Chisinthiko cha malamulo ndicho magwero aakulu a kulamulira kwamakono, kusonyeza kukhoza kwa chitaganya kusinthira ku zinthu zachuma, zipambano za tekinoloji, ndi kufalikira kwa makhalidwe a anthu. Kuyambira malamulo akale olembedwa m'miyala kufikira ku zigwirizano za maluso opanga, madongosolo a malamulo apitiriza kukula ndi kudziyenga kuti alinganize ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Kumvetsetsa njira imeneyi yopitirizabe nkofunika kwa opanga malamulo, atsogoleri a zamalonda, ndi nzika mofanana, monga mphamvu ya malamulo imakhudza kukhazikika kwa chuma, kusungika kwa malo okhalako, ndi zoyenera za munthu aliyense payekha.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kusintha

Kale kwambiri mawuwo asanakhale “lamulo” analoŵa m'malo amodzi, anthu akale anazindikira kufunika kwa malamulo ogwirizana osamalira malonda, mikangano, ndi kutetezera chuma cha anthu. Madongosolo oyambirira ameneŵa anayala maziko a dongosolo lolinganizidwa lomwe likatuluka zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake.

Malamulo Akale

Code ya Hammurabi [1] (Circa 1754 BCE) ku Mesopotamiya ndi imodzi ya zitsanzo zoyambirira zodziŵika za lamulo lolembedwa, lophatikiza zinthu zonse kuyambira ku ufulu wa zinthu kufikira kuntchito ya zamankhwala. Igupto wakale malamulo a Phala la Family [malamulo], amalamulira zosungira mbewu, kuthirira, ndi kugaŵira chakudya panthaŵi ya njala. Mofananamo, ufumu wa Roman [[FLT: 4.] unakulitsa [FLT:] Julis Civiltion] Julvil [5], malamulo alamulo ofala amene anasonkhezera m'mayiko a ku Ulaya kwa zaka za chikwiri. [ingwe] Kalelo] Kalelo koyambirira, Malamulo otchuka ndi otchukawo anali ndi opereka malamulo kwa olamulira a zachuma.

Agule Wapakati ndi Malamulo Osatha

M'Nyengo Zapakati, mabungwe a zamalonda ku Ulaya anachita ntchito yokonza zinthu. Iwo anakhazikitsa miyezo yabwino ya katundu (m’njira, mkate, chitsulo), , kuyendetsa ntchito, ndi mitengo yokhazikika. Malamulo a zigwirizano, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri otetezera, ankathandiza ogula kudalirana. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mafumu anapereka malamulo achifumu ndi apamwamba kuti ayang'anire malonda apadziko lonse, ndipo maboma a boma anayamba kuchititsa anthu kukhala ndi malamulo oyendetsera ukhondo ndi kumanga malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu a m'mizinda yochuluka.

Kusintha kwa Maindasitale ndi Kuyambika kwa Kusintha kwa Malonda

Kufalikira kwa maindasitale kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19 kunayambitsa ngozi zosayerekezereka. Mafakitale anatsekereza utsi m’mlengalenga, antchito anagwira ntchito masiku 16 m’mikhalidwe yosatetezereka, ndipo ntchito ya ana inali yofala. Kuopsa kwa zimenezi kunaposa zimene miyambo yamwamwayi kapena oweruza a m'dzikomo akanachita, kukakamiza maboma kupanga mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo.

Ntchito ndi Fakitale

Actory Act ya 1833 mu United Kingdom inazindikiritsa kusintha kwakukulu. Inachepetsa maola ogwira ntchito a ana, oyendera malamulo aakulu, ndi okhazikitsa mafakitale oyendera malo oyamba opatulidwa. Malamulo ofananawo anatsatira ku Ulaya ndi North America. Fair Act Act ya 1938] mu United States, imene inakhazikitsa malipiro ochepa ndi maora antchito a ntchito, kusonyeza lamulo la ntchito yolinganiza. Machitidwe ameneŵa sanali kokha kuyang'anira; anali kuimira pangano latsopano la kakhalidwe kumene boma linayembekezeredwa kuloŵerera pamene moyo wa munthu wakufa.

