Table of Contents
Kumvetsetsa Kuyang’anira ndi Kuyang’anira Boma
Malamulo a boma amathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu ayang'anira azikhala ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera zinthu zamakono. Amaonetsetsa kuti makampani a boma ndi anthu azichita zinthu zimene zimateteza nzika za m'dziko, misika, ndi malo ozungulira. Pansi pa malamulo ake, malamulo, kuyang'anira, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo ayendetsedwe, kuyang'anira, kufunika kwake, mavuto amene amakumana nawo, ndiponso zimene zidzachitikira m’tsogolo padziko lonse.
Mfundo ya malamulo inayamba zaka mazana ambiri, kuyambira m'zaka zapakati mpaka kukhazikitsa malamulo amakono a banki. Ku United States, bungwe la Interstate Commerce Act la mu 1887 linalemba ntchito yoyamba ya boma yoyang'anira makampani a anthu. Lerolino, pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya chakudya ndi mankhwala kuti ipeze ndalama, mphamvu, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi zoyendera zopangidwa ndi mtundu winawake wa uyang’aniro wa boma. Kumvetsa njira zimenezi si kofunika kwa opanga malamulo ndi atsogoleri a zamalonda okha komanso kwa nzika za anthu amene amadalira pa zinthu zotetezeka, mpweya woyera, ndi misika yokongola tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.
Makhoti Osiyanasiyana Oyang’anira Makina a Boma
Kuyang’anira boma si ntchito yongofuna kuyang’anira, imafunika mitundu yosiyanasiyana, iliyonse imakhala ndi mphamvu zake, zopereŵera, ndi malamulo ake. Kuzindikira magulu ameneŵa kumamveketsa bwino mmene mphamvu zolamulira zimagawidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku nthambi zosiyanasiyana ndi milingo ya boma.
Uyang’aniro Walamulo
Mabungwe alamulo . "Onga ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States kapena makhonsati a boma . Kukhazikitsa malamulo a maziko amene amalongosola zimene zikulamulidwa ndi mmene. Zili ndi mphamvu zovomereza mabungwe, ndalama zoyenerera, ndi kutumiza malamulo atsopano amene amafutukula kapena kupangana. Malamulo amaphatikizaponso kumvetsera, kufufuza, ndi kukhazikitsa kwa akulu a bungwe. Mwachitsanzo, makomiti a bungwe amafufuza [[FLT: 0] Agency protection Agency (ENTON) yoteteza anthu (EPA) kutsimikizira kuti itsatire mokhulupirika malamulo oyera. Uyang'anira umenewu umatsimikizira kuti nthambi isamapitirire ulamuliro wake kapena kunyalanyaza cholinga chake chaungwe.
Woyang’anira Wamkulu
Nthambi yaikulu imachita ntchito yokhazikitsa malamulo tsiku ndi tsiku. Mabungwe aakulu monga Dipatimenti ya Ntchito, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ndi Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (OSHA) ndi [1] ikupanga malamulo atsatanetsatane, kuyang'anira, ndi kuika zilango za osatsatira malamulo. Pulezidenti amasinthanso malamulo mwa malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, mapulani a bajeti, ndi kuikidwa kwa atsogoleri a bungwe. Mwachitsanzo, Ofesi ya Information and Regatation Affation (ORA) m'maunika malamulo ofunika kwambiri pa Nyumba ya White.
Uyang’aniro wa Oweruza
Makhoti amatumikira monga otsogolera omalizira a kachitidwe ka lamulo. Amamasulira malamulo, kupenda zigamulo za malamulo ndi kulolera, ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo saswa ufulu walamulo. Uyang'aniro wa zachiweruzo umapatsa kuyang'anira kutsutsana ndi kupanga malamulo alamulo kapena achilendo. Nkhani za pa Landmark zonga Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council [FLT: 1] adakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha kugonjera kwa lamulo la malamulo ovuta, ngakhale kuti zigamu zaposachedwapa zamilandu zazikulu zayamba kukhala zocheperapo. Popanda uyang'anira wa chiweruzo, mabungwe aungwe a gulu la oweruza atha kuchitapo popanda kuyankha kothandiza.
Mabungwe Odziimira
Mabungwe ena oyendetsa ntchito kunja kwa ulamuliro wa nthambi yaikulu kutetezera chosankha. Mabungwe onga ngati Sucturaties ndi Exchange Commission (SEC) , Federal Commission (FCCC), ndi Federal Trade Commission (FTCC) yoyang'aniridwa ndi kutsendereza kwa ndale zadziko. Mabungwe ameneŵa amalola anthu kulondola zolinga zanthaŵi yaitali za kukonzanso, monga kutetezera kapena kukhazikitsa mpikisano mu Tentacture, popanda kusokonezedwa ndi zidutswa zazifupi za ndale zadziko. Komabe, kudzidalira pa nkhani ya kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kukhoza kubwezeretsa.
