opanga zinthu ndi ogwirizana ndi mmene ulamuliro wa democracy umapangidwira. Amatembenuza zokonda za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi m'mphamvu zandale, kuumba zonse zimene oyembekezera kulowa m'malo mwa madongosolo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Komabe, nzika zochepa zimazindikira bwino mmene makampani a dziko lawo amakhudzira mphamvu zosandutsa dziko lawo — kuchokera pa chiŵerengero cha anthu amene akuona kuti ndi oyenerera ku boma. Kufufuza kumeneku kumafufuza njira zisanu zotchuka kwambiri zoonera zogwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse: Kuyamba - Post- Post (FPPP), Kusinthasintha kwa zinthu, ndi kutsata malonda, ndi kutsatapo mfundo zomveka bwino, ndi kukonza njira zapamwamba za malonda.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Mmene FPTP Imagwirira Ntchito

Kuyamba ndi Past- Post ndi njira yosavutira yosavuta ndi yakale kwambiri yomwe ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri. M’zigawo za chigawo chimodzi, wovota aliyense amaponya chisankho chimodzi kwa wobatizidwa mmodzi, ndipo wosankha amene ali ndi mavoti ochuluka apambana — ngakhale ngati chiŵerengero chimenecho chapereŵera pa unyinji wa anthu ambiri. FPTP ndiyo njira yosalephereka mu United Kingdom (kusankha kwa onse), United States (kukapenyereretsa ndi boma la chisankho), Canada, India, ndi kale kokhala kolamulidwa ndi Britain. Kukopa kwake kumakhala kosavuta kumvetsetsa, kuŵerengera nkofulumira, ndipo zotulukapo zimadziŵika m'maola a kutsekera.

Mapindu a FPTP

  • Kusintha ndi liŵiro: Mavoti amafunikira chizindikiro cha bokosi limodzi, ndipo akuluakulu a masankho angafufuze mwamsanga. Zimenezi zimachepetsa upandu wa kuphophonya kwa wovota ndi kufulumira kupereka lipoti.
  • Kuimira kwa chigawo chilichonse: Chisankho choimira mmodzi amene adzadziŵerengera ku chitaganya china, kulimbikitsa kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa opanga malamulo awo.
  • [[FLT :0] Madongosolo aŵiri a mbali ziŵiri: [[FT:1] Law la Duverger, lamulo la sayansi yandale zadziko, posit , kuti FPTP imakonda kupanga ndi kuchirikiza mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku maboma ambiri ogwirizana amene amatha kukhazikitsa malamulo popanda kudalira pa migwirizano yosalimba.

Zopinga za FPTP

  • Mavoti osankhidwa ndi kutsutsa: Atsamunda amene samaliza choyamba salandira masinthidwe, ndi zipani zimene zimapeza mbali yaikulu ya voti ya dzikolo zingapambane ndi mipando yochepa kapena kusalandira. Mwachitsanzo, m'masankho 2019 UK, bungwe la Liberal Democrates linapata 11.6% ya voti koma 1. Mu 2020% ya chisankho cha pulezidenti wa US, okondwerera achitatu analandira pafupifupi 2% ya voti yotchuka koma yovota.
  • Kulamulira kwa kulolera ndi kugaŵikana: Wosankha angapambane ndi ochepera 50% a voti ngati mavoti a chitsutso agaŵanitsidwa pakati pa opikisana ndi ambiri. Mu 2000 chisankho cha pulezidenti wa United States, George W. Bush anapambana Florida — ndipo chotero desidenti — pokha posankha, mwapadera chifukwa Ralph Nader anachotsa mavoti ku Al Gore.
  • Tractive (tractgic) vport: Kaŵirikaŵiri amasiya chosankha chawo chenicheni choyamba kuletsa wofuna kupambana, kusokoneza kasonyezedwe ka zokonda zenizeni.
  • Kumveka kwa mawu osiyanasiyana: [ Akazi, zigawo zazing'ono, ndi zipani zatsopano zimayang'anizana ndi zopinga zapamwamba chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri chichirikizo chawo chimabalalika m'madera ambiri mmalo mwakuti chikhale choperekedwa m’chigawo chimodzi.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za kulephera kwa FPTP, onani Electoral Reform Society kufufuza kwakukulu kwa UK system.

