Chiyambi: Mphamvu ya Ballot

Kulankhula monga malo ochititsa demokrase yoimira oimira boma, kupatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuumba boma lawo ndi kusonkhezera malamulo a anthu. Pamene anthu asankha malo ofunsira, sangosankha munthu woloŵa; iwo akutsimikizira pangano la mayanjano, kutchula zinthu zofunika, ndi atsogoleri kuŵerengera. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbiri yotchuka ya kuvota, masankho amakono, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masankho, kufunika kwakukulu kwa kutengamo mbali kwa boma, ndi mavuto osalekeza amene akuwopseza umphumphu wa kachitidwe ka kusankho. Kumvetsetsa matanthauzo ameneŵa kuli kofunika kwa nzika iriyonse imene ikufuna kuchita motsimikizirika m’dongosolo la demokrase.

Kusintha kwa Ufulu Wosankha Zochita

Lingaliro la kuvota lasintha modabwitsa kuchokera ku chiyambi chake m'madera akale a mzinda kum'madongosolo amakono. Poyamba, frankchise inali mwaŵi wosungidwa kwa anthu apamwamba, ofotokozedwa ndi kukhala ndi katundu, mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena kagulu ka anthu. Zochitika za mbiri yakale zimasonyeza ulendo wautali ndi womenyana wopita ku dziko lonse.

Maziko Akale ndi Kukula kwa Zaka za M’ma 500

Ku Athens wakale kuzungulira zaka za zana la 5 BCE, nzika zachimuna zinakhoza kuvotera mwachindunji pa malamulo ndi zosankha za akuluakulu . Komabe, akazi, akapolo, ndi anthu osakhala a m'dzikolo anachotsedwa. Pambuyo pake Roman Republic inayambitsa misonkhano yoimira, koma kachiŵirinso, kukhala ndimo ndi phande kochepa. Kusaina Magna Carta [[FL:1] mu 1215] kunaletsa mphamvu yeniyeni ya mfumu ya England ndipo inakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti mfumu inali yogonjera lamulo. Chikalata chimenechi chinayala maziko ofooka a democracy ya pambuyo pake, ngakhale kuti chivoti chinakhalabe choikidwa kwa eni dziko ndi olemekezeka.

Kuyamba kwa Boma Loimira

Bwanam'zaka 1689 a ku England anavomereza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi ufulu wina wa anthu ndi osankhidwa, koma kunalibe mpaka m’zaka za zana la 19 pamene kufalitsa kunayamba kufutukuka. ku United States, Konsichushoni poyamba inasiya ziyeneretso za wovota ku maboma, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zinaletsa kusungitsa amuna oyera. Malamulo okakamiza a dziko lonse [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [1920] [A] anapindula ndi makampani onga ngati Chartists in Britain ndi Recostationss and the Revolutionstionsss of America. [FGUPT] Kuyankha kwa zaka makumi ambiri]. [FGUPT] Kusintha malamulo kwa chikalata cha chivomezo. U.S. AFU.

Kufutukuka kwa Dziko Lonse ndi Kusintha kwa M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

M’zaka za zana la 20, mitundu kuzungulira dziko lonse inafutukula . New Zealand inakhala dziko loyamba kulola akazi kudzisankhira okha mu 1893. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, maiko atsopano odziimira kaŵirikaŵiri amalumikizana ndi onse m'malamulo awo. Lerolino, pafupifupi demokrase iriyonse imagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la “munthu mmodzi, voti,” ngakhale kuti kukwaniritsa kwake kumasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, maiko ena ali ndi chivoti chovomerezeka , pamene ena amafuna kulembetsa kodzisankhira. Nkhondo yopitirizabe ya kuvota, ndi mikangano ya malamulo a voti, fenfanchice, ndi kuimira kwa anthu a m'dera la akwane. Kusintha nthaŵi ya kutchuka kwa ofufuza, kwa nthaŵi yapadera, ya kuwona [Fluffragenickies]

Mmene Ntchito Yotulutsa Mitengo Imagwirira Ntchito

Ngakhale kuti masankho a mavoti amasiyanasiyana m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, masankho ambiri a democracy amayendera masitepe osiyanasiyana.