Kufunika kwa Kukonzanso Chitaganya Chamakono
Lamulo logwira mtima limapereka mapindu enieni amene amachirikiza kulemera kwa chuma ndi kutetezereka kwa anthu.
Kuteteza Anthu
Malamulo amatetezera ogula ku chinyengo, zinthu zowopsa, ndi kusatsa malonda kosocheretsa. [FDA ,, mwachitsanzo, imafunikira kupima kolimba asanagulitse mankhwala atsopano. Mofananamo, Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chisungiko ya chilichonse kuyambira pa ma cribby , ndi ma electronic. Malamulo ameneŵa amachepetsa ngozi ndi kupatsa ogula chidaliro chakuti zimene amagula zikhoza kupambana ndi zinsinsi za chitetezo. Popanda kuyang'anira, kulephera kwa malonda kwa zinthu zolakwika kwambiri.
Kukhazikika kwa Amalonda ndi Mpikisano Wabwino
Kusintha kumaletsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kuletsa njira zopinga, ndi kutsimikizira kuti misika ya zachuma imagwira ntchito mowonereka. SEC imafuna makampani ogulitsa poyera kuvumbula chidziŵitso cha zachuma, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso pakati pa anthu ndi anthu onse. Kusungitsa lamulo kwa FTC ndi Department of Justice kukhoza kuvulaza mpikisano. Makampani ogwirizana amakopa malonda ndi kuyambitsa zinthu, koma amadalira pa dongosolo la kapangidwe ka kawoleezere kamene kamathandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo a masewera.
Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala
Malamulo a malo okhala amakhazikitsa malire pa kuipitsa, amafuna kupenda malo okhala, ndi kuteteza zinthu zachilengedwe. Chikalata cha EPA cha Ceat Air Act ndi Choyera Water Achepetsa kwambiri mpweya ndi madzi ku United States kuyambira m'ma 1970. Malamulo akulankhulanso za ziwopsezo zonga kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala a poizoni. Mwa kuloŵetsamo mitengo ya malo okhala, malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kuteteza zachilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse
Malamulo a chitetezo chakuntchito otsatiridwa ndi OSHA, miyezo yachitetezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ndi National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), ndi malamulo omangira otsatiridwa pa mlingo wa kumaloko zonse zimathandizira kuletsa ngozi ndi kuvulala. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ofuna malamba a m’mabande, mabafa a ndege, ndi kutetezera kwamagetsi apulumutsa anthu zikwi makumi ambiri pamsewu. Chilakolako chapoyera kaŵirikaŵiri sichimawoneka kufikira pamene chalephera, koma kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kosasintha ndi kulephera kuli maziko a chitaganya chamakono.
Mavuto Aakulu Oyang’anizana ndi Madongosolo a Chitsogozo
Ngakhale kuti malamulowa ndi ofunika kwambiri, pali mavuto ambiri amene anthu amakumana nawo.
Kulipira ndi Mtolo Wolemera
Malamulo amakhazikitsa mtengo wa mwachindunji wa mabizinesi . Wonga ngati malipiro, mapepala, ndi kufunika kwa kulemba antchito omvera , komanso mtengo wosachita kuonekeratu wonga kuchepetsa kusinthika ndi kuchepekera kwa nthaŵi . Mabizinesi aang'ono, makamaka, amayesayesa kuyendetsa bwino zinthu zovuta kwambiri zimene zimayendera makampani akuluakulu. Malinga ndi CD , kuchuluka kwa katundu kungaletse ndi kuchepetsa kukula kwa chuma. Kulinganiza mapindu a malamulo ndi ndalama zake kuli kulimba kosalekeza mpangidwe.
Kugwidwa ndi Gulu
Kulanda boma kumachitika ngati bungwe, mmalo mothandiza anthu, likulamulidwa ndi maindasitale amene amayenera kuyendetsa. Izi zingachitike mwa kukonzanso ntchito zapakhomo, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azigwirizana. Zotsatira zake n’zochepa kwambiri, kukhazikitsa malamulo abwino, ndiponso kusadalirana kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, vuto la zachuma la 2008 linasonyeza mmene kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma kuthandizira kuchepetsa kukongoletsa ngongole ndi misika. Kuletsa kuyendetsa malo okongola a nyumba kumafuna kuonekera bwino, kuyang’anira, ndi kusoŵa kwa malamulo amphamvu a PNG.
