Kodi Kupotoza Anthu N’kutani?

Kufufuza kochititsa chidwi kuli njira yachinyengo imene imawoneka ngati kufufuza koyenera. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kowona kumene kumafuna kupima malingaliro a anthu, kukakamiza kupenda kumalinganizidwa mwa kufalitsa chidziŵitso choipa kapena chosokera. Kaŵirikaŵiri kuchitidwa ndi foni kapena kufufuza kwa masamu, kufunsira kokakamiza kudzafunsa mpambo wa mafunso odzala ndi kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa kuunika, monga "Kusankhako kapena kuthekera kochepa kwa kuvotera kwa AX ngati mukudziŵa kuti adapezeka ndi mlandu wa chinyengo? Ngakhale ngati kulibe chikhulupiriro chotero. Cholinga sichili kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso koma kutulutsa malingaliro a wofufuza. Mawu akuti "kufufuza kowopsa" adapezedwa m'mapanga mapangano m'zochitika m'ma 1990, koma machitidwe aakuluwo "kufufuza" ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kugaluza kwa andale. Iwo satero chifukwa cha kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa njira za kutsutsana kwa kutsutsana kwa kutsutsana kwa njira zaunika. Komabe, ngakhale kuti kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa njira za kuyesayesa kwachiwnerner.

Malo Odziŵira Zinthu Apadera a Kumidzi ndi Malo Opangira Malo

Kuti timvetse mmene kafukufuku wokhudza anthu osiyanasiyana amakhudzira anthu osiyanasiyana, n’kofunika kwambiri kufufuza malo osiyanasiyana oonera zinthu ndiponso malo ochezera a anthu amene anthu amasankha kuti azichita zimenezi.

Malo a Kumidzi: Kuchepetsa Mitundu ya Ofalitsa ndi Maunyo Wamphamvu

Madera ambiri akumidzi sakhala ndi malo oulutsira nkhani ambiri ndiponso sapeza njira zambiri. Malo ambiri akumidzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyuzipepala imodzi, mawailesi angapo, ndipo mwina imodzi kapena awiri oulutsa wailesi. Kupezeka kwa kampani ya wailesi yakanema sikusintha m'madera ambiri akumidzi, zimene zimachepetsa kupezeka kwa nkhani za m'mayiko ndi mayiko ena, kuyang'ana malo a pawebusaiti, ndiponso malingaliro ena. Kusoŵa chidziŵitso kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti anthu akumidzi amadalira kwambiri pa makompyuta awo, mabanja awo, atchalitchi, ndi mabungwe a anthu a m'dera lawo. Kudalirana kumaikidwa m'malemba mawu odziwika bwino. Pamene kufufuza zinthu kumafika pa telefoni kapena pa uthenga, kungaoneke ngati kusanthula koyenera chifukwa chakuti kulibe nkhani zambiri. Anthu akumidzi akumidzi akumidzi saphatikizanso anthu a m’mayiko ena, amaphatikizapo kuphatikizanso magulu alimi, ndi magulu a alimi, ambiri ogwira ntchito, ndipo ambiri, makamaka anthu ozindikira kuti akuona kuti apezere kuti apezere.

Malo Osungira Zinthu A ku Urban: Chidziŵitso Chochuluka Koma Chogaŵikana

Ovota a Urban, mosiyana, amasambira m'nkhani zambiri. Manyuzipepala ambiri, mawailesi ndi wailesi, kuchuluka kwa mawailesi, kufalitsa nkhani zambiri, ndi kufalikira kwa makompyuta a mu Urban. Nzika za m'tauni zimayang'anizana ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana andale, mabungwe a kuyang'anira, ndi mauthenga a olemba nkhani. Komabe, anthu a m'tauni amagaŵana mosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Anthu a m'maderawa ali ndi chuma, chuma, ndi kuchuluka kwa makampani a maofesi, kaŵirikaŵiri amawononga kwambiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Akatswiri a m’mizinda angapeze nkhani kuchokera ku malo a dziko monga New York Times kapena NPR, ngakhale kuti anthu otsika kwambiri amene amapindula ndi zinthu za m'dzikolowera, ngakhale kuti pali kusoŵa kwa anthu ena. Kugaŵana kwa makampani a zandale kungachititse kufalitsa zinthu zachitukukira kwa anthu, kungayambitsenso nkhani za m'magawo a madera ena a m'madera akutalikira, kapena kuchititsa kufalikira kwa makampani a madera ena, ngakhalenso kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri, ngakhalenso, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zinenero za zinenero za m’