Kulembetsa Mwaluso

M'maiko ambiri, nzika zoyenerera ziyenera kulembetsa zisanavote. Kulembetsa kungachitike modzifunira (monga m'maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya) kapena kufunikira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokangalika (monga m'maiko ambiri a ku United States). Malo akufa, zofunikira, ndi zovomerezedwa zovomerezeka. Ku United States, National Voter Religionation Act ya 1993 [Mot Voter] inachititsa kulembetsa mosavuta anthu a m'dzikolo pamene anali kupempha laisensi ya dalaivala. Komabe, zolembetsa zikukhalabe magwero aakulu a kuchotsa, makamaka kaamba ka ndalama zolandira zotsika, okalamba, ndi anthu akumidzikumidzi.

Mkupiti ndi Chidziŵitso cha Zopangapanga

Ndemanga zosankha ndizo nyengo imene opita, mapwando, ndi magulu achifuniro amafuna kukopa ovota. Kampani zimadalira pa kusatsa malonda, makambitsirano, kujambula, ndi kutsatsa makompyuta kwapamwamba. Ofufuza ayenera kusanthula mosamalitsa mauthenga a ndawala kusiyanitsa choonadi ndi mawu olakwika. Maboma ambiri amagaŵiranso zitsogozo za ovota a boma ndi oyesera. Mabungwe ofufuza zinthu, monga FactCC. org, thandiza nzikazo kupenda zimene akunena.

Kuponya Ballot

Mavota angaponye mapepala awo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana:

  • [[FULT:0] Kuvota pa Tsiku la Chisankho pamalo opatsira.
  • [[FULT:0] Kuvota koyamba pamalo odziŵika Tsiku la Chisankho lisanafike.
  • Mail-in kapena kusakhalapo kwa voti , zimene zimalola ovota kubwezera mapepala ndi bokosi lapositi kapena loponya. Njira imeneyi yakula kwambiri, makamaka mkati mwa mliri wa COVID-19, ndipo idakali nkhani ya mkangano wosinthasinthana wa chisungiko ndi kupezeka.
  • makina ovota ongoyesera amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'malo ambiri, ngakhale kuti nkhaŵa ya kuphwanya ndi kutsata makompyuta yachititsa maiko ena kubwerera ku mapepala olembedwa.

Kuŵerenga Matambula ndi Zikalata

Pambuyo pa kuŵerengera, mavoti amasonkhanitsidwa ndi kuŵerengedwa. Malamulo a kuchuluka mosiyanasiyana: maulamuliro ena amagwiritsira ntchito makina oonera zinthu, ena kuŵerengera kwa manja. Oonerera kuchokera ku maseŵero, magulu a olonda aumwini, ndi oulutsa nkhani. Dispanciance, osimba, ndi zitokoso za lamulo zingachedwetse kulembedwa chilolezo. Ku United States, zotsatira zake zomalizira zimatsimikiziridwa ndi boma ndi makomiti osankha a kumaloko asanaikidwe m'masankhoti a pulezidenti. Kuwonekera bwino ndi kulondola kwa siteji ino nkofunika kaamba ka kukhulupirira anthu.

Mitundu ya Zosankha ndi Zifuno Zake

Sanasankhe onse omwe ali ofanana; mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatumikira ntchito zosiyanasiyana m’dongosolo la democracy. m’munsimu muli magulu ofala kwambiri.

Zosankha Zachisawawa

Chisankho cha boma chimagamula kuti ndani adzakhala ndi udindo wa boma m'dziko, m'boma, kapena m'dziko. M'dziko la United States, masankho a boma amachitika chaka chilichonse, ndi masankho a pulezidenti pa zaka zinayi zilizonse ndi masankho apakati pa maparamenti, monga United Kingdom’s, amapanga masankho a anthu onse osankha mamembala a Nyumba ya Commons, makamaka zaka zisanu zilizonse kusiyapo ngati chisankho chamwano chamwamwamwa.

