Kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kudakali chimodzi cha mavuto okhalitsa ndi odula kwambiri amene amayang'anizana ndi mizinda ya United Kingdom. Kuyambira pa njira zokhala ndi mipata yochuluka ya London mpaka ku malo osokoneza othamanga kwambiri ku Manchester ndi Birmingham, malo otsekera magetsi, osati kungowononga nthaŵi komanso kuipitsa mpweya, kuwonjezera kutulutsa carbon, ndi kuchititsa mabiliyoni a makilogalamu a ndalama kuwonongeka chaka chilichonse. Mayoral ayamba kukhala njira yothandiza kwambiri kuthetsa vutoli, kupatsa atsogoleri a kumalowo mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito molimbika, kuika njira zothandizira anthu kubwerera m’mizinda. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene anthu akuyendera kuchepetsa kukwera kwa magalimoto, kufufuza malamulo, kukonza malamulo, zotsatirapo, ndi zopinga zimene amatsatira.

Kuchuluka kwa Magalimoto m’Mizinda ya UK

Kuchuluka kwa magalimoto si vuto latsopano, koma kuchuluka kwake kwakula chifukwa cha kukula kwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa galimoto, ndi kuchuluka kwa matauni. Malinga ndi 2023 INRIX Global Traffic Scecard , London inaikidwa monga mzinda wachiŵiri wodzaza ndi magalimoto ku Ulaya, ndi madalaivala atataya avaredi a 156 pachaka m’galimoto. Birmingham, Manchester, Edinburgh, ndi Leedes zimaperekanso mbali yaikulu. Mtengo wa za chuma ndi Undulo za UNICEFS ndi Unist Surces Research ikuyerekezera kuti kuchedwa kwa kukwera kwa chuma ku UK kukwera £ 7. 9 biliyoni chaka chilichonse kutayikiridwa ndi kukwera kwa mafuta, kukwera kwa mafuta, ndi kukwera kwa galimoto, ndi kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa galimoto.

Kuposa pa zachuma, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kumayambukira mwachindunji thanzi la anthu. Magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto amatulutsa mpweya wa nitrogen dioxide ndi zinthu zina, zimene zimathandizira ku matenda a m’mafuno ndi imfa zapasadakhale. 2022 ndi Royal College of Dokotala yogwirizanitsa kuipitsa mpweya ndi imfa zoposa 36,000 pachaka mu UK. Reducting, chifukwa chake, si nkhani ya kufera kwabwino chabe [1] ilo ndilo lamulo laumoyo la anthu onse limene limafuna njira yothandiza kukonza zinthu.

Mphamvu za Mayoral ndi Majer Levers

Kusintha kwa maulamuliro a zoyendera ku England kwakhala mbali yotchuka ya ulamuliro wa tauni zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo. Mamejala a maulamuliro ogwirizana onga Greater Manchester, West Midlands, ndi Liverpool City Region tsopano amayang'anira ndalama za zoyendera zazikulu, kulinganiza kwa maluso, ndi kukhoza kuyambitsa milandu yatsopano kapena zisonkhezero. Meya wa London ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira za ku Strass tour ku London (TFL) ndi mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera misewu. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amalola maluso a kukonza zinthu zapangika a mzinda wonse amene amagwirizanitsa kukwera kwa ziganizo ndi zolinga za udzu wonga wathzezeze ndi kutulutsa kwaumoyo wopita patsogolo.

Zida za malamulo zimene zilipo ndi monga kuchulukana kwa magalimoto, kutsika kwa malo oyendera, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito njinga ndiponso njira zoyendera, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaluso zoyendetsera magalimoto. Palibe lamulo limodzi lomwe limagwira ntchito paokha; mameya achipambano amagwirizanitsa njira zambiri zoyendera m’gulu logwirizana.

