London, umodzi wa mizinda yapadziko lonse yotchuka kwambiri ndi yachuma, walimbana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi thanzi ndi ziyambukiro za malo okhala chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya. M'mbiri, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto mumzindawo, choloŵa cha maindasitale, ndi malo ozungulira zakhala ndi zoipitsa, kuchititsa kuwonjezereka kwa mpweya wa nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ndi mbali inayikitsa (PM) imene imaposa nthaŵi zonse malangizo a World Health Organization (W). Kuyambira kulengedwa kwa bungwe la Great London Authority mu 2000, bwanam, malo osankhidwawo akhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa zoyendera, kulinganiza, ndi malamulo a chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza za mphamvu ya kuyendetsa bwino ntchito ya mzinda wa London .

Mphamvu za Mkate ndi Mathayo Ake pa Mpweya

Meya wa London ali ndi udindo wopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Ldon Environment Strategy , imene imaika ziwiya zofunikira pochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya ndi kutumiza zinthu zokopa. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira kampani ya zoyendera za mzinda kudzera ku London (TGL), kuyang'anira zomangira zimene zimayambukira kutulutsa mpweya, ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi 32 za boraughs ndi City of London Corporation. Crucily, meya ali ndi ulamuliro woyambitsa madongosolo a misewu ndi madera otsika, mphamvu zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga Kongessition Congrade Louragetion mu 2003 ndipo pambuyo pake zinafalikira ku Ult Lowracracra (ULMZING) mu 2019.

Pamene kuli kwakuti meya sangathe kulamulira mwachindunji magwero onse a kuipitsa . monga ngati kutulutsa mpweya kuchokera ku Heathrow Airport (kumene kumachitidwa ndi ulamuliro wosiyana) kapena kuchokera ku giradi yamphamvu ya dzikolo − iwo angasonkhezere kuyenda kwa magalimoto, kuikizira zoyendera za anthu onse, ziwiya za mlengalenga, ndi kupangidwa kwa biriŵira. Chotero mphamvu ya kulamulira ikugwirizanitsidwa ndi zonse ziŵiri malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi mlingo wa kugwirizana ndi boma la dziko ndi mabungwe a kumaloko.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera pa Kugamulidwa Kwake Kufika ku ULEZ

Kuyendetsa ndege kwamakono ku London kunayamba pansi pa Mayor Ken Livingstone (2000-2008), amene anayambitsa Congestion Eagence mu 2003. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chake chinali chochepetsera mlingo wa magalimoto, kunawonjezeranso kuchuluka kwa NO2 ndi PM. Komabe, pofika pakati pa ma 5,0002010, zinaonekeratu kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama kunali kopereŵera kuthetsa vuto la kuchuluka kwa madizile, limene linalimbikitsidwa mosadziŵa ndi malamulo a m'mbuyo ku Ulaya kupititsa mafuta a dizilo kutsika ndi CO2.

Pansi pa Mayor Boris Johnson (2008-2016), Low Eugserve Zone (LEZ) adayambidwa mu 2008, kuyang'ana katundu wamkulu ndi mabasi. Komabe LEZ sanali wokhwima mokwanira kupangitsa London kugwirizana ndi malire a lamulo. May Johnson anayang'aniranso kuyambitsidwa kwa * Ultra Low Eugstact Mocation*, nzeru yake, koma inali mtsogoleri wake, Sadiq Khan, amene anachita chigamulo cha kukwaniritsa ndi kuwonjezera chigamulocho.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Pansi pa Mphepo Yamakono

Mtsinje wa Ultra Wotsika Wozungulira Malo (ULEZ)

ULEZ anayambira mu April 2019, ndipo inayamba kuzungulira dera limodzi ndi Congestion Counter . Vehicles sanakumane ndi Euro 4 (petrol) kapena Euro 6 (mapire) miyezo iyenera kulipira ndalama za tsiku ndi tsiku za $12.50 (ya magalimoto, ma vans, ndi njinga zamoto) ndi $100 za galimoto zolemera kwambiri. Magalimotowo amagwira ntchito 24/7, 365 masiku pachaka. Chiyambukiro cha mwamsanga chinali kutsika kwa chiŵerengero cha magalimoto osakhala a kampani kulowa m'deralo. Mu October 2021, ULZ anakulitsidwa kubisa dera mkati mwa misewu ya North ndi South streant misewu pafupifupi nthaŵi 18 chigawo choyamba. Chigawochi chinabweretsa London pafupifupi 3.6 miliyoni imodzi ndi kuwonjezera malamulo a Khan.