Mmene Kupotoza Kumawonongera Njira Zosungira Ana

Kumvetsa njira zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake anthu osankha kumidzi ndi m’matauni achita zinthu mosiyana ndi mmene amachitira.

Kutsimikizira Ziŵalo ndi Kudzigawa Koipa

Kutsimikizira ndiko chikhoterero cha kufunafuna, kumasulira, ndi kukumbukira chidziŵitso chimene chimatsimikizira zikhulupiriro zomwe zilipo. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumagwiritsira ntchito mawu otsutsa ponena za wopikisanayo mwanjira imene imamveka ndi malingaliro a wovota. Mwachitsanzo, wovota wa kumudzi wosunga kumudzi angalandire kufunsira kokakamiza kuti munthu wokonda demokrase achilikize malamulo amene amawononga malo a alimi. Ngakhale ngati si oona. Kusakhulupirira kwa munthu wina kumawapangitsa kuvomereza kuipidwa kwake. Urban Rehotation kutsimikiziranso kutsutsa, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amaonekera kuwonjezera kutsutsana ndi manyuko osiyanasiyana, amene angafooketse chiyambukiro. Kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa gulu lotsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo la ku America tsopano kumawachititsa kuyendetsa. Kuwomba kwa ofufuza zinthu popanda chidziŵitso cholakwika. [4]

Chiyambukiro ndi Magwero a Chigonerowo Akuiŵala

Another psychological weapon used by push polls is the "sleeper effect." Over time, people tend to forget the source of information while retaining the information itself. A voter who hears a false accusation during a push poll may later forget the dubious source but remember the accusation as a fact. This is particularly dangerous in rural areas where there are fewer competing sources to counter the claim. In urban environments, the higher density of information sources and faster news cycle can sometimes "overwrite" the false memory, but if the push poll is targeted to a community with its own closed information loop (e.g., a specific ethnic social media group), the sleeper effect can still take hold. The sleeper effect is more pronounced when the message is repeated, and push poll scripts are often designed to repeat the accusatory question multiple times in slightly different forms.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zinasintha

Ngakhale kuti kufufuza kochuluka kwa dziko lonse kosonkhezera kupenda malo ndi malo ofufuza n’kosoŵa, maprojekiti angapo ofufuza ndi zochitika za m’mbiri kumapereka chidziŵitso.

Kufufuza Kumasonyeza Kuti Anthu Akumidzi Sakudziŵika

Kufufuza kwa 2016 kofalitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0] Kulankhulana kwa Chigawo cha Chigawo [[FLT: 1] kunafufuza chipambano cha ndawala yosagwirizana ndi malo osiyanasiyana oulutsira nkhani. Kunapeza kuti ofufuza m'malo otsika a manyuzi, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana ndi madera akumidzi. Anali osonkhezeredwa ndi kutsatsa malonda ofufuza ndi kukakamiza kujambula malo otchuka. Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti m’madera okhala ndi ofalitsa nkhani zochepera, kupeka mawu olakwika kuli ndi mphamvu yolimba, kutanthauza kuti kupangitsa mikhalidwe ina kapena kuchuluka kwa maganizo a kampani. Kufufuza kwinanso ndi [FLT:] Ofufuza zinthu za ku madera akumidziwirira kuti anthu akumidzi ali ndi kusakhulupirira kochepa kwa dziko ndi kusoŵa chidziŵitso chakumene kungapeze, zimene zingachitike mofulumira ndi kuchititsa kutsimikizira kwa kuwonjezera kuyang'anira kwa nyuzipepala.