Kulamula

Malamulo ambiri osonyeza kuchuluka kwa anthu m'masabata mu UK ndi otchuka ku London, omwe anayambitsidwa ndi Mayor Ken Livingstone mu 2003. Machenjera a kuyendetsa galimoto amalamula kuti $15 pa tsiku (pafupifupi 2024) alowe m'dera loikidwa pakati pa mzinda wa London pakati pa 07:00 ndi 18:00 masiku a pakati pa mlungu. Zotsatira zoyambirira zinali zoopsa: Kuloŵa m'deralo kunagwa ndi 30%, maulendo ochepetsedwa ndi 30%, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito basi kunawonjezeka kwambiri. M'zaka zambiri, mlanduwu wakhala wowongolera magalimoto amagetsi, kuchepetsa anthu okhala m’dziko, ndi ndalama zowonjezereka za magalimoto oipitsa kwambiri. Kupambana kwa mizinda ina youziridwa kulingalira zithunzi zofanana, ngakhale kuti palibe imene inafikapo.

Komabe, lamulo lakhala likutsutsidwanso. Ena amatsutsa kuti mlanduwo umayambukira mokulira madalaivala a malipiro otsika olandira ndalama kapena olephera kupeza njira zina zoyendera za anthu. Ena amatchula za “ziyambukiro zachisawawa,” kumene magalimoto amapatuka ku chigawo choombera, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa njira ya mchenga. Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto ameneŵa, kuyendetsa kwa London Kongestion Gluep kudakali chitsanzo cha mmene kutsekereza kukhoza kuchepetsa maulendo a galimoto ndi kusungitsa zoyendera za anthu. Makampani a magetsi amapangidwa ($350 miliyoni mu 20222 / 23) kukwera ndi kulowa mwachindunji mchitidwe wa TL.

Kupereka Ndalama Zoyendera Anthu Onse

Kufutukuka ndi kuchuluka kwa zoyendera za anthu ndiko maziko a njira za kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Dokotala la Greater Metrolink ndi chipambano . Chiyambire kukwera kwake mu 1992 ndi kufutukuka kwa Mayor Andry Burnham , u urusobe tsopano chikukuta makilomita oposa 40 miliyoni ndi kunyamula anthu pachaka. Dongosolo la trem trem lakhala loyamikiridwa ndi kuchepetsa kudalira galimoto m’makoriji ake ndi kuchirikiza kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe. Mofananamo, West Midwand Methop Mero, yochirikizidwa ndi Mayor Andry Street, yawonjezera mizere yatsopano yolumikiza Birming to Wolhamham ndi madera ozungulira, kupereka njira ina yodalirika yoyendera misewu.

Mayter asonkhezeranso kuwongolera mabasi . Ndi mtundu wa zoyendera za anthu onse wofala. Mu May 2024, Mayor Burnham anayambitsa mabasi oyamba opangidwa kunja kwa London pansi pa Bee Network, kubweretsa mabasi a Greater Manchester pansi pa ulamuliro wa anthu kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka makumi ambiri. Cholinga ndicho kuyendetsa basi, thilamu, ndi mautumiki a sitima ku njira imodzi, yopanda msoko. Intective potike ndi njira zoperekera ndalama zoyendera, tsopano mu London ndi kumira m'mizinda ina, kupanga ulendo woyenerera ndi wokongola.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za anthu onse kuli ndi mavuto aakulu. Kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito za njanji zikuluzikulu, monga chigawo chakummaŵa kwa HS2, kwasiya mizinda ya kumpoto popanda kukwera kumene angafunikire. Oyendetsa sitima zamphamvu atembenukira kwambiri ku njira zina zothandizira ndalama. Kuphatikiza pa kukwera kwa katundu wokapereka katundu kuntchito ndi misonkho yokopa alendo, koma zimenezi zawonjezera mavuto awo a ndale.

Kulimbikitsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Khofi ndi Kuyenda Pansi

Ulendo wochuluka ndi imodzi ya njira zowonongera ndalama kwambiri zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya, ndi kuwonjezera thanzi la anthu. Mliri wa Covid . Mliri wa OOVID unachititsa mofulumira njira zoyendera zosakhalitsa pansi pa boma la Emergency Octive Travel Fund . Zina mwa njira zimenezi zakhala zokhala ndi moyo kwa . Zoyendera za London, pansi pa Mayor Sadiq Khan, zayang'anira kupangidwa kwa makompyuta 220-mamily, kuphatikizapo Strighway Syughways ndi njira zatsopano za “Quietway . Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu mu njinga: TfL data ikusonyeza kuti maulendo a njinga aŵikiza kawiriwiri kuposa 2016.