Chikalata cha TfL chikusonyeza kuti m’chaka choyamba cha ULEZ, chiŵerengero cha magalimoto ogwirizana ndi miyezoyo chinakwera kuchokera pa 85% kufika pa 95%. M'katikati mwa London, NO2 inatsika ndi 26 peresenti pakati pa 2019 ndi 20222, poyerekezera ndi chochitika chogwirizana ndi uluzi. Lusoli lachirikizidwa ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo, komanso lachititsanso chitsutso chachikulu kwa anthu ena okhala m’dzikolo, mabizinesi aang'ono, ndi magulu oyendetsa galimoto amene amatsutsa kuti ndalamazo zakhalanso zopitira ku London ndi kuti njira zina zoyendera anthu sizikukwanira ku London.

Kusunga Ndalama m’Zoyendera Zoyeretsa

Meya wadzipereka kupanga zombo za basi za London zonsezo kukhala zoyendera 2034 (kapena poyamba). Pa 2024, mabasi oyendera (opereka magetsi kapena hydrogen) oposa 1,000 akugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuimira pafupifupi 20% ya zombozo. TfL yakhalanso ndi kampani ya mabasi akale yokhala ndi injini zoyeretsa ndi kuika zinthu zoyendetsera pamalo osungira mabasi. London Underrepper ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi ndi mphamvu zobwezeretsedwa, ndipo Meya wayang'anira kuyambitsidwa kwa Elizabeth Line, kumene kumapereka utumiki wapamwamba, wamagetsi kudutsa likulu, kuchepetsa kudalira pa madiresi.

Kuika ndalama m’choloŵana chimenechi kwathandiza kuchepetsa kutulutsa PMS.5 kuchokera ku mbali ya zoyendera, ngakhale kuti si makina a m’galimoto, monga ziŵiya zomangira, kudakali magwero aang’ono koma ofunikabe.

Kukulitsa Kachipangizo Koyendera ndi Koyenda Pansi

Dokotalayo anatumiza dala magalimoto atsopano . Masewera a healthy Street amaika malo oyendera okangalika. Mliriwu, “Strettspace ya London , programu yoperekera mofulumira makilomita 100 a kayendedwe kapena kukonza, ambiri pa misewu yaikulu. Masewera a kayendedwe tsopano akupitirira makilomita 300 muutali wonse, ndipo mawilo a njinga m'chigawo chapakati cha London awonjezeka kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa 2016. Meya wayambitsanso njira yopangira ntchito (Sander Movels) ndi kuimirira motetezeka njinga. Kuwonjetsa kutsogolo kumachititsa makwawa, kupanga malo ambiri oyenda moyenda, ndi kubzala mitengo kuti apereke mthunzi ndi kuulutsa kwa ndege. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti kukwera kwa galimoto ndi kuchepetsako kwa anthu ndi kuwongolera kwa kuwonjezera mphamvu ya anthu kuwonjezeranso ntchito yapando ya pathupi.

Kukonza Mzindawo ndi Kuchepetsa Ntchito Yomanga

Midzi ya Greening imagwira ntchito monga malo oipitsa achilengedwe. Meya wabzala mitengo yoposa 500,000 chiyambire 2016, ndipo pa 2030. Mapaki ndi makhochi obiriŵira akufutukulidwa, ndipo pakufunika kusintha kwatsopano kuti agwirizane ndi miyezo ya mpweya yolimba. Lindon Plan Acts Air Seaty Neutral and Air Seader Seader imarkmarks ya nyumba zatsopano, ndipo malo omangapo ayenera kutsatira Lamulo la Kachitidwe kochepetsa fumbi ndi kutulutsa dizilo.