Kutulutsa Malo Okongola

Mmene RCV Imagwirira Ntchito

Rankind Choucice Voling — yodziŵikanso monga voti yamwamsanga ya chivoti chimodzi — imalola ovota kugamula osankhidwa mogwirizana ndi kusankha kwa ovota (pambuyo, 2rd, 3rd, etc.). Ngati palibe wosankhidwa amene amasunga mavoti ambiri a chikole choyamba, wosankha wosankhidwa ndi voti woyamba wochepa kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti a wosankhayo amaperekedwa ku chosankha cha wovota aliyense woikidwanso. Njirayo imabwereza kufikira pamene wosankhidwa mmodzi afikira unyinji wa anthu. RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka masankhoti a boma mu Main ndi Alaska (United States), ndi kaamba ka masankhoti angapo a boma, kuphatikizapo San Francisco ndi Meyalastery.

Mapindu a RCV

  • imasanthula mavoti otayika: chifukwa chakuti voti la wovota angasamutsire ku chosankha chawo chachiŵiri kapena chachitatu, pafupifupi pepala lililonse logawira limathandiza kumapeto, kukulitsa lingaliro lakuti mbali imakhudza.
  • Agwirizanitsa magulu aakulu ndi kulimbikitsa: Atsatiri ali ndi chisonkhezero cha kukopa kwa oyembekezera ena pa malo achiŵiri, kuchepetsa kusatsa malonda kwa kuukira ndi kuchirikiza kugwirizana kwa mtanda wa dziko.
  • Aneneratu wopata modzifunira: Mosiyana ndi FPP , wopambanayo amathandiza kwambiri — kaya ngati chosankha choyamba kapena mwa zokonda zosungidwa. Zimenezi zimalimbitsa kuyenera kwa zotulukapo.
  • Zopinga zopinga kwa oyembekezera atsopano: Opita ku magawo achitatu ndi odziimira okha angayende popanda kuimbidwa mlandu wa “kuthamanga” mpikisano, chifukwa chakuti mavoti a ochirikiza awo angathandizirebe kusankha wosankha wosankhidwa wosankhidwa kukhala wa mbali yaikulu ngati wodziimira yekha wachotsedwa.

Zopinga za RCV

  • Kusintha ndi kusokonezeka kwa ovota: Osankha ena amapeza ofunsira apamwamba osokonezeka kapena olemetsa, kutsogolera ku ziŵerengero zapamwamba za kupeputsa — makamaka m'kukwaniritsa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba. M'masankho ena a Australia, mlingo wa voti wamwamwaŵi waposa 5%.
  • Zotsatirapo zochedwa: RCV imafunikira kuŵerengera kochuluka, kutanthauza zotulukapo zomalizira sizingadziŵike kwa masiku kapena milungu — kusiyana ndi chigamulo chamwamsanga cha FPTP.
  • Kufufuza kwa kusakhala ndi ufulu: M'zochitika zachilendo, wosankha amene apeza mavoti oyamba angataye, kapena wosankha amene wataya chichirikizo choyamba angapambane — chuma chobwezera chimene chingafooketse kukhulupirira dongosolo la zinthu.

Kaamba ka kufufuza kwatsatanetsatane ndi ziŵiya za kugulitsa, chezerani Fairvote , phindu losaperekedwa ku kulera RCV ku United States.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Mmene PR Imagwirira Ntchito

Proportigational Imaudition ndi banja la madongosolo osankha olinganizidwa kugawira mipando m'zigawo zambiri mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Mpangidwe wofala kwambiri ndi ndandanda ya ndandanda, kumene ovota amasankha chipani ndi mipando yozikidwa pa mbali iliyonse ya chisankho — kaŵirikaŵiri ndi malo ochepa (m., 4.5%) kuletsa kugaŵikana. PR ndiyo njira yaikulu m'dziko la Ulaya, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, ndi ena ambiri. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malamulo a Ulaya ndi m'malamulo osiyanasiyana ku Latin America ndi Africa.

