Chiyambi: Mbali Yoyambira Chikhalidwe cha Ndale Polamulira

Kumanga kwa boma [1] Kumachititsa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a chigawo kapena kumaiika pa ulamuliro wapakati . Siikhala chabe chotulukapo cha kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi lamulo. Imatuluka ndipo iyenera kugwirizana ndi [[[FLT: 0]] mwambo wandale za anthu ake: mikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, ndi makhalidwe a ulamuliro, ulamuliro, kutengamo mbali, ndi ntchito ya boma m'chitaganya. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi n’kovuta chifukwa chakuti kayendetsedwe ka boma kamene kake kake kagwede ndi chikhalidwe chandale kanga kakhoza kusoŵa mtendere, kuchepa kwa ufulu, ndi kulephera kulamulira. Pamene kapangidwe kakhalidwe ka zinthu ka m’chikhalidwe ka zinthu ka m’dziko kamakhala kogwirizana, chuma, chuma, ndi kukhupuka kwa nzika. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene kakhalidwe ka zandale ka chipambano kake ka [FFFFF:] ndi kutchuka kwa ziganizi. [FFoctive:]

Chikhalidwe chandale sichisinthasintha. Chimasintha kuchokera ku zochitika za m'mbiri, mayanjano, ndi machitachita a mabungwe. Komabe, maziko ake apamwamba , kusonkhanitsa kapena kudziimira, kulolera kapena kukhala ndi phande, kupitirizabe. Zotsatira zimenezi zimayambitsa "kuyenerera" kapena "kusintha" ndi maufumu ena. Mwachitsanzo, anthu okhala ndi mphamvu ya chigawo, zinenero zosiyanasiyana, kapena mwambo wa ulamuliro wa munthu mwini amathandizidwa ndi madongosolo a boma amene amalola kuti dziko likhale logwirizana. Mosiyana ndi madera ena, mitundu ya anthu, homogene, kapena mbiri yakale ya ufumu wapakati pa dzikolo ikhoza kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pansi pa dongosolo la malamulo a mpangidwe ndi malamulo omveka bwino.

Kufunika kwa kulinganiza kumeneku kwagogomezeredwa ndi asayansi andale kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Gabriel Almond ndi Sidney Verba [1] ku Areand Lijphart , amene anatsutsa kuti chipambano cha mabungwe a democracy chimadalira pa kugwirizana kwa makhalidwe andale zadziko. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, pamene maiko ambiri ayesa kulinganiza kwa kulinganiza ndi devolution, matanthauzo afikira kukhala owonekera bwino kwambiri. Mitundu imene imakhazikitsa mkhalidwe wadziko pa kulephera kwa kayendetsedwe ka , pamene madongosolo oikidwa pa madera amphamvu a dziko lonse lapansi angapezepo masunamishoni. Mwakufufuza mwa njira zapamwamba, opanga malamulo a gulu la opanga malamulo a dziko lonse.

Kufotokoza Madongosolo a Magulu ndi Mabungwe

A ndi dongosolo landale limene likugawidwa mwalamulo pakati pa boma lapakati ndi magulu andale (maiko, zigawo, Länder, cantons). Mitengo yonse iŵiri ya boma ili ndi ulamuliro wogamulapo pa nzika, ndipo palibenso imene ingathetse ina. Zitsanzo zauchifumu zikuphatikizapo [FLT:] United States , [[FLT:], [FLT]], [[FLT:]] [5], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]] [6]] [zinsi zochulukira, [FLT] [zi], ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimatetezera anthu. [zinsinsinsi, zomwe zimaimira mitundu yambirimbirimbirimbiri.

A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jane Japan . [[FLT: 4.], , [[FLT:]], [[FLT:]] [FL:] [FLT]] [[FL:]] [FFL:7], [ziyero zokhoza kuvomereza, kapena kufalikira kwa .

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti kusiyana sikuli kwa kaŵiri. Maboma ambiri agwirizana mitundu ya chisinthiko kapena regional requalition imene imapanga zizindikiro za quasi-feral. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom devolvedd perferances ku Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland, pamene kuli kwakuti imakhalabe boma la mfundo zalamulo. Mofananamo, Spain [1] kaŵirikaŵiri imafotokozedwa monga "chigawo cha maufumu a opanga zinthu za , komabe malamulo ake sakhazikitsa dongosolo logwirizana. Zikhalidwe zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti anthu atsatiridwe bwino andale zadziko. Zitsati zandale zandale za m’kakhalidwe la anthu a m’malo mwake.