Kufufuza Zogwira Mtima: Zimene Mukudziwa ndi Umboni

Maphunziro ambiri aumwini ndi masiteshoni oyang’anira a boma asonyeza kuti ku London kwasintha kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazo. Malinga ndi Authority ya London ya Authority ya pachaka ya London Ripoti Yauer , avareji ya chaka ndi chaka imatanthauza N2 pa malo oyang'anira a pamsewu pakati pa London inatsika kuchokera pa 98 g/m3 mu 2016 kufika pa 44 g/m3 mu 2023. Kuzungulira mzinda wonsewo, chiŵerengero cha malo oyenderapo chinatsika kuchoka pa 40 76 /m3 pa 90% mu 2016 mpaka 30% mu 2023.

PMS.5 yatsikanso modekha, ngakhale kuti inaposa: kuyambira 16 31:/m3 avereji (206) kufika 12 31:/m3 mu 2023. Izi zidakali pamwamba pa chitsogozo cha WHO cha 5 YHWHg/m3, kusonyeza kuti ntchito yofunika yatsala. Chofunika, kuchepetsako sikunafanane: London yakhala ndi kuwongoletsedwa kwakukulu, pamene kuli kwakuti kunja kwa London mahoti otentha, makamaka pafupi ndi misewu yaikulu ndi mabwalo a ndege, kumakhalabe ndi vuto.

Chiyambukiro cha Thanzi la Onse

Mapindu a thanzi a malamulo a meyayo akuonekera kwambiri. A adafufuza ndi Imperial College London anayerekezera kuti pakati pa London ULZ yokha ichepetsa kuchuluka kwa NO2 ndi 13% m'chaka chake choyamba, kuletsa anthu otsala 1,900 a mavuto a mapapo mwa ana. Kufufuza kwinanso kunatsimikizira kuti kuwonjezereka kwa SULZ kungachititse kuti matenda a asima pakati pa ana pakati pa London pa zaka khumi zotsatira. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti, mapindu a thanzi a anthu ambiri amawonjezereka, opezeka pakati pa anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti a pansi pa malo akuyang'anabe kutsogolo ndi kutsegulidwa kwa magalimoto oyenda oyenda bwino.

Kusuliza Zachuma ndi Zachikhalidwe

Kusuliza kopitirizabe kwa malamulo a kulimba kwa meya ndi kusintha kwa magalimoto. ULOZ wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa £12.50 wa magalimoto osagwirizana amagwera m'makampani aang'ono amene amadalira magalimoto ang'onoang'ono, ndi madalaivala otsika omwe sangathe kubwezeretsa magalimoto akale. Mayan Wam'modzi wayambitsa chiwembu cha [FLT:] kutsegulira makampani [$2,000] kuti achotse magalimoto osagwira ntchito, koma ambiri otsutsana ndi ndalamazo. Mu 2023, kuwonjezeka kwa ULZ kukafika ku London kwa zigawo zonse za boma kuyambitsa mavuto alamulo kuchokera ku Convv ndi kutayikiridwa ndi Unisss ku Lax ndi kulowa m'dziko la Southern Berie, kumene kunaperekedwa ndalama zambiri. Kuwonjenje la Ux ndi kuwonjezera kuyendetsa ndalama za anthu ambiri.

Meyayo akunyalanyaza zinthu zina zazikulu zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu aziipitsa zinthu, monga kutentha nkhuni (zothandiza PMS.5) ndi kumanga.