Kulimbana ndi Matauni ndi Zotsutsa

Kukana kwa ovota a Urban kukakamiza kufufuza sikumatsimikiziridwa nthaŵi zonse. Kuyesa 2020 kochitidwa ndi Yunivesite ya Southern California yoyesedwa kumasonkhezera mafunso ofufuza monga ngati a m'tauni ndi m'midzi ovota ku Los Angeles County . Zotulukapo zinasonyeza kuti pamene ovota a m’mizinda sanali othekera kusintha cholinga chawo chonse, magulu ena ang'onoang'onong'onong'ono . Kudera la tauni ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana, chiyambukiro chake chinali chochepa monga cha kumidzi. Koma m'zachuma "aching'onong'ono a kudera lakwawo . Kumadera osiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa manyuzipepala, kukhudzidwa ndi zotsatirapotope za m'mabwinja kwa . Koma m'zachuma "achikunong'ka ndi kulengeza nkhani za m'mabwinja kuwonjezera kufalikira kwa madera akumidzi.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Mantha ndi Zotulukapo Zake

Zitsanzo za m’mbiri zimasonyeza mphamvu ya kufufuza kokakamiza ndi mmene zasinthira zotulukapo za masankho m’madera akumidzi ndi m’mizinda.

Nyumba ya Ufumu ya 2000 South Carolina Primary

Chimodzi cha zochitika zosonkhezera kwambiri zosonkhezera kuchitika m'chaka cha 2000 South Carolina ndi chaka pakati pa George W. Bush ndi John McKain. McKain, amene anapambana New Hampshire poyamba, anali kutchuka. Poyankha, ofufuza osadziŵika anasonkhezera kuzungulira bomalo. Zochuluka zimene ndizo kumidzi / kuti McCain adabala mwana wamkazi wa Black Black (McKain anatengedwa ku Bangladesh). Kufufuza kokakamiza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito zinenero ngati, "Mukanakhala kapena osathekera kuvotera John McCain ngati mukudziŵa kuti ali ndi mwana wakuda kunja kwa ukwati? Chinenezo chachinyengo chofalikira m’makwawa ndi kuyang'anira kwa wailesi, ndi kuchirikiza kwa McCain, makamaka pakati pa oyera. Kunoburdan adalandira chivomezo chachi chachi chachi chachi, ndi kuwonana kwa chivomezo chachi kwachi kwachi kwachikulu kwambiri monga chowonetsera nkhani cha kuyang’manze chaku

Chisankho cha Pulezidenti mu 2016

Pa chisankho cha 2016, kukakamiza kufufuza kusanduka kukhala maluso apamwamba kwambiri. Njira yotchedwa "kufufuza anthu abodza" yogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchititsa anthu kufunsa mafunso otsogolera ofunsira. Kufufuza kwa makompyuta kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kunachitidwa kumadera akumidzi monga Wisconsin, Michigan, ndi Pennsylvania. Zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito zidandaulo za kumidzi ponena za malonda, kusamuka, ndi kutsika kwa chuma. Zotsatira zake zinali kulimbikitsa kutsendereza kwa sitima zowononga zinthu zimene zinathandiza kugwedeza mipansi. M’madera a m’mizinda, zinthu zina zofanana ndi kuyang'anira nyumba zokongola kapena kusintha kwa apolisi, koma zotsatira zake zinasokonezedwa ndi mpikisano wa oulutsa nkhani za wailesi. Komabe, m'madera a Democracractic , otsika, kufufuzakosokosoko kungachititse kudandaula ndi kutsutsa njira ya kuyang'awo