Mapindu a PR

  • Kuimira Fair: PR imatsimikizira kuti chipani chimene chilandira 30% ya voti chipambana pafupifupi 30% ya mipando. Zimenezi zimachotsa kulekana kwa FPTP ndipo zimapanga chivoti chirichonse kulinga ku kuimira.
  • Imapanga demokrase ya mbali zambiri: mwa kutsitsa chopinga kuti aloŵe, PR imapatsa mawu kwa zigawo zazing'ono — kuphatikizapo zobiriŵira, zothandizira, ndi zigawo — zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimalephera kupata mpando umodzi pansi pa FPTP. Izi zingatsogolere ku makhoti amene amasonyeza bwino lomwe kusiyana kwa malingaliro a osankha.
  • Wovota wamkulu: Kufufuza kochuluka kwapeza kuti wovota m'madongosolo a PR amawoneka kukhala 5-10 percentage centers kuposa m'madongosolo aakulu, mbali ina chifukwa chakuti ovotawo amakhulupirira kuti mavoti awo ali ndi chiyambukiro chatanthauzo pa kugaŵira mipando.
  • Kuletsa kuvota kwa machenjera: Chifukwa chakuti mipando imaikidwa molingana, ovota angachirikize chipani chawo chokondedwa popanda kuopa “kuvota.

Zopinga za PR

  • Maboma a chiwongola dzanja ndi kusakhazikika: PR kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa nyumba za malamulo zambiri, kufunikira maboma ogwirizana omwe angachedwe kukhazikitsa ndi kugwetsa. Mwachitsanzo, Italy wakumana ndi maboma oposa 60 chiyambire 1946, ndipo Belgium kamodzi anakhala masiku 589 popanda komiti yogwira ntchito mokwanira pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2010.
  • Magulu a Actreme ndi kugawanika: ndi phee, magulu owopsa angapeze malo oloŵerapo — monga momwe zikuwonedwa ndi kukwera kwa malo apamwamba oloŵera Alternate ya Germany (AfD) ndi Agulu la Afascist .
  • Oimira a kumaloko obisika: M'ndandanda woyera PR, zikalata zosankhidwa za chisankho kuchokera ku mpambo wa chigawo chachikulu kapena dziko lonse, kuchepetsa kuŵerengera kwachindunji pakati pa woimira wina ndi chitaganya cha dziko.
  • Linatsimikizira kuŵerengera: M'zigwirizano zambiri, ovota angakupeze kukhala kovuta kutchula malamulo a chipani chimodzi, kuchepetsa mlandu pa bokosi la boloti.

projekiti ya ACE (Inete ya chidziŵitso ya m'dziko) imapereka zitsogozo zomveka pa madongosolo a PR ndi kutengera kwawo dziko lonse.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

Mmene MMP Imagwirira Ntchito

MMber Proportional (MMP) imaphatikiza mapulogalamu a FPTP ndi PR pa chisankho chimodzi. Voter adaya mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira wa kumaloko m’chigawo chimodzi (kugwiritsira ntchito FPTP) ndi mmodzi wa ndandanda ya zipani. Selt amagawiridwa kutsimikizira kulinganiza — choyamba, opambana a chigawo akhala pansi, ndiyeno “mipando yapamwamba” imapatsidwa kotero kuti chiŵerengero chonse cha mipando iliyonse ikhale ndi chivoti. MMP imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'dziko lonselo ku Germany, New Zealand, Bolivia, ndi maiko ena angapo, ndi ku Scotland ndi Wales.

