Chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha Japan chagwirizana kwambiri ndi malo ake oulutsira nkhani. Kumvetsetsa ubale umenewu kumathandiza ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi openyerera apadziko lonse kuzindikira mmene malingaliro a anthu amalinganizidwira ndi mmene amasungidwira ndi mphamvu zandale ku Japan. Kuseŵera pakati pa mabungwe olamulira, magulu otsutsa, ndi nyuzipepala kwasintha kwakhala kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kuyambitsa mkhalidwe wapadera umene umasonkhezera masankho, makambitsirano a malamulo, ndi kuŵerengera kwa democracy. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mizu ya mbiri yakale, mphamvu zamakono, ndi kusintha kwaposachedwapa m'chigwirizano pakati pa magulu andale a ku Japan ndi ofalitsa nkhani, ikuyang'ana kwambiri pa mmene chidziŵitso chikuyendera m'modzi mwa mademocrase okhazikika kwambiri a Asia.

Mbiri Yake Yoyamba ya Chipani Chotchedwa Media Relations

Malo amakono a wailesi yakanema a Japan adapangidwa m'nyengo ya pambuyo pa nkhondo pansi pa ntchito ya Agulu Ogwirizana, amene anachotsa madongosolo ofalitsa nkhani asanamenye nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wosindikiza monga ufulu walamulo. Malamulo a 1947 amakhazikitsa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza, koma maprojekiti amwaŵi anatulukira mwamsanga kuyang'anira chidziŵitso chandale. Chofunika kwambiri cha ameneŵa ndicho gulu la [1] (kampani ya zosindikiza), gulu la magulu a a a atolankhani omwe amalola aloŵa m'boma, likulu la zipani, ndi likulu la Imperea.

Magulu ameneŵa, amene akhalapo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, anakhala njira yaikulu ya mbiri zandale. Atolankhani ogaŵiridwa ku magulu ameneŵa amakula, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwirizana kwachilendo ndi andale zadziko ndi abuluaucrates komwe amakuphatikiza. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosololi limatsimikizira kuti pali chidziŵitso cha boma chosasintha, limayambitsanso chikhalidwe cha kudzilamulira okha ndi kugwirizana, monga momwe ziŵalo za gulu zimayembekezeredwa kumamatira ku kupereka zitsogozo zotsimikizirika ndi kupeŵa kuswa nkhani zimene zingachititse manyazi mitu yawo. Mwa mbiri, libu la Lül Liber Laberal Democratic Party (LDP), limene lazoloŵera luso la kuyang'anira gulu lopereka malipo.

Mapwando Aakulu a Zandale ndi Magulu Awo Ochirikiza Nkhani

Chipani cha Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Chiyambire kupangidwa kwake mu 1955, LDP yakhala ikulamulira ndale zadziko za Japan, ikumasunga mphamvu pafupifupi nyengo yonse ya pambuyo pa nkhondo. Unansi wa chipanicho ndi zilengezo zazikulu umadziŵika ndi kudalirana. Atsogoleri a LDP amakulitsa kuyanjana ndi akonzi aakulu ndi akuluakulu a nyuzi, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m'mabungwe amwayi ndi machidule a zachisangalalo. Kubwereranso, manyuzipepala aakulu ndi oulutsa mawu amapanga zoyanjidwa bwino kapena zosatsutsika za LDP. Mkati mwa mipikisano ya chisankho, LDP amalandira nthaŵi yapadera pa woulutsa nkhani wapo ndi wa anthu ndi malonda, mfundo imene otsutsawo adaitsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

LDP imapindulanso ndi khomo logwirizana pakati pa ndale zadziko ndi nyuzi: ambiri omwe kale anali atolankhani aloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo monga ziŵalo za LDP, akumabweretsa chidziŵitso cha mmene angachitire ndi ndandanda ya nkhani. Zitsanzo zosadziŵika zimaphatikizapo yemwe kale anali nyuzi za NHK ndi olemba nkhani amene pambuyo pake anatumikira monga atumiki. Kuwonjezedwa kwa mtanda kumeneku kumalimbitsa luso la chipani kukonza nkhani pamene chikusunga kudziimira kwa atolankhani.