Kusankha Koyamba ndi Koyamba

Imeneyi ndi mipikisano ya mkati mwa chipani kusankha wosankhidwa ndi chipani chachisankho. Oloŵa m'gulu lachipani angatsekedwe (mamembala a chipani chovomerezeka okha) kapena kutsegulidwa (wosankha aliyense angaloŵemo). Maseŵero amodzi amakambitsirana pamene ovota amakambitsirana ndi kuvota mwa kusonyeza manja kapena mwachinsinsi. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma Primeums ali ofala kwambiri, ma coucsus amatsala m'maboma angapo a U.S., monga Iowa ndi Nevada.

Zoyamba Kuchita

Mu serendemu, nzika zimavota mwachindunji pa lamulo lachindunji kapena kusintha kwa lamulo kochitidwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Kuyamba ndiko njira imene nzika zimaperekera malamulo atsopano kapena kukonzanso mwa kusainidwa, pambuyo pake muyeso umawonekera pa pepala lolembera. Switzerland motchuka imagwiritsira ntchito ma apentesum mobwerezabwereza, kulola ovota kupenda chirichonse kuchokera ku malamulo ankhondo kufikira ku kusamuka. Mu U.S., maboma ambiri ali ndi njira zochitira ndi mayeso pankhani zonga ngati kuvomereza kwa chamba, malamulo a msonkho, ndi kuchotsa mimba.

Zosankha Zapamalopo ndi Zapadera

Malo a voti a m'deralo adzaza monga mameya, mameya a bungwe la mizinda, akuluakulu a sukulu, ndi akuluakulu a boma. Nthaŵi zambiri masankho ameneŵa ali ndi osankhidwa otsika kuposa mipikisano ya dziko, komabe iwo amayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikizapo kumanga malo, maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi polisi. Masankho apadera amachitidwa kuti apereke malo opangidwira chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa, imfa, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa woyang’anira, kapena kugamula funso lopanikiza (m., chigwirizano ndi chigwirizano).

Chifukwa Chake Tiyenera Kuuza Ena Nkhani

Kutola ndalama si kulakwa chabe, koma ndi udindo wa boma umene umathandiza kwambiri anthu.

Mawu ndi Oimira

Voti iliyonse ndi chizindikiro cha zimene nzika imakonda ndi makhalidwe ake. Pamene anthu ambiri akhalabe panyumba, opanga malamulo anganyalanyaze zofuna zawo. Komabe, zisankho zapamwamba zimapereka zigamulo zambiri. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti maboma amakonda kuvomereza kwambiri zofuna za ovota amene amachita nawo ntchito zawo, nchifukwa chake kuyesayesa kukulitsa kukwera kwa kayendetseko kumavuta kuti apeze njira yochitira zinthu.

Kuŵerengera

Zisankho ndizo njira yaikulu imene nzika zimalangira kapena kubwezera anthu. Wandale amene amalephera kupereka malonjezo kapena mphamvu zoipa angavotedwe. Chiwopsezo cha kugonjetsedwa kwa voti chimapangitsa kulabadira ndi kuletsa ziphuphu. Zigamulo, kukumbukira masankho, ndi kutsimikizira za ndawala za ndalama zonse zodziwitsa.

Kugwirizana kwa Ntchito ya Ukwati ndi Kugwirizana

Kulankhula ndi mbali ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka boma komwe kumagwirizanitsa anthu ndi chitaganya chawo ndi boma. Kuthandiza anthu kukhala ndi ufulu wosankha zochita. Kuchoka m'dziko kumagwirizana ndi kudalira kwambiri mabungwe ndiponso kuchepa kwa ndale. Pamene nzika zilingalira kuti zikuchita voti, iwo amakhala othekera kwambiri kuchita mbali zina za moyo wa boma, monga ngati kudzipereka, kulowa m’maholo a tauni, kapena kuthamangira ntchito.

Mavuto a M’tsogolo

Ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wa demokalase uli wofunika kwambiri, masankho amakumana ndi zopinga zazikulu zimene zingafooketse kugawanamo ndi kukhulupirirana.