Mapindu a MMP

  • Amaimira ndi kulingana kwa malo akwawo: Mavota amasunga MP yakwawo imene angaiitane, pamene chisankho cha chivoti chimapereka chitsimikizo chakuti nyumba ya malamulo iyang'ana chifuno chotchuka — chabwino koposa cha maiko onse aŵiri.
  • imasintha zinthu zopangidwa: MMP, chipani chiyenera kupambana mavoti ochuluka kuti chipeze mipando yambiri, kuletsa vuto la FPTP la chipani cholamulira ndi mipando yambiri pa 35-40% ya voti.
  • imagwirizanitsa nyumba: Monga PR yoyera, MMP imachirikiza kugwirizana kwamitundu yambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kumachititsa kupanga malamulo ambiri owonjezera ndi osaphatikizapo.

Zopinga za MMP

  • Mipando yoposa ndi yocholoŵana: Pamene phwando lipata mipando yowonjezereka yachigawo kuposa imene ingakhale ndi kuyenerera kunsi kwa mipando yolinganiza (mipando ya kutsogolo), mipando yowonjezereka yowonjezera iyenera kuwonjezeredwa kulinganiza. Zimenezi zingakulitse nyumba yoyakira malamuloyo mosatsutsika — Mamembala a Germany a Bundestag olumikizidwa ku 709 mu 2021, kuchokera ku ukulu wapamwamba wa 598.
  • Party disonality : Mavoti ayenera kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa mavoti a chigawo ndi chipani, zimene zingasokoneze. Ku New Zealand ovota ena amakhulupirira molakwa kuti osankhawo nawonso amayambukira kulinganiza kwa chipani.
  • Ofuna kutsata: MP zosankhidwa ku zipani kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi kuŵerengera kwa m'deralo kusiyana ndi maMP a m'chigawo, kupangitsa kuzindikira magulu aŵiri a oimira.

Bungwe la Electoral Commission ku New Zealand limapereka womasulira wabwino kwambiri pa MMP ndi chisinthiko chake chiyambire kulera ana kwa 1996.

Kulandira Chilolezo

Mmene Kuyamikira Ena Kumagwirira Ntchito

Kuvomereza ndi njira ina yosavuta kuitengera ku RCV. Voters zingavoterere (kutsimikizira) anthu ambiri monga momwe amafunira; wobatizidwa aliyense wovomerezedwa amalandira voti imodzi, ndi wofunsira amene ali ndi chilolezo chachikulu. Palibe malo apamwamba kapena kuchotsedwa — kungosankha (“kutsimikizira” kapena“ kusavomereza”) kwa wobatizidwa aliyense. Dongosololi limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mizinda yochepa ya US kaamba ka mafuko a a meyauni (m.g., Fargo, North Dakota, ndi St, Louis, Missouri) ndipo lalingaliridwa kaamba ka masankho aakulu ndi osagawanika.

Mapindu a Kulandira Chiyanjo

  • Kusintha: Mavota amafunikira kokha kusankha amene adzapitako amawona kukhala ovomerezeka, kuchepetsa mtolo wa ubongo poyerekezera ndi zigawo zazikulu.
  • Achepetsa kuvota kwapadera: Mosiyana ndi FPTP, ochirikiza ofunsira ofooka angachirikizebe osathandiza munthu wodwala kwambiri. Akhozanso kuvomereza woyembekezera kubatizidwayo ngati kuti akupitira, kupangitsa kuti asasankhe moona mtima.
  • Kukopa kwakukulu: Atsatiri ayenera kufuna chichirikizo kupyola maziko awo apakati, chifukwa chakuti amafunikira chilolezo kuchokera ku timagulu tambiri kuti apambane. Zimenezi zingachepetse mapulatifomu ndi kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa dziko.
  • Zotulukapo: Mofanana ndi FPTP, kuŵerengera kumafuna kokha kufupikitsa zivomerezo, chotero zotulukapo zimakhalapo mofulumira.