Komeito

Komeito, mgwirizano wa m'masewera a LDP, uli ndi kugwirizana kwake kwapadera kwa manyuzipepala. Wopangidwa ndi gulu lachibuda la Soka Gakkai, Komeito amadalira kwambiri pulogalamu yaikulu ya Soka Gakai, kuphatikizapo Seikyo Shimbun nyuzipepala ndi njira zake zoulutsira mawu. Makampani oyendera nyuzi amodzimodziwa amalola Komeito kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi anthu ake apakati pake popanda kudalira pa ziwitso zapamwamba. Mayeso a gulu lopanga mavoti ndi otsutsa a manyuzipepala apangitsa kuti chikhale chofunika kwambiri kwa maboma a LDP.

Magulu Otsutsa a Malamulo Olamulira (CDP) ndi Mapwando Ena Otsutsa

CDP, chipani chachikulu koposa cha Japan, chimayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu m'kulandira wailesi zosatsa malonda. Malo aakulu otulutsira zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga CDP kukhala yosadalirika kapena yogaŵikana kwambiri, lingaliro limene limachokera ku chiyambi chake mu 2017 kugaŵanika kwa Chipani cha Democratic. Atsogoleri a chipani kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kusindikiza zotsalira ziŵiri, kugogomezera PDP ndi mphamvu zochepa pofufuza kutsutsa magaffeseti. Kufufuza kwa 2021 kochitidwa ndi Japanian Political Science Association kunapeza kuti kujambula CDP mkati mwa chisankho cha Nyumba Yamtunda kunali kofinya kwambiri 40% ya chigawo chimodzi chofanana ndi LDP, ndi mwaŵi wochepa wa kukambitsirana kowonjezereka.

Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Japan (JCP), gulu lina lalikulu lotsutsa, lili ndi njira yapadera youlutsira nkhani. Chimagwira ntchito nyuzipepala yake, Akahata [1] (FOLT , yomwe imadziwikitsa kuwerenga kokhulupirika kwa anthu oposa 1 miliyoni. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zimapangitsa JCP kunyalanyaza osunga zipata, imatsekeranso uthenga wa gululo ku maziko ake, kugaŵa mphamvu zambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, JCP wakhala wotsutsa pulogalamu ya kuiwala kwambiri ya kuiwala kwa gulu la anthu oimba nyimbo.

Njira ya Kisha Club: Guardian of the Stubeal Quo

Kuzindikira njira ya kulipa kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake mawailesi a pa TV akupitiriza kupeza phindu. Pansi pa dongosolo lino, atolankhani okha a m'magulu ovomerezedwa ndi boma ndiwo angapezeke pa misonkhano ya akuluakulu a wailesi, kulandira makope a mawu, ndi kutengamo mbali pa chidule cha gulu. Maguluwa amalinganizidwa mwa utumiki kapena bungwe, ndipo mamembala ake amangokhala m'manyuzipepala akuluakulu, makompyuta, ndi mautumiki a pakompyuta. Atolankhani a m'mayiko ena (okha popanda kugwirizana nawo m'kagulu) ndi makompyuta amachotsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa malo amene atolankhani ndi magwero amakula ndi kugwirizana kwanthaŵi yaitali kumene kumaika patsogolo chitonthozo pa nkhani yolembedwa. Kufufuza kotchuka 2019 kochitidwa ndi gulu la Fukuoka-oka pa Kyushu University kunasonyeza mmene atolankhani a m'zipani za LDP samafunsa molimbika mafunso otsatizana, kusankha kutumiza mafunso ovomerezedwa ndi olembedwa. Pamene kutuluka maupandu, monga Mormo Gakuen dziko logulitsa nkhani zophatikizapo Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, kukambitsirana koyamba kwa otsatsa nkhani za m'manyuzipepala kumachititsa kunyozera kapena kuchedwa, wosuliza amatcha "kusimba nkhani zolembedwa mwa kusamvera."