Kutsendereza ndi Kugwiritsidwa Mwala

Kutsendereza Voter kumatanthauza njira zochepetsera mphamvu ya kuvota ya magulu ena. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo misonkho ya kuvota, mayeso a kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kulemba. M'nthaŵi zamakono, malamulo a ovota otsendera, kuchotsa mipukutu yosankhira, kuchepetsa malo ofunsira, ndi masiku olembetsa a kulembedwa mosalekeza amayambukira malamulo a anthu ocheperapo, otsika, ndi okalamba ovota. Malinga ndi Brenan Center for Justice, njira zimenezi zingatsendere malamulo mamiliyoni ambiri ovota. Felfranchize kumbuyo kwa malamulo a ku America, ochepera kwambiri ndi okalamba omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe .

Zopinga Kupezeka

Zopinga zakuthupi ndi zapadera zimalepheretsa nzika zambiri zoyenerera kuvota. Anthu opunduka angapeze malo oonerapo kukhala osafikirika, pamene kuli kwakuti awo opanda zoyendera kapena maola osintha a ntchito amalimbana ndi kuvota mwa munthu. Zitsutso za zinenero ndi kusoŵa kwa zotembenuzira zimachepetsanso kutengamo mbali. kuvota koyenera kumapereka yankho, koma kukhoza kubweretsabe mavuto kwa awo amene alibe keyala yotsimikizirika kapena amene alibe chidaliro m’kachitidweko.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Molakwika Ndiponso Kusamvana

Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga ponena za ofunsira, njira zovota, ndi kudalirika kwa masankho kwafika pamlingo wowopsa. Maprogramu a makampani a za mayanjano angakulitse ponse paŵiri zolakwa zadala ndi ndawala zochotsa chidziŵitso. Olemba mabuku angasocheretsedwe ponena za malo ofufuza, masiku olembetsa, kapena zofunika. M’nkhani zambiri, zinenezo zonama za chinyengo chofalikira zingachotse chidaliro m'dongosolo losankhidwa ndi kusonkhezera machitidwe a chiwopsezo. Maboma ndi mabungwe a boma a anthu akuyesayesa kulimbana ndi mabodza opeka mlandu wa anthu onse.

Kupalasa Malo Okongola ndi Okongola

Gerrymandering ndi kuchepetsa malire a chigawo cha ojereshoni kuti athandize chipani china kapena gulu. Mwa “kupasula” kapena“ kusanthula". Osankha m'madera ena, andale zadziko angasankhiretu zotsatira za masankho. Kachitidweka kaluluza lamulo la kuimira anthu mwachilungamo ndi kuchepetsa mpikisano wosankhira. Conference ya National of Legislatures [1] imapereka chuma pa kusinthasintha zinthu, kuphatikizapo mabungwe odziimira ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko ena kuchepetsa tsankho.

Kuopa Kutetezeka

Masankho amakono amadalira kwambiri pa zipangizo zamakono, zomwe zimawachititsa kusokonezeka ndi makompyuta. Kusokoneza malo ovomerezeka ovota, ndi kuukira makina ovota ndizo ngozi zenizeni. Ngakhale kuti masankho ambiri ku United States amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala oonera, mayiko ambiri amagwiritsabe ntchito makina ovotera popanda pepala. Kulimbikitsa kbersecureculation, kuyang’anira ndandanda ya ofufuza zinthu, ndi kuyang’anira anthu ndi kothandiza kwambiri kuteteza umphumphu wa opanga mapepala.

Njira Zoyendetsera Zinthu Zamakono ndi Mmene Zimakhudzira

Kumvetsetsa dongosolo losankha losiyanasiyana la osankha kumathandiza nzika kumasulira zotsatira za masankho ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kwa zinthu.

Choyamba ndi Past-the Post (Palatural Voting)

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku United States, United Kingdom, ndi Canada, dongosololi limapatsa wobatizidwa mpando wokhala ndi mavoti ambiri m’chigawo chilichonse, ngakhale ngati salandira ochuluka. Nkwapafupi koma kungatsogolere ku kugawa, “kuvota,” ndi kusoŵa kuimira. Anthu aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana kuti apatsidwe malo okhala, ndipo dongosolo limapanga mbali ziŵiri.