Mpikisano wa Malo ndi Chiyambukiro Chachikale

Kufufuza kopotoletsa kuli kofala kwambiri m'mafuko a m'mizinda, m'mabungwe a sukulu, ndi m'mabungwe a zautolankhani, kumene kulibe ofalitsa ambiri. M'madera akumidzi, ndawala imodzi yofufuza ikhoza kupambana bwino chidziŵitso kwa milungu. M’mizinda yokhala ndi machenjezo ambiri oulutsira nkhani, chiyambukiro chimatsutsidwa ndi kufufuza kwa nkhani kwa kumaloko. Komabe, m’mizinda, zipululu za nyuzipepala za , malo kumene manyuzipepala anatseka kapena kudula mayeso ofufuza za kumbuyo kwapezedwa kuti kusonkhezera masankhoti a sukulu. Kufufuza kwa 2018 kochitidwa ndi Columbian Journalism Bullem kwalembedwa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito motani ku liŵiro lakwanu lakumaloko m'mudzi kumene nyuzipepala inapeputsa antchito, kusiya Ovito ndi mayeso ake ofufuza ofufuza nkhani za .

Kusamalira Kwalamulo ndi Kwalamulo

Malamulo a kukakamiza anthu kuti afufuze zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kusatsatira malamulo okhazikika n’kumene kumachititsa kuti anthu azichita zinthu motsatira demokalase.

Malamulo Amakono

Mu United States, kukakamiza kuchitidwa kwa mafufuzidwe kumatetezeredwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga nkhani zandale pansi pa First Amendment, koma maiko ena ali ndi ziyeneretso zoulula. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la California limafuna kuti kufufuza kulikonse kochitidwa ndi telefoni kudziŵitse gulu la opasadansi yopereka telefoni. Texas imaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito mawu onama pokakamiza. Komabe, kukakamiza kuli kofooka, ndipo kukakamiza kupenda kochitidwa kumagwiritsira ntchito mabungwe a makhokhonya kapena matelecracys kuthaŵa kusanthula. Federal Commissions (FCC) ili ndi malamulo oletsa mafoni a galimoto asanawapereke, koma ambiri amakakamiza kufunsira kopeto kochitidwa mwachiphamaso kapena mwa uthenga, kugwera m'chipale. [FLD0:] Dractacy ya boma la boma lamphamvu kwambiri la boma la boma la [FFF1]

Kufuna Kusintha Zinthu

Magulu a anthu ofufuza, kuphatikizapo Common Cause ndi League of Women Voters, asonkhezera masinthidwe a boma amene angapangitse kufufuza kosakhala kwa lamulo ngati kuli ndi ndemanga zotsimikizirika. Ena alingalira kufuna "choonadi m'kufufuza" dilaimer . Vuto nlakuti kusonkhezera zolembedwa zofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsira ntchito mafunso odzutsa maganizo mmalo mwa mabodza enieni, kuwapangitsa kukhala ovuta kuweruza. Ku Canada, Econs Act imaletsa munthu aliyense kupanga ndemanga yonama ponena za wosankhidwayo panthaŵi ya chisankho, ndipo imakakamiza kufunsirako mokhutiritsa. U. U. S. angayang'ananso kujambula kwapadera kwa olemba nkhani zimene zimasonkhezera machenjera ofufuza m'madera akumidzi. Makamaka [1] Thandizo ndi kuvomereza kuwonjezereka kwa kuyang'nkhani ya kumalo akwawo. Kuyang'ana kwa chivomeretso cha chivoti cha malo, monga ngati kuyankha kwa chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chiwncho.

Njira Zothandiza Kufalitsa Mavuto a Ntchito Yopotoza Anthu

Kulankhula ndi chiwopsezo cha kufufuza kokakamiza kumafunikira njira yatsatanetsatane yosiyanasiyana imene imachititsa matauni ndi matauni osankhidwa mosiyanasiyana.

Maphunziro Ofalitsa Nkhani Zolemba ndi Kuŵerenga

Makampani a maphunziro ayenera kuyendera limodzi ndi masamu amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito. M’madera akumidzi, zoyesayesa za ofalitsa nkhani zofalitsa zikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika za anthu, nkhani za tchalitchi, ndi mapulogalamu a wailesi. Cholinga n’chophunzitsa ovota kuona zizindikiro za kufunsira: kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chodzaza, kusoŵa kwa wofunsa mafunso amene sakugwirizana ndi zinthu zina, ndiponso kukana kupereka wothandizira kufufuza. M’madera a m’tauni, kugwirizana ndi sukulu ndi malaibulale a wailesi kungathandize, koma mapulogalamu a wailesi a wailesi ya foni ayeneranso kufotokoza zinthu zazing’ono zokopa zopimira kugwiritsa ntchito popanga manyuzipepala.

