Kulimbana ndi odziimira okha ndi boma kuli chimodzi cha zopinga zoopsa kwambiri pa mikangano yapansi ya boma ndi mapindu a kupuma pantchito. Ziphunzitso zimenezi zazikidwa pa Penshoni ya 11, zitetezero zimenezi sizimasutidwa m'khoti la boma popanda chilolezo chawo. Kuti antchito mamiliyoni ambiri amene amadalira pa makonzedwe a penshoni yodziŵika, kukhoza kukakamiza kuti agwirizane ndi ufulu wa boma kapena kukhazikitsa ufulu wa boma zingadalitse ngati boma laletsa chitetezo kapena ngati lamulo la boma lachiletsa kuletsa. Pamene ndalama za penshoni zikuwonjezereka ndi kupindulitsa, kumvetsetsa malamulo otetezera ufulu walamulo kumakhala kofunika kwa oweruza, opanga malamulo, ndi opatula ntchito.

Chiyambi cha Kugwirizana kwa Boma Lolamulira

Chigamulo cha boma chotetezera thupi silinalembedwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo. M’malo mwake, chinayamba pa Demetrimenti ya 11, imene inavomerezedwa mu 1795 kugwetsa Supreme Court’ chigamulo mu Cyholm v. Georgia . Nkhani imeneyi yalola nzika zachinsinsi kusuta m'mabwalo a boma, kuyambitsa mkwiyo pakati pa maboma odera nkhaŵa za mabwalo awo. Malemba a Demendement ndi ochepera: imaletsa nzika ya boma la boma lina kapena la dziko lina. Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamasulira, laitenga m'mabwalo la [FL:] m'. Louisiana . [FLP] v: [18]

Pansi pa chiphunzitso chamakono, maboma akusangalala ndi kutetezeredwa ku milandu yaumwini yoperekedwa m'khoti la boma, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wa kumanga kwa bungwe la Plactiff’. Kuchinjiriza kumeneku kumafalikira ku mabungwe a boma ndi ziŵiya, kuphatikizapo ndalama za boma zimene zimalingaliridwa kukhala zida zapansi pa boma. Khotilo lasankhanso kuti kutetezera kuli kuyenera kwa lamulo kumene kukunena kuti kukhoza kutsutsa koma kuti Msonkhano ungayambitse kokha pamene ukusintha pansi pa Chigawo 5 cha Demetrisement 5 kuti usungitse zoyenera zazikulu.

Kaamba ka kusanthula mwakuya pa Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi ’ malembo ndi mbiri, [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute [[FLT: 1] imapereka chidule chodalirika.

Kulephera Kulamulira M’nthaŵi ya Chilango cha Anthu Onse

Ndalama za penshoni ya boma zimayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe a boma kapena mabungwe, monga California Public Grouceeces ’ System yopuma pantchito (CalPENTS) kapena Teachers ’ Dongosolo la kupuma pantchito la Texas. Mabungwe ameneŵa amaonedwa kukhala zida za boma ndipo chifukwa chake ali ndi ufulu wodzitetezera. Ngati wopuma pantchito kapena wolandira ndalama za boma asungirira ndalama ya penshoni kaamba ka kukana mapindu, kuswa pangano, kapena kulanda, boma lingasunge chitetezero kuletsa chivomerezo m'khoti ya boma.

Malipiro ake ngokwera. Malinga ndi Precitable Trusts , ndalama za penshoni za boma zafupikitsa ndalama zoposa $1 biliyoni mu 2022. Maboma ambiri achepetsa mapindu, zopereka za antchito owonjezereka, kapena kusintha kwa mtengo wa njira za moyo, zimene zimatsogolera ku kuchotsedwa ntchito kwa opuma pantchito amene amatsutsa kuti masinthidwe ameneŵa amapanga kulephera kwa pangano. Nthaŵi zambiri otetezera boma amatsekereza ntchito zimenezi m'makhoti a boma, kukakamiza antchito ku makhoti a boma kumene malamulo a zaumoyo kapena otetezera angasiyane.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, kusiyana pakati pa nkhani za boma ndi mabungwe a boma. Ndalama ya penshoni yoperekedwa ndi chigawo kapena mzinda ingakhale yosatetezeka mofanana ndi mmene munthu amachitira ndi boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linamasulira mu [Norvence Inshuwalance Co. v. Chatham County (2006] kuti chitetezo cha maboma a m'dziko chimadalira pamlingo wa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuti kaya chiweruzo chiperekedwe ku chuma cha boma. Ndalama zambiri zapansipo za boma ndi za boma, choncho amatetezedwa kotheratu.