Birmingham watsatira pulogalamu imeneyi, kugwiritsa ntchito $26 miliyoni m'mafakitale monga mbali ya Birmingham Evention . Mzindawu tsopano uli ndi njira zoyendera njinga zoposa makilomita 100, kuphatikizapo njira zogawa padera pamisewu yaikulu monga A38. Makonzedwe a Pedetriation, monga kusintha kwa Paradaiso wa Birmingham ndi kulengedwa kwa malo ozungulira a anthu, zapangitsa mizinda kukhala malo oyenda bwino ndi osangalatsa. Mofananamo, “City Centre Translation” ya Edinburg iri ndi mapu a misewu yopasuka, ndi kuyambitsa liwiro la 20 la mph kuti lilimbikitse kuyenda ndi kuyenda.

Ngakhale kuti anthu akuyesetsa kuchita zimenezi, anthu sasamala poyendetsa galimoto, sagwirizana ndi galimoto, ndiponso sagwirizana ndi magalimoto.

Kufutukula Malo Otsika

Limodzi ndi kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu, Low Eugsion Zoons (LEZs) ndi Ultra Low Eugserct Zoons (ULEZ) amalimbana ndi galimoto zoipitsa kwambiri. ULEZ, yomwe inayambitsidwa mu 2019 ndi kufutukuka kwa mzinda mu August 2023, ikufuna kuti pakhale magalimoto akale ndi diesel kuti apereke ndalama za tsiku ndi tsiku za $12.50. Malamulowa akhala ogwira ntchito kwambiri pochepetsa kuipitsa mpweya: TFL akusimba kuti mafuta a nitrobiodie atsika ndi 46% m'chigawo chapakati ndi 21% m'malo owonjezereka. ULZ ikuwonjezeranso ndalama zoyendera zoyendera tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku poletsa magalimoto oopsa kwambiri kuti aloŵe m'malo apamwamba.

Mizinda ina ikutsatira mtsogoleri wa London. Birmingham inayambitsa malo ake Oyera a Air mu June 2021, kukakamiza magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto £8 tsiku lililonse kuloŵa m'chigawo cha mzinda. Chigwirizano cha ku Birmingham City Council chikusonyeza kuti ziŵerengero za kugonjera zapitirira 90%, ndipo milingo ya nitrogen dioxide yatsika pa malamulo. Bradford, Portsmouth, ndi Glasgow yayambanso kugwiritsa ntchito LEZs , pamene kuli kwakuti Bristol’s Ehlee Airpon Money, imene imaphatikizapo magalimoto ogulitsa ndi magalimoto akale, inayamba chakumapeto kwa 2022.

Komabe, malo amenewa ayambitsa mkangano waukulu. Otsutsa amanena kuti iwo amaika vuto la ndalama pa magalimoto otsika amene sangakwanitse kukonza galimoto zawo. Poyankha, malo ena ayamba ntchito yokonza mapulani a magetsi . Meya wa London anagawira ndalama zokwana $100,000 miliyoni kuthandiza anthu kubwezeretsa magalimoto akale. Komabe, kuopsa kwa ndale kumakhala koopsa, monga momwe zikuonekera m'masankho opanga malo ozungulira a ULEZ kumene kunakhala nkhani yotsutsana ndi malamulo a anthu. Kulinganiza zolinga za malo okhala ndi chitaganya kumakhala ntchito yovuta kwa nduna iliyonse.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

Mageoral amayendera kwambiri chifukwa cha luso la zopangapanga komanso mfundo zenizeni. Madongosolo a zaumoyo aluso amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zothandizira anthu kudziwa zinthu, makamera, ndi AI kuti apange kuyenda bwino, kusintha nthawi yochitira zizindikiro, ndi kuneneratu za maloto otentha. Zoyendera za SCOOT system ya ku London (Split Moffrection Optifiction Technique) zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka makumi ambiri ndipo zikupitirizabe kusintha, zikuchepetsa kuchedwa ndi 15% pa njira zaluso.

Makina oyendera athandizanso anthu kupanga zosankha zaluso. Masewera onga Dorobamapper, Google Mepu, ndi kampani ya TfL imapereka chidziŵitso chenicheni cha nthaŵi yoyendera magalimoto, zoyendera za anthu, ndi njira zoyendera ndi nkhonya. Mizinda ina ikuyesa “Kukhala ndi mphamvu monga utumiki” (MaaS) zimene zimaphatikiza mitundu yambiri ya zinthu kuti ilembetse kulembetsa. Mwachitsanzo, woyendetsa ndege ku West Midwands amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kulipira ndalama mwezi uliwonse ya basi yopanda malire, tremu, ndi njinga zolowamo.