Zopinga za Kulandira Chiyanjo

  • Cholinga cha voti chomakula: Osankha ambiri salankhula za mphamvu yapadera. Wovota amene mofananamo amachirikiza aŵiri oyembekezera satha kusonyeza chosankha choyamba, chimene chingatsogolere ku maunansi kapena zotulukapo zimene zimalingalira kukhala zopanda pake.
  • Nkhani za “kuvota kwamphamvu : m'mafuko okhwima, akatswiri angapereke uphungu kwa ovota kuvomereza kokha ofunsira awo apamwamba, kuchepetsa kukhoza kwa dongosolo kupima chichirikizo chachikulu ndi kuchirikiza mphamvu ziŵiri zamphamvu.
  • Less zoyesedwa pamlingo: Kuvomereza kwa kampani ya Voltion kuli ndi chidziŵitso chenicheni cha dziko pa masankho aakulu a dziko, kupanga ziyambukiro zake zanthaŵi yaitali pa khalidwe la wofuna ndi wovota kusatsimikizira.

Kufufuza ndi kupeka, Chandamale cha Evolution Science chimapereka chidziŵitso chonena za kusinthika kwa Kusintha kwa makolo ndi zoyesayesa za kusintha.

Kuyerekezera: Kupimira

Pamene kuli kwakuti njira iliyonse yovota ili ndi ochirikiza otengeka maganizo, kuli bwino kwambiri kuwayerekezera ndi mkhalidwe wa demokrase wapamwamba:

  • PRODUCTION : PR ndi projects yapamwamba kwambiri; FPTP yotsika kwambiri. RCV ikhoza kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madera a m'madera ambiri koma imagwiritsiridwa ntchito makamaka m'mizera imene imatsimikizira kuti ndi yochuluka, osati yolingana.
  • Kudziwitsa kwa ovota: FP ndi Vource Vont ndizo zosavuta; MMP ndi RCV ifuna maphunziro ambiri ovota.
  • Kukhazikika kwa boma: FTP imapanga maboma ambiri a gawo limodzi, pamene PR ndi MMP kaŵirikaŵiri imafunikira zigwirizano — zimene zingakhale zokhazikika m'mademokrase okhazikitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe champhamvu (m., Germany) kapena zosakhazikika kumene kutha kwa dziko lapansi kuli kokwera (m., Israel).
  • Kuperekedwa kwa timagulu tating'ono: PR ndi MMP kaŵirikaŵiri zimaposa kuimira fuko, chinenero, ndi malingaliro aang'ono; FPTP imawoneka kukhala yocheperapo pokha ngati iwo ali osumika maganizo.
  • Umboni wa oimira: FPP ndi MMP (maMP) a dziko lapansi akupereka kuŵerengera kwamphamvu kwa dziko; ndandanda yokha ya PR imafooketsa.

Kusankha kumeneku kumasonyeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’dziko: anthu amene amafunitsitsa kuti boma lawo likhale lodalirika angasangalale ndi FPTP; anthu amene amaona kuti kupembedza anthu ambiri n’kwabwino, nthaŵi zambiri amatengera MMP.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Zokhudza Dziko Lonse

Ufumu wa United Kingdom ndi FPTP

Chisankho cha UK cha 2019 chinapereka Konsorvati Party 56% ya mipando pa 43.6% yokha ya voti, kuyambitsanso zifunitso za kusankhira. Panthaŵi ino, Liberal Democrates ndi Green Party onse pamodzi analandira oposa 12% ya voti koma anasungidwa kokha ngati 1.5% ya mipando. Osuliza amatsutsa zimenezi kuwona mtima wa demokrase ndi kugwiritsidwa mwala. [[FLT: 0] Electoral Reformation Society mkupiti wa kuimira kulinganiza monga mankhwala.