Kuimira Kwake

M’madongosolo olingana, maphwando amapeza mipando mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene amalandira m’dziko lonse kapena m'madera ambiri. Mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya (m’njira yachingamize, Germany, Sweden) amagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chimenechi, chimene chimapanga nyumba zomanga nyumba za malamulo zambiri ndi maboma a mgwirizano. Magulu a otsalira mavoti angapeze malo osavuta, koma dongosolo la nthaŵi zambiri limatsimikizira kuti mawu ochepa aimiridwa.

Ranked Voting (Instant Runoff)

Kuvota kochitidwa ndi anthu osankhidwa kumalola ovota kusankha osankhidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna. Ngati wobatizidwa safika kwa anthu ambiri, wobatizidwa womalizira amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa pa chosankha chotsatira. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira wopambana atuluka. Kulandiridwa m’mizinda monga San Francisco ndi Minneapolis, ndi kufalikira mu Maine ndi Alaska, kusanthula kwa mpikisano wa makampani kumaletsa kutsutsa, kumachepetsa “chiyambukiro cha chiwongola," ndipo kumatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo cha ambiri.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo zamakono

Luso la zopangapanga lasintha pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya masankho, kuchokera ku kulembetsa kwa wovota kupangitsa kuulutsidwa.

Kutulutsa Makompyuta ndi Intaneti

Maiko ena, monga Estonia, apanga mavoti pa Intaneti, kulola nzika kuponya mapepala kuchokera ku foni iliyonse yolumikizidwa pa intaneti. Ngakhale kuti kuvota kwa pa intaneti kumayambitsa nkhaŵa zazikulu za chitetezo, kuphatikizapo kuopsa kwa kupha kwa zidutswa zazikulu ndi kulephera kutsimikizira munthu wachinsinsi. Democracy yambiri yakhala yochenjera kuti ivote pa Intaneti pachifukwa chimenechi. Kusankha kogwirizana ndi kugamula kwakhala kotetezeka, koma kumakhalabe kovuta ndi kuyesa kuyang'anizana ndi kubisa.

Mabuku Olemba Mabuku Apadera

Mu 2016, akatswiri a ku Russia anapeza mapepala olembera mavoti m’mayiko angapo a ku United States. Makampani ofufuza chitetezo cha nthaŵi zonse, makampani oteteza anthu ogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta, ndiponso makompyuta odalirika oyendera njira zopimira ku Intaneti, ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri kuti ateteze makompyutawa.

Zoti Adziwe ndi Tizilombo Tochepa

Kampeni zimagwiritsira ntchito zofalitsa kudziŵikitsa ochirikiza ndi mauthenga ogwirizana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingawongolere chipambano cha mlingo wotsimikizirika, zimadzutsanso nkhaŵa zachinsinsi ndipo zingapangitsidwe kufalitsa zogaŵanitsa kapena kusokeretsa. Cambridge Analytica inagogomezera mmene chidziŵitso chopezedwa mopambanitsa chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusanthula khalidwe la osankha. Kusintha kusatsatsa kwa makompyuta kwa ndale zadziko kudakali malo opikisana.

Kumaliza: Tsogolo la Kusankha Chidemokrase

Kusinthasintha kwa chikhalidwe, luso la zopangapanga, ndi masankho ndi mabungwe amphamvu amene ayenera kusintha. Malamulo a maziko a moyo . Malamulo aunyinji a nzika iliyonse ayenera kukhala ndi mpata woikiratu chisankho ndi kuti mavotiwo ayenera kuŵerengedwa molondola. Nzika zikhoza kuthandizira kulimbikitsa demokalase mwa kukhala odziŵa, kulembetsa, kutenga nawo mbali m'masankho alionse, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumachotsa zopinga ndi kuteteza umphumphu. M’dziko limene anthu ambiri akumenyerabe ufulu wakuvota, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu ndi ntchito bwino. Ubwino wa demokrase umadalira pa ntchito yogwira ntchito, yodziŵa, ndi kukhala ndi phande kwa anthu ake mopanda mantha.