Luso lina la zopangapanga limayendera limodzi ndi magalimoto odziimira okha. Ngakhale kuti kulera ana kudakali kutali, mameya akukonza njira zoyendetsera ndi zofunika kuti azikhala ndi pulogalamu ya Cav. Mu 2023, boma la UK linalengeza kuti kampani ya Cav ipanga ndalama zokwana $100 miliyoni ku Cav, kuphatikizapo njira za ku West Midwands ndi Manchester. Ngati aikidwa pamlingo, Cavs angachepetse kuthamanga ndi kuyendetsa galimoto mozungulira, kuthamanga kwapamwamba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino misewu. Komabe, iwo amawononganso galimoto ngati agwiritsira ntchito zinthu zina.

Kugaŵana zinthu pakati pa akuluakulu osiyanasiyana n’kovuta. Matauni ambiri satha kugwirizanitsa chidziŵitso chenicheni cha nthaŵi ndi anthu ambiri oyendetsa sitima. Oyendetsa mayesi akukakamiza boma lapakati kuti lipereke malamulo otsimikizira kuti makampani oyendetsa galimoto achinsinsi (ngati Uber ndi Bolt) azikhala ndi chidziŵitso choyendera limodzi, chimene chingathandize kudziŵitsa malamulo a boma.

Kukumana ndi Mavuto Ndiponso Maphunziro

Ngakhale kuti pali chipambano chodziŵika, malamulo a meya ochepetsa kuchuluka kwa njanji amayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu. Makampani ambiri oyendetsa zinthu amadalira pa ndalama za boma zapakati, zimene sizingadziŵike ndi kusakwanira. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kwa mwendo wa HS2 kumpoto, kusiyira golide wa $36 biliyoni m’mphamvu ya njanji. Mayster aitanira kaamba ka kutha kwa makampani opanga zinthu momasuka, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kubwereka momasuka ndi kusunga mlingo wa malonda, koma kupita patsogolo kwakhala kochedwa.

Kukana kulowa m'dziko ndi vuto lina lalikulu. Malamulo alionse amene amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto ndi oopsa kwambiri. Kukula kwa ULEZ mu 2023 kunasonyeza mmene njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa madzi zimakhalira zosokoneza. Kulankhulana kwabwino n’kofunika kwambiri. Madokotala amafunika kufotokoza bwino thanzi ndi mapindu a zachuma, kumathandiza kwambiri magulu okhudzidwa, ndipo akusonyeza kuti ndalama zikubwezedwa bwino.

Kugwirizana pakati pa akuluakulu a boma kulinso kovuta. Kugwirizana sikulemekeza malire a boma. Lamulo limene limakakamiza anthu kuti ayendetse galimoto kuchokera ku zigawo zina kunka ku zipatala zina likhoza kungochititsa vutolo. Mameya a Metropolita angathandize mwa kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa chigawo, koma alibe ulamuliro pa maulamuliro a m’misewu ya m’deralo. Kusoŵa kwa ulamuliro umodzi woyendetsa magalimoto m’mizinda yambiri kumagawanitsa.

Pomalizira, chipambano chimayambitsa mavuto ake. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu kungasonkhezere kufulumizitsa: pamene misewu imakhala yomasuka, anthu ambiri amasankha kuyendetsa galimoto, potsirizira pake kuwonjezera malo omwe alipo [1] chinthu chodziŵika monga “kusoŵa.” Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndiko nkhondo yosatha m’malo mwa yanthaŵi imodzi. Policies ayenera kukonzedwa ndi kuwonjezera zipangizo zofunikira kwambiri zoyendetsera galimoto, monga kuimika ndi kuntchito.

Kupenda Kwabwino Mizinda ya UK

Pamene kuli kwakuti London imatsogolera ndi ndalama zake zonse za ndalama, zoyendera za anthu onse, ndi kuikizira ndalama zoyendetsera, mizinda ina ya UK ikukonza njira zawo. Manchester, pansi pa Mayor Burnham, yasonyeza kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka anthu ndi maulendo okangalika, popanda kugogomezera kwambiri za msewu. Mabasi a Bee Network otchuka ndi ofutukulidwa a Metrolink cholinga chopereka njira yabwino kwambiri yochititsa kuti kuyendetsa galimoto kukhale njira yosakopa.