Zoyesayesa za kusintha zakhala zochedwetsa. Mu 2020, boma linakhazikitsa zitsogozo zotsegulira mafotokozedwe ena kwa atolankhani osakhala a m'gulu la wailesi, koma kusungitsa lamulo kuli kofooka. Mliri wa coronavirus unawonjezera masinthidwe ena, pamene misonkhano yakutali ya ofalitsa nkhani inakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kukhazikitsa malire akuthupi. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amatsutsa kuti dongosolo la bisha lachipani lidakalibe chopinga chimodzi champhamvu kwambiri ku mkhalidwe wandale zadziko wotchuka kwambiri.

Wailesi Yakanema ndi Kusatsa Ndale

Wailesi yakanema idakali magwero aakulu a mbiri ya ndale zadziko kwa osankha a ku Japan, makamaka pakati pa ziŵerengero za anthu akale. Malamulo a kampeni amaletsa kulengeza, koma zipani zimawononga kwambiri maprogramu a stemmercial ndi zigawo zochirikizidwa. LDP's shert , yosonkhezeredwa ndi zopereka za makampani ndi ndalama za boma, imalola kulamulira chigawo chimenechi. Mkati mwa masankhoti a anthu 2021, LDP-aflic adaulutsa masamu andale oposa 60% onse operekedwa pa mayanjano aakulu, malinga ndi Ministry of Inteneal Affaice and Communications.

NHK, woulutsa nkhani wa anthu onse, akulamulidwa kupereka mafotokozedwe oyenera, koma adayang'anizana ndi zinenezo mobwerezabwereza za tsankho la boma. Boma la Japan limaika mamembala a bungwe la NHK , ndipo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Abe, atsogoleri angapo ogwirizana ndi LDP adaikidwa. Mu 2023, lipoti la mkati la NHK linavumbula kuti aletsetsa zigawo zotsutsa za mphamvu za boma, zimene zikuchititsa kupepesa. Otsutsa aitana chitetezo champhamvu cha kudziimira pa kudziimira, koma lamulo la kutetezera NHK kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko likukhalabe loletsedwa.

Makampani amalonda monga Fuji TV, TBS, ndi Nipton TV nawonso analunjikitsidwa ku gulu lolamulira, mbali ina chifukwa cha malo a mwiniwake. Manyuzipepala aakulu eni m'madongosolo ameneŵa, ndipo manyuzipepala amenewo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mizera yosunga nkhani yosasintha. Monga momwe woyang'anira wa nyuzi wina anauza magazini a zamaphunziro Japan Forum [1]: " Sikuti tikuuzidwa kuti tiyanjane ndi LDP. Nchifukwa chakuti anthu amene amakwezedwa ali awo amene amazindikira kutsutsa mphamvu."

Kulankhulana kwa Zandale

Kukwera kwa intaneti kwayamba kutokosa otsogolera a m'mamedia amwambo, koma kusintha sikuli kosiyana. Osankha achichepere mowonjezereka amatembenukira kwa Inu Tube, Twitter, ndi olengeza nkhani kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko. Onse aŵiri Otsatira Okhala ndi otsutsa agwiritsira ntchito makompyuta, koma amafikira iwo mosiyana.

Opaleshoni ya LDP

LDP yathandiza kwambiri kufalitsa nkhani za chikhalidwe, makamaka YouTube, kuti ipeŵe osunga zipata. Nduna yaikulu Fumio Kisida, maadiresi a vidiyo a mlungu ndi mlungu, opangidwa ndi gulu lakukonza zinthu, amakopa mamiliyoni ambiri a malingaliro. Gululo limatumizanso "ankhondo a kampani ya zachikhalidwe" — kaŵirikaŵiri mamembala achichepere a Diet — amene amachita mokangalika ndi ochirikiza Tutter ndi kukulitsa mizu ya udzu pa Intaneti. Njira imeneyi imalola LDP kulongosola mwachindunji uthenga wake, makamaka pankhani zamphamvu monga kukonzanso malamulo ndi dziko, kumene mapulogalamu aakulu angafunse mafunso ovuta.