Kuloŵerana kwa Chilamulo cha Boma ndi cha Boma

Chidutswa chovuta kwambiri chimabuka pamene mikangano yapansiyo iphatikizapo lamulo la boma. Nyumba ya Makhoti ili ndi mphamvu yoteteza boma pa ulamuliro pansi pa Demetrition ya 145, koma Khoti Lapamwamba lachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents [1] [2000], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti Nyengo ya m'Mbali mu Act (ADEA) siingagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenerera chifukwa chakuti siinali njira yochitira tsankhu la boma losamvera. Komabe, khoti lachirikiza kuphwanya malamulo monga malamulo a m'banja ndi za m'male (kudzitetezera) ndi ufulu wa mautumiki (Activesss Reultive Active) ndi ufulu (UR.

MUSEMURA ndi wofunika kwambiri makamaka pa mikangano yapansipo ya anthu chifukwa chakuti imafunikira maboma kupereka ngongole kwa anthu amene analoŵa ntchito yolembedwa. Mu Torres v. Department of Public Safety (2022), Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti patavomerezedwa ndi MFUZI akulandira ndalama za boma, kusonyeza kuwonjezereka kothekera kwa ziphunzitso za opalamula. Komabe, SAMUSERRA ndi lamulo lopansidwa; ndalama zambiri za penshoni zimachokera pa pangano la boma kapena makonzedwe a boma, pamene kuvomereza kwa boma sikugwirizana.

Chinsinsi Chopatulidwa ku Kugaŵikana Kolamulira

Ngakhale kuti pali mphamvu zambiri zoteteza thupi ku matenda, njira zingapo zimalola opuma pantchito ndi anthu ena odzinenera ku boma kuti apeze chithandizo cholimbana ndi ndalama za penshoni:

Boma Linapha Anthu

Maboma ambiri ali ndi mphamvu yoletsa kutetezeredwa kwa mitundu ina ya zonena, makamaka kuswa pangano. Boma lingavomereze kuyenerera m'mabwalo ake mwa lamulo kapena kudzera mwa [[FLT: 0]tort akunena kuti lichitapo kanthu kapena zonena za kulephera kuchitapo kanthu [[FLT:]. Mwachitsanzo, New York ̱ Bwalo la Acties Acts lactives for factivestions for commonent project , kuphatikizapo mapangano a ndalama za pension. Komabe, ma wa wawansivet kaŵirikaŵiri amalekezedwa ku bwalo lamilandu; wotetezera wa lamulo la boma ayenera kukhala woonekera bwino. Khoti Lapamwamba la [FFFF:4]

Kudzikweza kwa Bungwe Pansi pa Gawo 5 la Lamulo la 14

Monga momwe taonera, Congress ingapose kuteteza boma pokhazikitsa ufulu walamulo wonga ngati chitetezo chofanana kapena njira yoyenera. Vuto nlakuti mikangano yambiri yapansipo siiphatikiza ufulu wa boma koma ufulu wa boma wopangidwa ndi pangano. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likukana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti Contract Claus (Mfundo I, Chigawo 10) imagwira ntchito ku maboma okha, koma mfundoyo siipatsa munthu ufulu wa kusungirira khoti m'khoti la boma m’njira yomwe chigawo cha 1983 chikuchita. Khotilo lakana kulola Chigawo cha 1983 kuvomereza kuti chigamulo cha kuswa malamulo, kutchula [FL: 0] . [Chigawo cha Boma la Boma la Boma ndi Hotela Lachipatala. Halmanman . [19981]

Chiphunzitso Chomaliza Chaching’ono

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimapereka kugalukira kwakukulu: mkulu wa boma m’khoti la boma angapereke chopereka chopereka cha kuyembekezera kuletsa kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza. Mkulu wa bomayo amalingaliridwa kukhala munthu woyenerera kutsata pansi pa Chikalata cha Pramendement cha Khumi ndi Masanu ndi Asanu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati bungwe lapansipo la boma likuswa programme kapena lamulo la boma loyenerera kuchitapo kanthu, wopuma pantchitoyo angapereke mamembala a bungwelo m’malamulo awo kaamba ka kuwalamula iwo kuŵerengeranso mapindu.