Birmingham ndi West Midwands apanga njira yosiyana: Deseat Monerac conent jone ndi ntchito zazikulu za nyumba monga maofesi a HS2 (ngakhale kuti tsopano asinthidwa) ndi Metro. Mzindawo wawononganso ndalama zambiri kukwera njinga, koma kugwiritsira ntchito galimoto kukupitirizabe, mwachidziŵikire chifukwa chakuti makampani a zoyendera za onse a chigawocho ngosakwanira kuposa London.

Edinburgh watenga buku lina losiyana, kuyang'ana pa malamulo oimika malo okhala ndi mzinda, ma perf , ndi kuyendetsa miyendo. Mzera wa sitima zapamtunda wa mzindawo, ngakhale kuti anthu akutsutsana pomanga, wakwera manambala ambiri a anthu ndipo ukufutukulidwa kupita ku Leith. Komabe, likulu la Scotland likulimbanabe ndi kuchuluka kwa njira zake za makwalala, ndi kusoŵeka kwa njira zoyendera za onse zoyendera.

Bristol amadziwika ndi zolinga zake zapamwamba zophatikiza malo osungirako ndege oyera ndi malo oimika katundu kuntchito, ofanana ndi amene agwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ku Nottingham kuyambira 2012. Nottingham’s levy, imene imapanikiza olemba ntchito $422 pachaka pa malo oimikapo (monga 2024), akwera $60 miliyoni kuti akonzere zoyendera za anthu ndi kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha maulendo oyendera pagalimoto. Malingaliro a Bristol, ochedwetsedwa ndi zitsutso za lamulo, amayembekezeredwa kukhala ndi ntchito mu 2025 ndipo angatumikire monga chitsanzo cha mizinda ina.

Malingaliro Amtsogolo: Kuyandikira ku Mizinda Yopanda Ufulu

Njira yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto m’mizinda ya UK si yowongoka kapena yaifupi, koma pali chifukwa chokhalira ndi chiyembekezo. Akatswiri akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malamulo ozikidwa pa umboni, kuphunzira kwa wina ndi mnzake chipambano ndi kulephera, ndi kukakamiza maulamuliro opotozedwa kwambiri. Boma la UK 2023 “Trank Decarboning Plan . ndi “Maluso a Web signetic North” agogomezera kufunika kwa kuikiza ndalama m'zoyendera za kumaloko ndi kuchepetsa kudalirana ndi galimoto, ngakhale kuti ntchito za ndalama za UK sizikudziŵika.

Kusinthasintha kwa njira kumathandiza kuti pakhale njira zatsopano. Kugwira ntchito kutali ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu oyenda pandege kwachepetsa chiŵerengero cha anthu amene amayenda m’mizinda yambiri.

Kuthandiza magalimoto kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa mchira koma sikungathetse kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe akuyendabe m’misewu. Motero, kulimbikitsa kusuntha magalimoto kuyenera kupitirizabe. Zipembedzo monga kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, LEZ, ndi kukwera kwa galimoto za kuntchito kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri pamene mizinda ikuyesetsa kuyang'anizana ndi malo a magetsi.

Pomalizira pake, malamulo a moor achipambano kwambiri adzakhala aja ophatikiza karoti ndi ndodo: kuikizira zoyendera za anthu zapamwamba, kukwera njinga, ndi kuyenda ndi zinthu zamagetsi pamene panthaŵi imodzi akuletsa galimoto zosafunikira kugwiritsira ntchito mwa kutsegulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Oyang'anira a London, Manchester, Birmingham, ndi ena asonyeza kuti kusintha nkotheka, koma kumafuna kuti andale apeze ndalama zokwanira, ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu. Ulendo wopita ku mizinda yopanda chombo uli wautali, koma kilomita iliyonse ya kayendedwe katsopano, chigawo chilichonse chofutukulidwa bwino cha Metrolink, ndi chigawo chilichonse choikidwa bwino chibweretsa kufupi pang’ono.