Kaamba ka kufutukula kokwanira kwa madongosolo aunyinji ndi aunyinji, onani Britannica yoloŵa pa unistism ndi kulowa pa maufumu aunyinji [1]. Zopereka zimenezi zimapereka mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a malamulo ndi mbiri yakale.

Lingaliro la Chikhalidwe cha Zandale: Zikhalidwe ndi Ziyeso

Chikhalidwe chandale chimalozera ku njira zoonera zinthu , kuyambukira, ndi kuŵerengera , kuti nzika zimakhulupirira dongosolo la ndale zadziko, mabungwe ake, ndi ntchito yawoyawo mkati mwake. Gabriel Almond ndi Sidney Verba , m'maphunziro awo osintha zinthu [[FLT:], [[FLT:]], pophunzira [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[63]] [63]), amazindikira mitundu itatu yabwino: [[FLT:] [4] [[FLT:] [5] [zithunzi] (zithunzi] zokhala ndi chidziŵitso pang'ono kapena kudziloŵetsamomo, [ziyelekezera, zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana ndi anthu onse amakono. [ziyeneretsa]

Kupyola pa tripology yotchuka imeneyi, mwambo wa ndale zadziko ungapendedwe pamilingo ingapo imene imayambukira mwachindunji kuyenerera kwa madongosolo a boma ndi aunyinji:

  • Khulupirirani boma ndi nzika zinzanu: Kudalira anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumatheketsa kulemekezedwa, monga momwe anthu apamwamba akuno amawonedwa kukhala oŵerengera. Kukhulupirira kochepa kungatsogolere ku kufunikiritsa uyang’aniro wamphamvu.
  • Umunthu ndi kusonkhanitsa: miyambo ya munthu payekha (m’ lekuatiso, United States) ingakonde kugamula kuti boma likhale ngati kuyang'anira mphamvu yapakati, pamene kuli kwakuti kusonkhanitsa miyambo (m’b., Japan) angalandire ulamuliro wosinthanitsa zinthu.
  • Chizindikiritso chachigawo ndi zindikiritso la dziko: kukhulupirika kwamphamvu kwa mitundu yonse (itundu, fuko, chipembedzo) kumapanga zitsenderezo kaamba ka makonzedwe a boma kapena kudziimira. Kuchirikiza kwa chigawo kopanda mphamvu.
  • Kugonjera ku ulamuliro: Makhalidwe okhala ndi mtunda wamagetsi wapamwamba (kulandira dongosolo la mitu) kungakhale komasuka kwambiri ndi madongosolo aunyinji, pamene kuli kwakuti miyambo ya anthu olingana ingafune kuyang'aniridwa pa mphamvu yapakati kupyolera mwa boma.
  • Chiphunzitso ndi malamulo apamwamba: miyambo yapamwamba ingafune kukhazikitsa boma chifukwa imapereka mfundo zambiri zopezerapo mwayi, pamene kuli kwakuti miyambo yapamwamba ingavomereze zosankha kuchokera kwa munthu waudindo.

Miyezo imeneyi imagwirizana ndi mbiri ya dziko lapansi ndi , kusintha, nkhondo . "kutulutsa miyambo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, chokumana nacho cha ufumu wachifumu wotheratu mu France chinapanga mwambo wamphamvu wa kuchirikiza, pamene kuli kwakuti kusakhulupirira mphamvu kwa ku America kwa kugawana mphamvu kunalimbitsa munthu wa boma. Kuloŵa mozama m'maudindo a ndale zadziko, onani tsono la Oxford Bibliographic lowes pa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko.

Chikhalidwe cha Anthu Osiyanasiyana

Almond ndi Verda a kakhalidwe ka . [1] Kuphatikizana koyenera kwa otengamo mbali, mutu, ndi njira za kapiresi , kunaperekedwa poyambirira monga maziko a mwambo wa demokrase yokhazikika. M'madongosolo a boma, chikhalidwe chimathandizira kuyang'anira mikangano pakati pa maulamuliro apakati ndi a chigawo. Nzika ziyenera kugwirizanitsa ndi dziko ndi boma lawo kapena chigawo, ndi kukhulupirira milingo yonse ya boma kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zawo. Mkhalidwe wa boma ungaonekere monga chichirikizo cha boma lalikulu monga chithandizo cha chivomerezo cha dziko, kuphatikizapo kutengamo mbali m'malamulo.