Kulimbana ndi Zida za Makompyuta

Magulu atsopano monga Reiwa Shinsengumi adatsatira njira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pogwiritsa ntchito Tik Tok ndi kukhala ndi moyo kuti afike ku Gen Zvoit. Mtsogoleri wake Taro Yamamoto , anasunga munthu wokhulupirika pa Intaneti pambuyo pa zimene nthaŵi zina zimatembenuza kuti apeze zisankho zosokoneza maganizo, monga 2022 kukwera kwa nyumba.

Mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kumeneku, zoulutsira mawu zamwambo zidakali kukhazikitsabe mapulani. Kupenda kochitidwa ndi University of Social Science ya Tokyo kwapeza kuti 73% ya makambitsirano andale onse pa Twitter mu 2023 anali kuchitapo kanthu ku nkhani zophwanyika koyamba ndi manyuzipepala kapena maprogramu a TV. Dongosolo la kisha lingafooke ndi kusokonezeka kwa wailesi, koma limalamulirabe khomo lalikulu la kulenga nkhani.

Kufufuza, ndi Malire a Mphamvu ya Manyuzipepala

Atolankhani a ku Japan nthaŵi zina atulutsa malipoti akuti achotsapo ntchito zandale. Chiphuphu cha Olympic chopanda pake 2021, chovumbulidwa ndi magazini a mlungu ndi mlungu Sukan Bunshun , chokakamiza ambiri a LDP ogemplaters kuti asiye. Mofananamo, 2020 "Kake Educational Institution" yochititsa manyazi, imene inavumbula kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa bwenzi la Shinzo Abe, inasonkhezeredwa ndi atolankhani osakhala aclub [[FLT:] Asahi Shimbug [1] ndi [FLT:] [FLT:] Mainchiquel . Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti pamene atolankhani achita zinthu modzi, zingapereke mlandu.

Komabe, nkhani zoterozo nzosiyana. Zochititsa manyazi zambiri zimasimbidwa poyamba ndi magazini a mlungu ndi mlungu, amene amagwira ntchito kunja kwa dongosolo la Kisha ndipo ali ndi ufulu wofufuza wowonjezereka. Koma magazini ameneŵa alibe kufikiridwa kwa manyuzipepala atsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo nkhani zawo kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kutsatiridwa ndi zilengezo zazikulu kuti apeze ndale zadziko. Ziyeso zotsatira zimadalira pa magwero a gulu amene amagamula zolemba kapena pa magaŵano a mkati mwa LDP — zochitika ziŵirizo zosachitikachitikachitika. Monga chotulukapo chake, maupandu ambiri osasintha kupyola kwa anthu ambiri.

Kulepheranso ndi malo alamulo. Malamulo a ku Japan otetezera otchingira foni ngochepa, ndipo lamulo la boma la 2014 limaphwanya kuululidwa kwa chidziŵitso kosakhala kovomerezeka kumene kumayenderana ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Otsutsa amatsutsa lamulo limeneli kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chochititsa mantha pa atolankhani ofufuza nkhani za kudziteteza ndi zokambirana, madera kumene LDP imakhala ndi malamulo olimba. Kukonzedwanso kwa lamulo kwa 2023 kunawonjezera kufotokozanso mafotokozedwe a zinsinsinsi, kusonkhezera nkhaŵa ya Komiti yotetezera Maiko.