Kuyerekezera Mizinda Ina ya Padziko Lonse

Kufikira kwa London kumayerekezeredwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuja kwa mizinda ina. [FLT: 0] Paris [1] Malo agwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la Crit’ir ndi malo ochepetsa olengeza, koma kusungitsa sikuli kosasintha. [[FLT:] Beijang[[FLT:] . [FLT] Beelm . [FLT] [FLT] [3] adapeza zinenezo zofanana ndi za London, ngakhale kuti chiletso cha London chili ndi mtengo wapamwamba. [FLT: 4.] BRIN [FLT:] ndi [FLT] [FLT] [D] [D] ndi [FLT] [FLD ]

Malangizo Am’tsogolo: Zimene Zidakalipobe

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo kosavuta, meya wa London adzayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zowopsa zingapo m’zaka zikubwerazi:

  • Kupimidwa kwa miyezo ya ULEZ: pakali pano, miyezo ya ULT , imayenderana ndi Euro 4/Euro 6. Pamene zombo za galimoto zikukhala zamakono, meya angafunikire kulingalira malo osalekeza a mbali zina za mzinda podzafika 2030.
  • Kulankhula ndi malo osasintha: PM kuchokera ku kutentha nkhuni, kumanga, ndi magwero a maindasitale kumafunikira malamulo amphamvu ndi ndawala za kudziŵitsa anthu.
  • Kuchepetsa kusalingana kwa mu mpweya: Apolisi ayenera kupangidwa kotero kuti anthu opeza ndalama zochepa asamalemedwe mopambanitsa. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo mapangano owonjezera a papepala, zoyendera za anthu onse, ndi kuikizira thumba la maluŵa m'madera osauka.
  • Kuyendetsa ndi zolinga za nyengo: mpweya wabwino ndi kuchepetsa carbon zikugwirizanitsidwa. Cholinga cha meya cha kupanga khoka la London podzafika 2030 chidzafuna kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafuta a pansi pa nthaka, kumene kudzawongoleranso kulimba kwa mpweya.
  • Kuyang'ana ndi kuonekera kwa: Pamene kuli kwakuti makompyuta amakono ali abwino, zipangizo zodziŵira zanthaŵi yeniyeni m'masukulu, zipatala, ndi madera okhala anthu angapatse mphamvu anthu ndi kudziŵitsa zochita.

Ofesi ya meya tsopano ikuyambitsa kuvomereza kotsatira kwa Lodon Environment Strategy , yoyembekezeredwa mu 2025, imene idzakhazikitsa zikole zatsopano za NO2 ndi PMS F.5 zogwirizana ndi 2030 WHO. Kukwaniritsa zolinga zimenezi sikudzafuna utsogoleri wa bwanamkunja komanso kuchirikiza boma la dziko, limene lakhala losemphana ndi malamulo ake a malo okhala.

Kumaliza

Meya wa London wachititsa kuti singano ya kuipitsa mpweya ikhale yogwirizana ndi njira zamphamvu zoyendetsera, kuyendetsa zinthu zamphamvu m'galimoto ndi maulendo okangalika, ndi kuona zinthu kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kusintha kwa mlingo wa No2 ndi PMS, ngakhale kuti si wosiyana, ndi wotsimikizirika ndi kuchitidwa ndi kufufuza kwaumwini. ULEZ, makamaka, yatsimikizira kukhala imodzi ya njira zamphamvu koposa za m'mlengalenga za m’tauni m’dziko, kusonkhezera mizinda ina kuti itenge njira zofanana. Komabe, ndalama za mayanjano ameneŵa, makamaka za anthu akunja ndi mabizinesi aang'ono, zimagogomezera kufunika kwa zinthu zazikulu m'ka. Meyalo sangathetse vutolo lokha; ntchito ya dziko pa miyezo ya ndege, kuulutsa katundu, ndi mphamvu zomapanganso mphamvu. Komabe, mzinda wa London umasonyeza mphamvu zandale, makamaka ndi umboni wotchuka kwambiri wa dziko lapansi.

Pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu cha London chikula ndi ziyambukiro za kutentha, nthaŵi yotsatira ya meya idzakhala yofunika kwambiri poona ngati mzindawo ungakwaniritse zolinga zake zapamwamba za mpweya. Maphunziro amene anaphunzira panowa ndi kufunika kwa chidziŵitso chochuluka, kukwaniritsa zinthu zowonjezereka, njira zomangira, ndi kutsanulira misewu yofunika kwambiri ya mzinda uliwonse.