Kuvuta Kumvetsa ndi Kugaŵanika
Malo oyendera malamulo m'mayiko ambiri ndi odzaza ndi malamulo otsatizana ndipo nthaŵi zina otsutsana kuchokera ku magawo a boma, boma, ndi malo akwawo. Mabizinesi amodzi angagwirizane ndi mabungwe ambiri, limodzi ndi mafotokozedwe ake, madeti ake, ndi malongosoledwe ake. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kumawonjezera ndalama zowonongedwa ndi kuwonjezera kuthekera kwa kuswa mwangozi. Zoyesayesa za Kusintha kwa U.S. zigamu za Kusintha malamulo, koma kupita patsogolo kaŵirikaŵiri kumachedwa ndi kotsutsana ndi ndale.
Kusintha ndale ndi Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri
Kusintha kwa utsogoleri wandale kungapangitse kusintha kwakukulu m'zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kuyang'anira kumene kungachititse kuti boma lizilephera kukhazikitsa malamulo, mabungwe odetsedwa, kapena kuika atsogoleri a maindasitale aubwenzi, pamene kuyang'anira kotsatira kungasinthe njira ndi kuika malamulo atsopano. Kusakhazikika kumeneku kungayambitse kusatsimikizirika kwa mabizinesi, kumene kuyenera kumangosinthasinthasintha. Kungachepetsenso ndalama zimene anthu apeza potsatira. Umboni wosasinthasinthasinthasintha, wogwirizana ndi zikalata za bipartisan ndi zitetezero zapakati [1]
Kufufuza za Malamulo Othandiza
Kupenda mapulaneti oyendetsa bwino zinthu kumapereka maphunziro odziŵika bwino a ntchito ndi chifukwa chake.
Atsogoleri a Zakudya ndi Mankhwala (FDA)
FDA imayang'anira kutetezereka ndi kugwira ntchito kwa chakudya, mankhwala, zipangizo za mankhwala, ndi mafuta odzola. Njira yake yolimba yovomerezera mankhwala [1] Kupima kwa mankhwala kwa nthaŵi zambiri kwakhala muyezo wa golidi wa dziko lonse. Bungwelo limayang'aniranso zinthu zimene amapanga akafika pamsika pa zochitika zoopsa ndi kukumbukira. Pamene otsutsa amatsutsa njira za FDA zoyendetsera, zosankha zake zimalemekezedwa kwambiri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsatiridwa ndi mayiko ena. Luso la bungwelo la kuzoloŵera kuyambitsa mavuto, monga ngati chilolezo cha mwamsanga cha mankhwala a katemera mkati mwa kugulitsira matenda pa nyengo ya CHOVAD , chikusonyeza phindu la dongosolo la sayansi yogwirizana ndi sayansi.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
EPA imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuipitsa mpweya ndi madzi, kuyang'anira zonyansa zangozi, ndi kutetezera zachilengedwe. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwa Ceake Air Act kwachititsa kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa kutulutsidwa kwa sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ndi mtsogoleri. EPA imatsogoleranso kupenda kwaupandu kwa makemikolo pansi pa Chilamulo cha Booccial Substances Control Act. Chimodzi cha mphamvu zake zazikulu ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito njira za kupenda chuma kukhazikitsa miyezo yopindulitsa. Ntchito ya bungwelo posamalira kusintha kwa nyengo kudzera mwa malamulo a kutentha kwa mpweya wambiri yakhala nkhani yaikulu ya ndale ya ndale, koma maziko ake a sayansi ndi a zamalamulo adakali olimba.
Malo ndi Ntchito Yosinthana ndi Zachuma (SEC)
SEC imayang'anira misika ya zachuma ya United States ndi ntchito yoteteza oikizira chuma, kukonza misika yodalirika ndi yothandiza kukonza bwino zinthu, ndiponso kukonzanso ndalama. Imafuna makampani a boma kukonza malipoti a zachuma, kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugulitsa ndi kugulitsa zinthu zachinyengo, komanso kuyang'anira kugulitsana kwa makampani. Malamulo a SEC achititsa mabiliyoni ambiri a madola popereka chilango ndi kuchotsa zinthu zolakwika, kuletsa khalidwe loipa. Luso lake la kuzoloŵera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano zamakono [1] Zonga zamakono ndi malonda apamwamba a projective ` Akuyesedwa, koma mfundo zake zodalirika za kuonekera ndi kuŵerengera zinthu ndi kuŵerengera mlandu zakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri.
Kusintha kwa Mikhalidwe ndi Mtsogolo mwa Kubwezeretsa
Zinthu zingapo zikusintha mmene uyang’aniro udzagwirira ntchito m’zaka makumi zikubwerazi.