Ngati wopuma afuna mapindu kapena kubwezera, chitetezo cha ulamuliro chimaletsabe kuvomereza ngati boma silinachichotse. Madera ena alola chivulazo pansi pa malamulo ena a boma, koma mzerawo uli wovuta.

Kupititsidwa Panyumba

Maboma samasangalala ndi kutetezeredwa kwa boma m'makhoti olephera kulephera kulipira ndalama m'Chigawo 106 cha Lamulo la Bankruptic . Zimenezi zinatsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Contical Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006]. Ngati mafailo a ndalama za boma za penshoni a kubanki a kulephera kulipira ndalama za boma, ngakhale kuli kotheka kwa ndalama za penshoni ya kumaloko, kapena ngati wopuma ntchitoyo ali walephera kulephera kulipira ndalama ndi kuchotsa ngongole yobweretsedwa ndi boma, ngakhale kuti, kulephera kulipira ndalama za penshoni ku boma (g., chigawo kapena mzinda) kumakhala kopanda ntchito. Komabe, anthu ambiri amalephera kuthawa

Mavuto a M’malamulo kwa Anthu Opuma Pantchito

Ngakhale kuti anthu opuma pantchito apeza chilolezo chokhwima cha kuteteza thupi lawo ku matenda, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera thupi.

Kusintha kwa Chipani

Mapindu ambiri a anthu opuma pantchito amaonedwa kukhala ogwirizana pa lamulo la boma. M’mawu akuti oletsa kulowa m'pangano, opuma pantchito angasunge m'khoti la boma. Koma m'khoti la boma, Contract Claus si gwero la ufulu waumwini. Opuma pantchito kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa 42 U.S.C. . . .1998, kukhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma lichotse pangano lawo lophwanya panganolo. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba losungidwa mu [[FLT: 0]. Caler v. Greenw [FL:] (18)] [18]) ndi milandu ina pambuyo pake imene chigawocho siichotsapo Clauslaus. Makhoti: Makhotiwo samamvera zito zokanira za ndalama za boma za boma mu 1983; ndipo ngati makhoti otsutsa ndi ongo a boma okha.

Kuswa Njira Yoyendera

Njira yotsimikizirika kwambiri ya boma ndiyo njira yoyenerera. Ngati boma lisintha njira ya penshoni popanda chidziŵitso kapena mwaŵi wakumva, opuma pantchito angabweretse Chigawo 1983 chinenezo cha kuswa Lamulo la 14, chiphunzitso cha Ex Pare Young chikalola kuchepetsa njira zoikidwiratu. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi njira zoyenerera zochepa za malamulo a zachuma, chotero kuchepetsako kwa phindu kwenikweni sikumaswa njira yoyenerera kusiyapo ngati lisokoneza chikumbumtima.

Ntchito Yopanga Mafilimu ndi Kukhulupirira Ena Zimanena

Maboma ena amawona ndalama za penshoni kukhala zoikizidwa, ndi boma kukhala lodalirika. Ngati boma lingawononge ndalamazo, opindula angasunge mlandu wa kuswa ntchito yosatha. Chitetezo cha Mfumu chingatsekereze milandu yotero m'khoti la boma, koma makhoti ena a boma anena kuti unansi wa kudalirika umatanthauza kulephera. Mwachitsanzo, Illinois Supreme Court mu [FLD:0] [Mclove v. Boma la Illinois . [FLT:] (2088) lalola chitsutso chotsutsana ndi boma kaamba ka kuswa lamulo la ndalama za boma poyang'anira ndalama za ndalama za penija, kulingalira kuti boma liyenera kugwira ntchito ya wodalirana ndi kuvomereza. Maina afikira zigamu za ufulu.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Kufufuza Milandu

Nkhani zingapo zaposachedwapa zikusonyeza kusemphana kwa ufulu wodzilamulira ndi ufulu wa penshoni:

Scott ndi Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole

Mu 2021, Khoti Lalikulu la Pennsylvania linakambirana kaya ngati antchito a boma angapereke lamulo la boma lofuna kupereka ndalama ku thumba la penshoni. Khotilo linanena kuti boma linali ndi lamulo loletsa kupuma pantchito ya boma kudzera ku Pennsylvania Public Mudreace Relationment ment mentation Relationment ment. Komabe, khotilo linachepetsa njira yothetsera matenda, osati ndalama zimene boma linawononga. Mlanduwuwuwuwuwuwu ukhoza kutsogolera, koma nthaŵi zambiri kupereka chithandizo n’chochepa.