Kufufuza kotsatira, makamaka ndi Ronald Inglehart [FLT :1] ndi Christian Welzel , adagwirizanitsa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko ndi masinthidwe aakulu — kuyambira pa kupulumuka kufikira pa miyezo ya kutsendereza — zimene zimasonkhezera zikondwerero za kutukulidwa ndi ulamuliro wa mbali. Masewera amene amagogomezera kutsendereza kwa kudzitukumula kumayanja kuyenerera, kutsogolo, ndi kuwonjezera zinthu, pamene kuli kwakuti kupulumuka kungayambitse dongosolo ndi kupambana koperekedwa ndi malo amphamvu.

Kuchokera ku dziko nchakuti mwambo wa ndale zadziko suli wogwirizana m'dziko. Makhalidwe a anthu amtundu umodzi, fuko, chipembedzo, amadumpha mowonekera kuchokera ku mwambo wa dziko. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kwa pakati pa dziko ndiko kwenikweni chifukwa chake kugawana kumakhala njira yokondeka: kumalola zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kusungirira machitachita awo a ndale zadziko pamene akukhalabe mbali ya mgwirizano waukulu. Komabe, dongosolo launyinji lingavutike ngati liyesa kukhazikitsa njira imodzi ya chikhalidwe pa madzoma apamwamba.

Kulinganiza Pakati pa Chikhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe: Kusintha kwa Zomwe Zikuchitika

Mfundo yaikulu m'nkhani ino ndi yakuti chipambano cha maboma a boma kapena a bungwe launyinji chimadalira pa mlingo wa kulinganiza pakati pa kakonzedwe ka boma ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chofala. Koma kodi "chipambano" chimatanthauzanji pa nkhani ino? Choyamba tiyenera kufotokoza milingoyo tisanapende nkhani.

Ntchito Zothandiza Maboma

Kukhazikika ndi Kugamulapo Kotsutsana

Dongosolo la boma lachipambano limachepetsa nkhondo ya mkati ndi kusungitsa bata landale. Madongosolo a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amalinganizidwira kuyang'anira magaŵano aakulu a anthu mwa kupatsa zigawo ufulu, mwakutero kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa chiwawa cha SEcesisionism. Madongosolo a Unicary, mwa kudalira pa malamulo a usilikali ndi ulamuliro wapakati, angaletse kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro. Mfungulo njakuti kaya chikhalidwe cha Switzerland chimachirikiza njira yosankhidwa kaamba ka chigamulo. Chigwirizano cha boma cha Switzerland chimagwira ntchito chifukwa chakuti miyambo yake yachikhalidwe cha m’dzikolonjezo ndipo chili ndi mwambo wamphamvu. Chifrenchi chimagwira ntchito chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa dziko la liriphabliki la dzikolo pamwamba pa kusiyana kwa zigawo.

Mmene Chuma Chimayendera

Kuchepetsa kukhoza kuwonjezera kuyendetsa bwino chuma mwa kulola malamulo kuyenderana ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, komanso kungatsogolerenso ku kulephera kwa mafuko ku kulephera kwa . Madongosolo a Unitting angapereke kusintha kwa chuma kwa dziko mofulumira, koma anganyalanyaze kulongosola kwa malo. Kupambana kumadalira pa chikhalidwe cha ulamuliro wa zachuma: m'maboma okhala ndi kudalira kwambiri ndi malamulo a lamulo (m’mphindi, Germany), malamulo achuma oyenera amagwira ntchito bwino ntchito bwino; m'maboma okhala ndi ziphuphu ndi kulanda kwapamwamba (m., Nigeria), kungapereke njira zaungwe ndi zigawo zapamwamba zachikhalidwe (m.g. Singapore) zingakulitse okhoza kukula bwino, pamene kuli kwakuti ndi malo osatukuka onse amene angavutike.