Kusintha kwa Zipangizo ndi Regtech
Maboma akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri luso la zopangapanga kuyang'anira kugonjera, kuzindikira kuswa malamulo, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu posimba. Luso la zopangapanga (Regtech) limathandizira [1] monga kusonkhanitsa makompyuta, kuphunzira maajensi a maajensi kuti aonedwe mochenjera, ndi kutseka kwa makompyuta posonyeza kujambula zinthu zakutali ndi zinthu zoyendetsedwa. Zida zimenezi zingachepetse mitengo, kuwongolera bwino, ndi kuchititsa kuti pakhale uyang'aniro weniweni. Mwachitsanzo, SEC imagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta ochititsa kukayikira zinthu zogulitsa zinthu, pamene EPA Shovels imagwiritsa ntchito zojambula zakutali kuti aonetse kutulutsa zinthu. Komabe, kudalira pa zigalamu kumawonjezeranso nkhaŵa za kunyenga, kusoŵa kwachinsinsi, ndi kufunika kwa kuweruza kwa anthu.
Miyezo ya Padziko Lonse ndi Kugwirizana
Pamene malonda ndi kuchuluka kwa mamalikulu akukhala apadziko lonse, kugawikana kwa malamulo kumadzetsa mtengo waukulu pa mabizinesi a mitundu yonse. Pali kuyesayesa kowonjezereka kwa kugwirizanitsa miyezo ku malire . m'madera onga ngati kubanki (Babylon III), chitetezo cha chidziŵitso (GDPR monga chitsanzo), ndi kusimba za malo okhala. Mabungwe apadziko lonse onga ngati bungwe la International Organization of Secituraties Commissions (IOSCO) ndi bungwe la za Ndalama zosungira zinthu zogwirizana (FSB) n’zosathandiza. Pamene kuli kwakuti kugwirizana kwenikweni sikungatheke chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zinthu za m'dziko, kuzindikirana ndi kuvomerezana kwa mapangano a malo okhala ndi kuzungulira kungachepetse kugaŵana kwa mitundu ina.
Kutenga Nawo Mbali Pagulu ndi Kuona Malo
Mabungwe oyang’anira ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zipangizo zothandizira anthu kukhazikitsa malamulo. Chenjezo lakuti masiku a kumanga makompyuta, mapulogalamu a anthu, ndi mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti alola anthu kuwapatsa mfundo. Maboma ena ayambitsa bajeti yogawa kapena makomiti oyang'anira a anthu kuti apange zosankha zapadera. Kuonekera kwakukulu monga kufalitsa madata, kuonetsetsa, ndi kukonza malamulo, ndi kuchepetsa kudalirana ndi kuchepetsa upandu wa kugwira. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo.
Kusintha ndi Kusintha
Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kwa kanthaŵi kochepa kwambiri . Makamaka m'madera monga nzeru zopeka, kukonza majini, ndi magalimoto odzilamulira okha amene angasinthe mofulumira. Kupanga malamulo, kumene kungatenge zaka zambiri, kumachedwa kwambiri. Lamulo losinthasintha limagwiritsa ntchito malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo , mapulogalamu a mchenga otetezeka (pamene mainnovatchole angayese zinthu zokhala pansi pa kuyang'anira kofewa), ndi mawu oyendera kulowa kwa dzuŵa amene amayendera nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, U.K.’S Finance Live Authobox imagwira bwino ntchito yomanga ya maluwa a zidutswa za mchenje. Kusinthasintha ndi kufunika kwa zitetezero kumakhalabe chitokoso, koma njira zoyendera zikupeza thira pakati pa anthu oyendera zinthu zoyendera zinthu zoyendera .
Kumaliza
Malamulo a boma ndi ofunika kwambiri pa mgwirizano wa anthu. Amateteza anthu, amaonetsetsa kuti anthu akusunga bwino malo awo okhala, ndiponso amalimbikitsa chitetezo cha anthu. Koma malamulo sayenera kukonzedwa mosamala, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama, ndiponso kukonzedwa kuti athane ndi mavuto atsopano. Kulimbana pakati pa kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kuteteza, pakati pa ulamuliro wandale ndi ufulu, ndiponso pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse, kupitiriza kukhazikitsa mfundo zolamulira. Kumvetsa bwino mitundu, kufunika, ndiponso malamulo ovuta n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyendetsa zinthu kapena kuyendetsa zinthu zimene zimalamulira moyo wake. Monga mmene sayansi ikuyendera ndi kuyendera zinthu zina, kulondola ulamuliro, chilungamo, ndi kuyang’anira dziko lonse lapansi kudzapitiriza ntchito yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa democracy.