M’gulu la Olembedwa Ntchito Olembedwanso Ntchito (New Mexico)

Opuma pantchito ku New Mexico anaimba mlandu bungwe la boma la penshoni kuchepetsa mtengo wa masinthidwe amoyo (COLAS), kutsutsana ndi masinthidwe ovomerezedwawo. Bwalo la New Mexico la Apilo mu 2019 linapeza kuti kutetezeredwa kwa ufumu sikunaletse mlandu chifukwa chakuti bungwelo linali ndi ntchito yolamulira dongosololo monga choikizira. Khoti linadalira pa lamulo la boma limene linalola pepalalo kuletsa. Mlanduwo unakhala pamaso pa khoti lalikulu koposa ukanalamulira pa kutetezera gululo.

Kuyesa Kusintha Zinthu kwa Magulu Aakulu

Mu 2022, gulu la bipartisan mu Congress linayambitsa lamulo la Public Grouceion Pension Transparency Act, limene limaphatikizapo makonzedwe olola opuma pantchito kusungirira ndalama za boma za penshoni ku khoti la boma kaamba ka kuswa malamulo a boma. Lamulolo silinapitidwe, koma limaonetsa kukhumudwa ndi chopinga cha chitetezo. Panthaŵiyi, akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amatsutsa kuti kuletsa kutetezedwa mwa kuvomereza mapindu a boma a ndalama za penshoni pa Internern Reinvence Couple 401 program 401 . Khoti lililonse la khoti lina lavomerezabetilo.

Kufufuza Opanga Malamulo ndi Otchuka

Olamulira oletsa kulowa m'mikangano yapansi a boma amapangitsa ntchito yosiyana ndi ena. Opuma pantchito m'maboma ndi oletsa anthu ambiri ali ndi ufulu wochita chilungamo kuposa amene ali m’zigawo zimene zimachirikiza chitetezo cha boma. Opanga malamulo ayenera kulingalira zotsatirazi:

Malamulo Oletsa Kugonana

Mayiko ambiri ali kale ndi zinthu zimenezi, koma nthaŵi zambiri amangochita pangano ndi mapangano a ndalama zoyendera kapena zothandizira anthu ogwira ntchito. Munthu wopereka ndalama zambiri angachepetse ndalama zowonongera ndalama zoyendera penshoniyo n’kukonzanso makhalidwe abwino.

Zitetezero za Ndalama Zodalirana

Mayiko ena atsatira njira zotetezera malamulo kuti atetezere mapindu a penshoni. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a Illinois amapereka kuti mapindu a penshoni sazichepetsedwa kapena kuwonongeka. Pamene kuli kwakuti si wotetezera thupi, makonzedwe otero amapanga kuyenera kwapadera kumene makhoti angasungidwe pamene chitetezo chakulimbana ndi matenda chithetsedwa.

Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Maboma ena amafuna mikangano ya penshoni kuti ikhalepo kupyolera m'kuyang’anira kapena kukambitsirana asanaikidwe mlandu. Njira imeneyi ingapeŵe mavuto a kutetezeredwa chifukwa chakuti maulamuliro saikidwa pa ziletso za Khumi ndi Madepresser. Komabe, ngati bungwe la oyang’anira lisankha motsutsana ndi wopuma pantchito, kupenda kotsatirapo kwa chiweruzo kungatsekerezedwebe ndi kutetezedwa.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitsochi, chomwe chinayambika ndi kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a boma ngakhalenso kulephera kuteteza anthu ku boma. Chiphunzitsochi, choyambira pa Kusintha kwa Zandalama za Penshoni ya 11 ndi chofutukuka zaka mazana ambiri, chimaletsa kuweruza ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa boma ngakhale m’khoti. Komabe, kusiyapo kuletsa anthu opuma pantchito, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ena a boma popereka ufulu wochepa koma wofunika kwambiri. Pamene zitsenderezo za ndalama za penshoni zikukwera ndi kuwonjezereka, kukambirana pakati pa ufulu wa boma ndi ufulu wa penshoni kupitiriza kuchitika. Atatoryney ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa mfundo za boma ndi malamulo a boma lililonse, pamene opanga malamulo afunikira kupenda malonda pakati pa chuma cha boma ndi kuteteza ndi kutsimikizira kwa anthu amene akudalira mapangano ameneŵa.