Malingaliro a Ofalitsa Nkhani Achilendo ndi Amitundu Yonse

Atolankhani ochokera kunja ku Japan amagwira ntchito m’mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti angapeze makalabu a ku Kisha ngati aloŵa, ambiri amasankha kudalira pa magwero a kudziimira ndi njira za kufufuza. Malo a maiko ambiri onga New York Times , BBB, [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [ALET] [AMFUT] ['WIRI] kaŵirikaŵiri aswa nkhani zimene zoulutsa nkhani za ku Japan zinanyalanyazidwa, monga ukulu wa Fukushima-up ndi boma ndi TPO. Zimenezi zimapangitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zodziŵira: Omvera a ku Japan, ogwirizana ndi anzawo, pamene anthu a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Boma la Japan lakhala likuyesayesa kukonza nkhani zachilendo mwa kukambirana ndi anthu ndi kuchirikiza kampani za nyuzi zakunja. Bungwe la "Nippon Communications Foundation," gulu la boma, limapereka mphatso kwa atolankhani ndi amaganizo amene amapanga malipoti abwino onena za kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko za Japan. Otsutsa amaona zimenezi kukhala kuyesa kuyeretsa mbiri ya LDP pa nkhani zonga ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Mu 2022, [[FL:0] Ofalitsa opanda malire a polisi asindikiza chilolezo cha ufulu ku Japan 68th, chiŵerengero chake chapamwamba kwambiri, akutchula "malemba la kudzilamulira pa nkhani za ufulu wa munthu mwiniyo" kuwonjezera ku machita osindikiza .

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Mapempho a kusintha achokera ku madera ambiri. Academic, magulu a anthu, ndi andale ena otsutsa akhala akuchirikiza kuchotsa dongosolo la kisha, kufuna nthaŵi yoyendera mpweya kwa zipani zonse, ndi kulimbikitsa ufulu wa NHK. Mu 2023, gulu la bipartisan la Diet linayambitsa chikalata chopangira "Dea Transparency Commission" imene idzayang'anira kukondera ndi kutsata kulowa kwake. Mtengowo waletsa, makamaka chifukwa cha kutsutsa kwa LDP.

Luso la zofalitsa zamakono lingasinthe mofulumira. Kufalikira kwa malo ena oulutsira nkhani, ma produst, ndi njira za WeuTube zodziimira kukunyonyotsoka pang'onopang'ono pa kuyendetsa kwa malo otsatsira mawu a mwambo. Atolankhani achichepere akupitirizabe kunyalanyaza zipatala za ku Kisha, kumanga maunansi olunjika ndi magwero kupyolera m'makompyuta olembedwa mobisa. Osankha a Tokyo gabernaracy anaona ofuna kutchuka mwa makampani ofalitsa nkhani za mavairasi, kukakamiza njira zazikulu zowatsegulira.

Komabe, nyumba ya inéteria idakali yolimba. Njira ya LDP ya zoulutsira nkhani imaikidwa kwambiri m'dongosolo limene lakhazikitsa ulamuliro wosasintha kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kufikira pamene anthu adzafuna kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko, kapena kufikira kusinthira kwamphamvu kwa dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu, kugwirizana pakati pa zipani zandale za Japan ndi ofalitsa nkhani kukupitirizabe kutsatira chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa nkhondo: kuvina koyandikana pakati pa mphamvu ndi manyuzipepala, ndi gulu lolamulira.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa zipani za ndale zadziko za Japan ndi anyuzi ndi wocholoŵana, wozungulira malo amene amaumba moyo wa democracy m'dziko. Kuchokera ku kulamulira kwa m'mbiri kwa LDP ndi gulu la gilla kufikira ku mphamvu za wailesi za wailesi, mbali iriyonse imachirikiza kapena kutokosa mkhalidwe wa zinthu. kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amene akusanthula mphamvu imeneyi, mfungulo zingapo zimatuluka: zoulutsira nkhani sizimachita monga njira ya chidziŵitso koma monga wotengamo mbali mchitidwe wa ndale; njira za kagulu zolamulira mayanjano kuchokera ku makompyuta amakono ku ku kufalikira kwa makompyuta; ndi kusintha, pamene kuli kotheka kuphatikizana kwa chisonkhezero chapoyera, kusintha kwa sayansi, ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo. Kuzindikira zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mphamvu ndi chidziŵitso m'kugwirizana m’Japan wamakono.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani [[FLT: 0] Times ya Japan yosanthula masinthidwe a gulu ku kisha , maphunziro a pa Yunivesite ya Cambridge pa nyuzi ndi mphamvu ya ndale zadziko [, ndi [[FLT ] Olengeza opanda maboo pa lipoti la nyuzipepala ya Japan .