Kukhutira ndi Nzika ndi Kuyenera kwa Udindo

Kupambana kwenikweni kumayendera pa chikhulupiriro cha nzika kuti dongosololi nlolungama ndi lovomereza. Pamene kakonzedweko kagwirizana ndi ziyembekezo za chikhalidwe, nzika zimawona boma kukhala loyenera. Mwachitsanzo, Aamereka amawona kuyang'ana pa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko, chotero boma limachirikiza kuyenera. Nzika za France zimaŵerengera kulingana pamaso pa boma la usilikali, choncho kukhazikitsa maziko kumachirikiza kuyenerera. Ngati pali lamulo lalikulu lofanana . Ngati pali lamulo lofanana ndi lachikhalidwe chapadera chigawo chachikhalidwe chaching'ono, matanizezeni angaleke kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa.

Milingo imeneyi si yokwanira koma imapereka maziko akuyerekezera kugwira ntchito kwa maboma a boma ndi a mgwirizano m'zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe. Kwa akatswiri a kaonedwe ka ntchito yoyezera ulamuliro, onani Provicential Divisions kuchokera ku World Bank , imene imayendera malamulo, mphamvu ya boma, ndi mawu ndi kuŵerengerana m'maiko onse.

Kufufuza za Madongosolo a Madongosolo a Malonda

United States: Kudziimira paokha ndi Kumenyera Ufulu

Dongosolo la boma la America linalinganizidwa ndi oyambitsa omwe anakayikira ulamuliro waukulu ndi kuŵerengera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha United States, ndi kugogomezera kwake pa [[FLT: 0] individialism , , amakhazikitsa ufulu wa [[FLT:], ndi [FLT] [pa] malo a kudzidalira kwa mwini [[[FLT:]], apereka maziko olimba a ufulu wa dziko. Dongosolo lakhala lokhazikika kwa zaka mazana aŵiri, kufutukuka, ndi kusemphana kwakukulu kwa anthu, kuphatikizapo nkhondo yachiweniweni, kuphatikizapo nkhondo yachiweniweni. Chitukuko cha U. Chivomerezo cha dziko lonse chimawonekera m’makhoza kulola ntchito yake "kusintha kwa democracy", ngakhale kuti chikhoterere, chikhoterere, chikhoterere cha chivo cha chivome chachi, chikhomerere, chikho cha chikhomeretso chachikulu cha chika cha chika, chikabe chaku, chika, chika

India: Kulamulira Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana Chifukwa cha Kukonda Ndalama

Dongosolo la boma la India linavomerezedwa pambuyo pa kudalirana kwa maufumu kuti liyang'anizane ndi mphamvu za zinenero, chipembedzo, ndi mitundu ya anthu. Chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha India chimadziŵika ndi kulimba kwa dziko, kozikidwa pa chinenero (m’ lekuatiso, Tamil, Bengali, Punjabia) ndi maufumu a mbiri yakale. Maboma, okhala ndi mizera ya zinenero yolinganizidwa, akhala ofunika kwambiri m'makhoma a mphamvu za zinenero. Chitukuko cha dziko la India chimaonedwa m'kupirira kwake monga demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse, monga momwe boma lapakati mu New Delhilphilia nthaŵi zina lalamulira ndi makonzedwe a malamulo alamulo (g., ulamuliro wa pulezidenti) ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse la India, popanda kugwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa anthu. Chikhalidwe chandale cha dziko lonse cha BFLGUP, chimayendera limodzi ndi kugwirizana kwa mitundu yambiri yachiko.

Germany: Kugwirizana kwa Mabanja ndi Chikhalidwe

. . . . . [GUVT:] Bundesreblik . . Imamangidwa pa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, ndi [Bundestrat] [[[FLT:] ndi [[FLT]] [4] constus [[FULT] [[FULT]] [5]. Lamulo la Chikhalidwe]. Malamulo Aake (Grundegesetz) anakhazikitsa njira kumene Länder (malamulo) amakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri, ndi chigwirizano cha mayanjano, ndi chitukuko cha dziko la Bret (kupper) amaimira boma la dziko lonse. Chigwirizano cha dziko la Germany chimachirikiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kwa chikhalidwe chachijeremani, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dziko la Germany. Chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse la Germany chivomerezi cha kutsimikizira chigwirizano cha dziko lonse.