Kulabadira Kowona ndi Kofulumira

Mfundo zofufuza mabungwe monga Politifact ndi FactCcock.org zili ndi njira zopitirizira kufunsira mayeso, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa malangizo ochokera kwa ovota. Kupanga nambala yosavuta kuikumbukira kapena nambala ya kulemberana machenjezo okayikira kungafulumize kuyankha nthaŵi. Makampani a mizinda, makamaka m’madera akumidzi, angaphunzitsidwe kufufuza kukakamiza makampani ofufuza ndi kufalitsa zowongolera. Kufufuza kwa pa University of Michigan kunasonyeza kuti kuyankha kofulumira m’ma 24 koloko pambuyo pa kukakamiza mkupiti wa kufunsirako kuchepetsa mphamvu yake ndi 40%. Kutumiza manyuzipepala ambiri oulutsa mawu, ogwirizana ndi madongosolo a zigamulo kungathandizira kuti makampani ofufuzawonjeze mwamsanga afikire ku magulu a anthu otsa malonda a m'magulu ang'onoang'onoang'ono.

Kulimbikitsa Miyezo Yoipitsa

Ofufuza a m'malamulo ali ndi chifuno cha kudzisiyanitsa iwo eni ndi mayeso okakamiza. Mabungwe a maindasitale onga AAPOR ndi National Council on Public Polls (NNCP) angachirikize "kugonjera" kumene mafufuzidwe ovomerezeka akasonyeza. Maboma angapereke chigwirizano mwa kufuna kuti kufufuza kulikonse kwa ndale zadziko konena kuti ndiko kuyenera kulembedwa ndi bungwe la chisankho. Pamene wovotayo alandira telefoni yopanda ziyeneretso zoterozo, ayenera kuimbidwa mwamsanga. Ndiponso, onyamula mafoni ndi mapulatifomu a foni ndi mapepala a foni a mapepala a mapepala a foni angathandize kuchotsa manambala ofufuza odziŵika kuti mafoni apeseŵeredwe. TeographS; chitsenderoloji chiyeneretso chandale cha boma chikufunika kuti aigwiritse ntchito.

Kumaliza: Kuteteza Kupanga Chosankha Chopangidwa ndi Chipangizo Chochititsa Chidwi

Kufufuza kopotola kukukhalabe kowononga m'masankho a ku America chifukwa chakuti amagwiritsira ntchito ponse paŵiri mphamvu za makampani oulutsira nkhani ndi kukondera kwa maganizo a ovota. Umboni umasonyeza kuti osankha a kumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri ali okhoza kuchepetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa chidziŵitso ndi kudalira kwambiri pa njira zodalirika. Komabe, ofufuza a m’mizinda satetezeka, makamaka pamene opatula madera akutali kapena zipululu za m'manyuzipepala. Ulusi wofala ndiwo kusoŵa chidziŵitso kapena kusoŵa kwa chidziŵitso kapena kusoŵa kwa makampani a homogeney . Pamene kusoŵa kwa njira zopezera chidziŵitso ndi kutsutsana ndi kuchititsa kukayikira, kuchititsa kusokoneza malingalirowomba maganizo. Kuteteza umphumphu za ntchito za demokrase kumafunikira kuyesayesa kwa kutseka chidziŵitso chimenechi, kaya mwa kusinthasintha zinthu, kukonzanso, kuwerenga, kapena kupenda zinthu kwa zamakono. Kuyang'ana ndi kutsimikizira kuti kukhoza kukhazikitsa mphamvu, kutsimikizira kuti iwo akukhala bwino pazo, osapanga zosankha za choonadi, zomwe sizili.