Kusintha kwa MMP ku New Zealand

MMP ya ku New Zealand yotengedwa pambuyo pa kulembedwa kwa bungwe la opareshoni mu 1993, kulowa mmalo FPTP. Kuyambira pamenepo, maboma ogwirizana akhala mwambo — koma chikhutiro cha wovota ndi demokrase chakhala chapamwamba kwambiri kuposa kale. Chisankho cha 2020 chinatulutsa mbali imodzi yapadera ya anthu a Labour (chifukwa chakuti anapata 50% ya chivoti), koma mu 2017 ndi 2014, kukambirana kwa mgwirizano kunafunikira. Dongosololi lawonjezeranso kuimira Māori, monga zisonkhezero za magulu kuphatikiza Māi oyembekezera pa ndandanda ya zipani.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito kwa Australia RCV Kaamba ka Nyumba ya Oimira

Australia wagwiritsira ntchito RCV (imene amaitcha “kusankha kwapadera” chiyambire 1918 kaamba ka nyumba yaing'ono. Dongosololo lalimbikitsa ovota kukhazikitsa oyembekezera onse, ndipo maMP odziimira apeza bwino m'mipando imene angapezere zikondwerero zachiŵiri. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maphwando aakulu — Labor ndi Liberal / National Coalition — akhalabe ndi ulamuliro, mwapang'ono chifukwa chakuti dongosolo likali kupikisana ndi zikondwerero ziŵiri.

Mavuto Amene Akukumana Nawo Ndiponso Kusintha Zinthu

Electoral system saali kokha yaluso; ndi yandale kwambiri. Magulu opatulidwa amene amapambana mipando yosatsatirika pansi pa FPTP kaŵirikaŵiri amazengereza kusintha. Komabe kusakhutira kwa anthu ndi gerrymanidering (mu US), kutaya mavoti (ku UK ndi Canada), ndi kugaŵikana kopambanitsa (m’madongosolo angapo a PR) kupitirizabe kusonkhezera mipatuko ya udzu. Maboma angapo a America — kuphatikizapo Maine, Alaska, ndi New York City — alandira RCV m'zaka zaposachedwapa, pamene kuli kwakuti kutsegulira ndi kuvota kuvomereza kukulandira gawo. Ku Canada, 2016 komiti ya palamentiko yoyamikiridwa ndi kulephera kugaŵikana. [Flet]

Kusanthula mwakuya kwa kubwezera ndi kuyenera kwa kuvota, Brennan Center ya Chilungamo njanji zopeputsa ndi zifuno za kusintha ku United States konse.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo opanga nyimbo samakhala auchete; amapanga mawu amene amamvedwa, amene amalamulira, ndi mmene nzika zimagwirizanirana ndi demokrase yawo. FPTP imapatsa zigwirizano zopepuka ndi zamphamvu za dziko koma pamtengo wa kujambula ndi kusakaza mavoti. RCV imatsimikizira opambana ambiri ndi kuchepetsa ndawala yosalimbikitsa, ngakhale kuti ingachititse kuchulukitsa kwa ena. PR kuchititsa ziyambukiro ndi kukhazikitsa magulu osiyanasiyana, komabe imakhala ndi ngozi ndi kuchepetsa kugwirizana kwa kumaloko. MMP imayesa kugwirizanitsa mikangano imeneyi, ndi zotulukapo zophatikizapo. Kuvomereza Vov imapereka malo osangalatsa pakati koma dziko lenileni kukhala lotsimikizirika.

Pamene magulu akukula ndi kuyembekezera kosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo ovota akusintha, mkangano wokhudza kapangidwe ka dongosolo la ovota udzangokula. Dongosolo labwino kwambiri la dziko lililonse limadalira pa chikhalidwe chake cha ndale zadziko, mbiri yakale, ndi mapindu amene limaika patsogolo — kaya kulamulira kwaluso, kuimira kokulira, kapena kuŵerengera kwachindunji. Mwa kuphunzira pa chipambano ndi kulephera kwa madongosolo a dziko lonse, democracy ingagwirizane ndi kulimbitsa maziko a maziko a boma amene amadalira pa kudzilamulira kwa onse.