Kufufuza Njira Zoyendera

France: Kukhazikitsa Centralance ndi Umodzi wa Republican

France ndi boma la maparadigmatic continary, ndi chikhalidwe chandale zimene chiyambire Chipanduko chagogomezera kugwirizanitsa kwa anthu ndi ulamuliro wapakati . Boma la France ndi lokhala pakati: Pulezidenti ndi Palamente ku Paris, ndipo limakhala logwirizana kwambiri ndi boma lalikulu m'madera onse, ndipo limakhala ndi boma lalikulu m'dzikolo. Malamulo ameneŵa amayendera chikhalidwe chandale chimene chimalandira malo a kuderalo (kusiyana), ndipo anthu a m’madera ambiri amayang'deralo, ndipo amayang'ana kuti dzikolo likhale lodziŵika monga lodziŵika ndi mautumiki a anthu onse. Chifrenchi amayang'anizana ndi mphamvu zake, ndiponso mfundo zake zaumoyo, ndiponso kuti asungidwebe, monga mmene zimachitira ndi kusiyana kwa dziko lonse la dziko, ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwa zigawo zina zandale, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse, chikhomerezero cha dziko, chikuonekabe chachi, chitukutukukire cha dziko. Chifrenmeretso chakuoneka monga chi

Japan: Kukonda Kulamulira ndi Chikhalidwe Chapamwamba

Japan ndi boma lapakati kwambiri, losonkhezeredwa ndi chikhalidwe chake cha ndale zadziko cha . Ngakhale kuti pali kukhulupirika kwa gulu la , diderarchy , ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko lonse] homogene [. Ngakhale kuti boma lapakati ku Tokyo limakhala ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu pa misonkhoma, kulinganiza ndalama, ndi madera aakulu a za zalamulo. Chikhalidwe cha kugonjera ulamuliro ndi thayo lachigwirizano chimatanthauza kuti olamulira akuona kukhala olamulira adziko kuposa atsogoleri adziko. Njira imeneyi yathandiza kuyendetsa mofulumira chuma cha dziko ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu zachuma cha dziko la Japan, ndi kuyendetsa bwino za kayendetsedwe kake, ndi kukhazikika kwa za ndale ya za ndale zadziko. Komabe, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu a kuchuluka kwa zikhoterero, ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zivomezi.

United Kingdom: Chisinthiko m’kachigawo kotchedwa Unitary Frame

United Kingdom ndi boma lapadera lokhala ndi mwambo wautali wa ulamuliro wa nyumba ya malamulo, koma chikhalidwe chake cha ndale zadziko nthaŵi zonse chakhala ndi mkhalidwe wamphamvu wa dziko lonse . Survey, Welsh , Northern Ireland .Alongde , mfundo ya malamulo a malamulo adziko la United States yakhala ikulamulira kuchokera ku Western Western Western . Malamulo a malamulo a boma atha kuchotsa mapulaneti ameneŵa. Chikhalidwe chandale cha UK chakhala chodziŵika ndi Pragmagedism ndi kusoŵa kwa malamulo a boma, zimene zimalola kuti dzikolo liyambe kukhazikitsa popanda kutha kwa dziko lonse. Lamulo la ufulu wosiyanasiyana la dziko la Britain. Lamulo la malamulo a m'dzikolo limaletsa kuchotsaponso mfundo zachitukuko: Kumanga malamulo a UK (kuphatikizapo zikhalidwe zandale za dziko lonse, kumene kuli kopanda mphamvu yachindunjika, koma kulephera kwa ufulu wa chipani chachikunja chakunja chakunja, kulephera kwa ufulu wa chipani chachikunja chakunja chakunja chakunja chaku, chomwe chimavomereza kuwonjezera chikulephera kugonjetsa ufulu chaku

Nkhani Zophatikizapo ndi Zosagwirizana: Ntchito ya Chikhalidwe cha Zandale Zosiyanasiyana