Malamulo a Zaumoyo ndi Zachilengedwe

Mafakitale anatanthauzanso kuipitsidwa. Madzi oyambirira a boma anali ndi macheke, ndipo mizinda inatsamwitsidwa ndi utsi wa malasha. Chikalata cha Alkali cha 1863 chinalamulira kutulutsidwa kwa mafakitale a soda-ash, pamene malamulo a zaumoyo analamulira madzi oyera ndi zimbudzi. Ku United States, Sucreod Food and Drug Act ya 1906] adalenga mapulani a FDA, akumalunjirira kuletsa zakudya zoipitsidwa ndi mankhwala owopsa. Malamulo ameneŵa oyambirira ndi a zaumoyo anakhazikitsa malo ozungulira kwambiri a boma la United States [FLD:3]

Nyengo Yatsopano

Kutsika kwa Chuma kwa 1930 kosokonezeka kwa chikhulupiriro m'misika yosayang'aniridwa bwino. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Develop adapanga nyumba ya malamulo imene idakali ya maziko. Izi zisungiko za Exchange Act ya 1934 zinakhazikitsa Chikalata cha Sacrities ndi Exchange Commission (SEC) yoyang'anira malonda ndi kuteteza ogulitsa ndalama. National Labol Labol Act [Wagner Act [Ulect] ya] ya 1935 yotsimikiziridwa kuti antchito agwirizane ndi kulinganiza. [FLD:4] SCCS Act Act yotetezera [FFF:] ya boma la United States ndi kuteteza anthu okalamba okha. Malamulo osoŵa ndi osadalirana osoŵa.

Kukula kwa Lamulo m’Nyengo Yapambuyo pa Nkhondo

Kuchokera kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II mpaka m’ma 1970, malamulo anakula mofulumira pafupifupi m’mbali iliyonse.panthaŵi imeneyi kunapangidwa mabungwe amphamvu odzipereka ku chitetezo cha anthu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi thanzi la kuntchito.

Chitetezo cha Ogula ndi Chitukuko

Ralph Nader . . . . Sakhala wotetezeka pa Liyense [[FLT: 1] (65) adayang'ana kulengedwa kwa National Highway Sutchat Administration Administration [[[FLT:]] ndi kudutsa kwa [[FLT:] [FLT]] ndi kutuluka kwa [FOLT] [[FLT]] Zotetezera [F:5]. [FLT] Conum Recuit Leact Act [[[FLT: 7)] ya 1972] kukhazikitsa Consump Resotion Secute Commation Com (C) kuyang'anira zinthu zapazi. Panthaŵiyi, [FLT:] ndi Drognima linapeza chivomerezo chowonjezereka pa mapangano owonjezereka a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Ma 1970 anali nyengo yapamwamba ya malamulo a malo okhala mu United States. [FLT:] National Environmental Policy Act [[FLT: 1] (1969) inatsatiridwa ndi [ Develop Air Act [[[FLT:]] (1970]), [mabungwe a madzi] Oyera [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Act yotetezera Airth [FLT] [7]] [7] [mapangano] [mapangano] (EFLT]] [pa]). Zofananazo zinachitika ku Ulaya, Japan, ndi kwina kulikonse. Malamulo ameneŵa anakhazikitsa malire, anafunikira ziyambukiro zokhudza malo, ndi kupangidwa kwa nzika za anthu. [FT.FT.]

Kutetezeka kwa Ntchito ndi Thanzi

Kupangidwa kwa Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mu 1970, pamodzi ndi mabungwe ena m'maiko ena, kunabweretsa malamulo m'malo antchito. Olemba ntchito tsopano anafunikira kupereka “malo antchito opanda ngozi zodziŵika. OSHA inakhazikitsa miyezo yovomerezeka ya chilichonse kuti chitetezere ku malire ololedwa a makemikolo. Nyengo inonso inakhala ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo olamulira ndalama zaganyu (ERISA mu U.S.) ndi mwaŵi wofanana wa ntchito (EOC).

Mavuto Amene Alipo M’dziko Lokhala ndi Makompyuta

Masiku ano, anthu opanga makompyuta a pa Intaneti, nzeru, unyolo wa zinthu padziko lonse, ndiponso nyengo, amafunika kusintha maganizo atsopano.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kachipangizo Kothandiza Kupeza Zachuma

Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta , kuyambira pa makompyuta a makompyuta mpaka pa e-commence . Yapanga chidziŵitso chachikulu chimene chimatsutsa malamulo a zachinsinsi. European Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR]], yogwira ntchito 2018, ndiyo kuyesa kupatsa anthu zinthu zawo. Imaika zovala zolemera pa makampani amene amanyalanyaza chidziŵitso ndi kuvomereza kuti apange. Mu United States, [[FLT:] Confuciation Act [CPA:]] [FLT]] [FFF.N] [FLT]] [3] [zinsicts , [zinsinsinsinsi za mphamvu zolamulira] zotetezera, ngakhale kuti U.S. Idakalibe lamulo lalamulo lachikulu.

Kuŵerengera kwa Malamulo ndi Nzeru Zopanga

Pamene ma kampani ya AI imagwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ya ulova, kubwereketsa, chilungamo, ndi kusamalira zaumoyo, nkhaŵa za chilungamo, kuonekera, ndi kuŵerengera zakula. Lamulo la EU likufuna kuti [[FLT: 0]] AII AS AS Aii apange njira za AII ndi mlingo wa ngozi, kuletsa awo amene amaonedwa kukhala “osavomerezeka" (mphindu, kutsata maboma) ndi kukhazikitsa ziyenezo zamphamvu za“ . Akugwiritsa ntchito. Mayi ena akukulitsa zigwirizano zawo, koma mkhalidwe wa dziko lonse lapansi umachititsanso kukhala wovuta. Magule amafunikanso kuyesa “zofunika zosafunika zapamwamba ndi zachikhalidwe.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Malo Ozungulira

Kusintha kwa nyengo kwakakamiza kulinganizanso malamulo a malo okhala osakhoza kuletsa kuipitsa kwachibadwa. Paris Act (2015] adakhazikitsa njira ya mitundu kuchepetsa dala kutulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko. Magulu, magule akugwiritsira ntchito njira zotetezera zachilengedwe (kapear- ndi trade ku California ndi EU, misonkhoma ya carbon ku Canada ndi Scandinavia), kukonzanso miyezo ya pa malo a pa portfolio, ndi miyezo yapamwamba ya zachuma. [[FLT:] Kuwomba kwa kaboni Retu: [2]) Act. [FLT] Active "[FLT] Act: [2] 202] Actsssssss provitives provitives , kuimira kusintha kwa mphamvu za mphamvu za mphamvu za mphamvu za dziko, kuisintha kuchokera ku malonda ndi ku malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda. [Foctive [Foctic provetic .]

Kusintha Ndalama Pambuyo pa Vuto la Zachuma la 2008

Nkhanza ya zachuma yapadziko lonse yavumbula mipata yovuta m'malamulo a mabanki, opangidwa ndi maato, ndi maofesi a magetsi. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation ndi Consumer Protection Act (20:0) mu U.S. adalenga bungwe la Consumeral Protection Bureaualbiau (CFPB), lokhazikitsa malamulo aakulu kwambiri, ndi kukhazikitsa kuchotsa pakati kwa zochokera ku , ndipo adalamula kuchotsako. M'pondero wa padziko lonse, Mgwirizano wa III ulimbitsa banki ndi miyezo ya madzi. Posachedwapa, kukwera kwa ndalama zopimira ndi ndalama (Di Fire) imapereka chitopesososo: kuyesa kuletsa ndi kuletsa ndalama zimene zilipo.

Chitsanzo cha Malamulo Oyerekezera

Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri m’makampani osiyanasiyana a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana ndiponso kuti mayiko agwirizane pa nkhani ya malamulo, zandale, ndiponso chikhalidwe.

European Union: Kudzivulaza ndi Kuvulaza

EU kaŵirikaŵiri imagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lachikhalidwe [[FLT: 0] lokhudza, kumene oyendetsa angachitirepo kanthu kuletsa kuvulaza kothekera ngakhale popanda kutsimikizira kwenikweni kwa sayansi. Zimenezi nzowonekera mu CHUMA CHAPANSI malamulo a makemikolo (kulimbana ndi zinthu zotetezeka zikwi zambiri) ndi GPR . EUUUU imalondolanso mwamphamvu kugwirizana, kupanga miyezo imodzi yokha kudutsa mitundu 27, chitsanzo, chitsanzo cha [FLT:] [FL:] kujambula zinthu zabwino mwaufulu.

United States: Kuwopsezedwa ndi Kugaŵanikana

U.S. kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosoledwa monga kagulu ka m'masunagoge ndi kachikhalidwe , ndi mabungwe opatulidwa kaamba ka kubanki (FEDAL Reserve, OC), kusadalirika (SEC), zoyendera (DOT), malo okhala (EPA), ndi ogula (CFPB). A detivecrect imafunikira mabungwe alamulo alamulo autali ndi chidziŵitso chapoyera ndi ndemanga, kupanga malamulo ooneka bwino pang’onopang'onopang'ono. U. Makhoti amachititsa ntchito zapadera za m'zo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, [FF:4] CFFFFFFFF Active Active Act.

Mayiko Osatukuka: Kuthandiza Anthu Kukula ndi Kugwira Ntchito

Maiko onga India, Brazil, Indonesia, ndi Nigeria amayang'anizana ndi mavuto apadera. Nthaŵi zambiri amamanga mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu kuchokera ku kufutukuka kwa kampani pamene akuyang'anira kuwonjezeka kwa chuma ndi kulephera kwa zinthu. Bank ya World Bank ya Padziko Lonse ya Kukonza Chionetsero [1] (Inakhalapo mu 2021]) (ikulimbana ndi malamulo olemetsa kwambiri amene angaletse ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka bizinesi. Mayiko ambiri omatukuka atengera mphamvu ya kukonzanso (RIA) ndi kudula maprogramuzi a tepi ofiira, osonkhezeredwa ndi machita zinthu zina zabwino koposa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, amalimbana ndi nkhani ngati zachuma, kuchepetsa mphamvu, ndi katangale kopanda kabwino. [FL:] African Free Traclace Translation [FFF] [FF]

Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo: Zosinthasintha, Zochuluka, ndi Zophatikizapo

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, madongosolo apamwamba kwambiri ndiwo amene angasinthe mwamsanga, kuloŵetsamo anthu ambiri odziŵa zinthu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito bwino chidziŵitso ndi zipangizo zamakono.

Kusintha ndi Kulamulira Ntchentche

Chimodzi cha zinthu zolonjeza ndicho box ya mchenga ya agulugue , yotchuka ndi bungwe la zachuma la UK. Sandboxs imalola makampani a pintech (ndipo tsopano makampani a AI) kuyesa zinthu zatsopano ndi ogula enieni pa ulamuliro wopepuka, pamene maguleear amaphunzira za maupandu ndi mapindu. Kufikira kufupi kwa nthaŵi ya kugulitsa zinthu ndi kuthandiza a agulu la malamulo opangidwa mowonjezereka. Lamulo lachile lomwe limachokera ku kupangidwa kwa pulogalamu, kugogomezera lamulolo, kupanga malamulo achidule, kupanga masinthidwe, ndi kusiyanitsa kwa zaka zambiri.

Kulimbikitsa ndi Kuthandiza Kulemba Zinthu

Makonso a za m'malo achilengedwe amagwiritsa ntchito maajeni a kugulitsa zinthu. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito njira ya kutumiza zinthu zofunikira kutsogoloku kumadzutsanso mafunso a zamalonda. Bungwe la Reparency Register ya ku Ulaya imafuna kuti atetezere apolisi atsopano ofufuza zinthu.

Kudziloŵetsa m’Nthenda ndi Kubwezera

Malamulo amakono salinso njira yapamwamba kwambiri. Mabungwe ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito kufunsira kwa pa Intaneti, makomiti audindo, ndi kumvetsera kwapoyera kusonkhanitsa zoloŵetsedwa. Multi-takeri , monga ngati makampani a Internet Publicance Forum kapena Bungwe la Uyang'aniro la nkhalango. Kuwonjezera kwa makampani, kumene makampani amapanga miyezo imene amavomerezedwa ndi boma (m.g., [FLT:]] Heri pa Net [FFF:]]

Kugwirizana kwa Malamulo Padziko Lonse

Chifukwa chakuti mavuto apadziko lonse monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kulephera kupereka msonkho, ndi miliri kupyola malire, kugwirizana kwa malamulo nkofunika kwambiri. Mabungwe ngati ECD, Mabungwe a Sacults Officers [[[FLT:]] Mabungwe a Sacultss [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [zifukwa] [zithunzi] ndi zigwirizano zapamwamba za dziko lonse lapansi [[FLT] [FFFF:] [FFF:] [FFOLT])))) imayambitsa mapangano abwino ndi odziŵika. Komabe, kudalirana kwakukulukulu kwa mphamvu za dziko lapansi.

Kumaliza

Chisinthiko cha malamulo ndi nkhani yosatha ya kuyesa kwa chitaganya kugwirizanitsa mapindu a malonda ndi kukonza zinthu pamene akuchepetsa maupandu awo. Kuchokera ku Malamulo a Hammurabi mpaka ku GDPR, malamulo akula m'mbali, kulongosoka, ndi kulakalaka. Lerolino, timayang'anizana ndi malire atsopano, kusintha kwa nyengo, mapulatifomu a manambala, amene amafuna madongosolo a zamalonda omwe sali okha aluso ndi okhoza kulinganiza zinthu komanso ogwirizana ndi oyenerera. Maphunziro aakulu a mbiri yakale ngowonekera bwino: malamulo ayenera kupitirizabe kusinthika, kapena kuti akhale chopinga kuwongolera kapena chitetezero chosakwanira. Mtsogolo mwa kupeza mabodza amphamvu pakati pa ufulu ndi chitetezo, kutetezera, ndi liŵiro, ndi kulinganiza kuti ayendetse oseŵera, mabizinesi, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito yofala.