Spain: Kukonda Chikonga ndi Utundu wa M’chigawo

Spain ndi boma lalamulo la boma, koma Malamulo ake a 1978 adapanga "Chigawo cha Autonomisis" chimene chimapatsa madera 17 a kudziimira okha, kuphatikizapo Basque Country, Catalonia, ndi Galicia okhala ndi utundu wa dziko la Spain. Chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chagaŵidwa kwambiri: masomphenya apakati (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ulamuliro wa Franco) amapikisana ndi mphamvu ya dziko la chigawo zimene zimadziona kukhala zosiyana. Dongosolo la ziphatiki linali kulolera kugonjetsa Spain pambuyo pa imfa ya Fracto, ndipo lalola kutchuka ndi zinenero. Komabe, kulephera kwa kakonzedwe kameneka kameneka kuti chidzilamulire ufulu ndi mavuto a 2017 otsatirapo kuonetsa malire a kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zipani zandale pamene zikhalidwe zandale zadziko zikusinthasintha. Chipanipanichi chimasonyeza kuti chikhoza kugwira ntchito kwanthaŵi yochepa, koma pansi pa chikhalidwe chandale, ngakhale chigamu chilenge chopambana, ngakhale chika chika chilengetso chosonyeza chika chopambana chopambana chosonyeza chika chika chakulakula, chika chika chika chika chi

China: Boma la Unitary la chigawo cha Autonomy

China ndi boma lapakati laudindo pansi pa ulamuliro umodzi wa Chipani cha Komyunizimu, koma lachotsa maulamuliro aakulu ndi chuma ku zigawo, makamaka kuyambira pa kukonzanso kwa 1980. Chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha China chigogomezera [[FLT: 0] ulamuliro wapakati , , [[FLT]]] [[FULT]] [ka] , [kamodzi] ndi kugwirizana kwa madera onse ndi Hanchist ndi Manda. Komabe zigawo zonga ngati Tinbet, Xinga, ndi Mongolia zikuchirikiza kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe chachitukukira chachi. Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina chitukuko chachi, chitukukire chachikupambana ndi kuchepetsa kwachitukuko, koma kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe chachikuchikuchikuchikuchi, koma kuphatikizaponso kutsutsa kwa kutsutsa kwachikhalidwe chachikhalidwe chachikulu chachiku. Chiku

Mavuto ndi Kusagwirizana Pamene Chikhalidwe ndi Magulu Ampatuko

Belgium: Kuchokera ku Unitary Kufika ku Federal Ku Kupeza Magawo Ogaŵana A chikhalidwe

Kusintha kwa Belgium kuchokera ku boma launyinji (1830-1970) kupita ku boma la boma lonse (1993) kukusonyeza zimene zimachitika pamene chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko ndi kakonzedwe ka zinthu kakhala kolakwika kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu a ku Belgium a m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi a ku France apanga miyambo yosiyana yandale, zachuma, ndi zachikhalidwe. Kupambana kwake n’kumene kumakhala kosawonongeka mwapang'onopang'onopang'ono. Kugawana kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana kumene kunalengedwa m’dera ndi m'chitaganya. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma laletsa kutha kotheratu, latulutsanso zitsutso zandale ndi boma lapakati lofooka. Kupambanako n’ko: Belgium imakhalabe osagaŵana, koma kulamulira kaŵirikaŵiri kumalemala chifukwa cha kugaŵikana kwa chikhalidwe. Phunzirolo n’la kuti pamene dongosolo la dongosolo la kayendetseka la kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka chigawo kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu, likhoza kupulumutsa ndi kugaŵana ndi ku magaŵana ndi kugaŵana mwa chikhalidwe.

Nigeria: Federalism Under Srupment of Cultural Fromviation

Nigeria inalandira ufulu wa boma pa ufulu mu 1960 kuti iyang'anire kusiyanasiyana kwake kwakukulu kwa mafuko ndi zipembedzo (mafuko oposa 250). Komabe, chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha Nigeria chimadziŵika ndi magulu a patrimonial, mpikisano wa mafuko kaamba ka chuma, ndi kudalirana kochepa m'mabungwe. Dongosolo la boma, lokhala ndi zigawo zitatu, lagaŵidwa m'zigawo 36 kuchepetsa mphamvu ya magulu aakulu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'chigawo chapakati, ndi kudalirana kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi (Biafrastra mu 1960, Bokoham) likusonyeza kuti kugawa kwa boma kokha sikungapambane popanda chikhalidwe chochirikiza. Nkhani ya ku Nigeria imasonyeza kuti ngakhale kayendetsedwe ka boma ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka zandale ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetseke ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka lamulo, ka kagulu kogwirizana ndi kuvomereza kupambana kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse.

Kuvuta kwa Opanga Malamulo ndi Kulinganiza Malamulo

Umboni wa m'nkhani imeneyi umasonyeza nzeru yowopsa kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m'kupanga kapena kusintha mabungwe a boma: kumanga kuyenera kukhala kwachikhalidwe chamwambo. Maluso aluso amene amabwereka zithunzi za boma kapena zaunyinji kuchokera ku maiko ena popanda kulingalira za chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha kumaloko nkothekera kulephera. Opanga malamulo ayenera kupenda mfundo zotsatirapo za chikhalidwe asanasankhe za mlingo wa kutchuka kapena kuyenerera:

  • Mphamvu ndi chiŵerengero cha kudziŵika kwa chigawo: kodi magulu a maiko onse ngofunitsitsa kulamuliridwa ndi likulu limodzi?
  • Kudalirika kwa anthu ndi kudalirika kwa mabungwe: kodi maboma a m’dzikolo angadaliridwe kukhala odzilamulira popanda ziphuphu kapena tsankho?
  • Zochitika m’mbiri ndi ulamuliro waukulu: Kodi nzika zimawona malowo kukhala otetezera kapena opondereza?
  • Kusintha kwa mlingo wa mtengo: kodi madera osiyanasiyana ali ndi mikhalidwe ya ndale zadziko yofanana mokwanira kuchirikiza kachitidwe ka mtundu?

M’zochitika, maiko ambiri amatengera chigwirizano cha boma kapena [[FT:2] astymetric devolution kuti apeze malo a zigawo zosiyanasiyana m’dziko limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, Canada apatsidwa malo apadera ku Quebec; India ali ndi makonzedwe apadera a Jamu ndi Kashmir (tsopano yakhala) ndi maiko ena akumpoto chakummaŵa; UK amapereka mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ku Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland. Kusintha kumeneku kungagwirizanitsa mayanjano ndi mayanjano osiyanasiyana andale m’dziko.

Ndiponso, chipambano cha dongosolo lirilonse chimadalira pa kusintha kosalekeza. Chikhalidwe chandale, ndi malamulo alamulo ayenera kukhala okhoza kusintha. Madongosolo a mafreant kaŵirikaŵiri apanga kusintha kosintha kupyolera m'zochitika ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Madongosolo a Unitary angayambitse kusintha kapena kusintha kwa chigawo popanda kusintha mkhalidwe walamulo. Mfungulo yake ndiyo kusunga njira yovomerezeka pakati pa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi kusintha kwa madongosolo.

Kumaliza

Chisonkhezero cha chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko pa chipambano cha maboma a boma ndi maudindo ndi chinzake nchachikulu koma kaŵirikaŵiri chimanyalanyazidwa m'mikangano ya malamulo. Dongosolo la boma liri lothekera kwambiri kupambana m'madera kumene kudziŵika kwa madera ndi kulimba, kukhulupirira ulamuliro wa kumaloko kuli kokulira, ndipo mapindu a chikhalidwe ndi kuyang'anira mphamvu zapakati. Malamulo amagwirizana kwambiri, ndipo amasintha. Pamene aloŵa pansi, mikangano imene ikhoza kusokoneza ngakhale malamulo olinganizidwa bwino kwambiri.

Kufufuza kwa mlanduwo kunafufuza [1] United States, India, Germany, France, Japan, United Kingdom, China, Belgium, ndi Nigeria . Zimasonyeza zonse ziŵiri chipambano ndi kulephera kwa madongosolo ameneŵa. Zimasonyeza kuti palibe chitsanzo chimodzi chimene chili choposa padziko lonse; dongosolo labwino kwambiri ndilo chija chimene chimayendera chikhalidwe chake. Maboma amene amayang'anizana ndi kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, njira ya kutsogolo kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala ndi maluŵa osinthika, devolution, kapena quasi-federalistism . Potsirizira pake, kuphunzira za chikhalidwe chandale kumatikumbutsa kuti kuyang'anira sikuli kachitidwe kongoyerekezera koma ka munthu, kozikidwa pa makhalidwe a anthu.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, onani ntchito ya [FLT: 0] ya Arend Lijphart yonena za kugwirizana kwa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko ndi mabungwe a demokrase , ndi dikishonale ya International International IDEA pa mfundo za boma ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko .