Chiyambi: Vuto la Kulanda Matauni

Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zisinthe kwambiri. Kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedweku kukuchititsa kuti madzi akhale oyera, kuti madzi aziyenda bwino, kuti madzi azisefukira, ndiponso kuti madzi aziyenda bwino. Kusintha kwa zinthu m’mizinda komanso kuwonongeka kwa thanzi la anthu kukupangitsa kuti anthu aziganizira kwambiri za malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka madzi. Kumvetsa mmene mzinda umasinthira madzi ndi mmene uyenera kusinthira n’kofunika kwambiri kuti ateteze madzi, a madzi, a chigumula, ndiponso kuti ateteze zinthu zachilengedwe m’madera a m’mizinda.

Madzi owonongeka sasinthasintha; ndi madongosolo amphamvu amene amalabadira kusintha kwa masinthidwe a dziko, nyengo, ndi zochita za anthu. Ulendo umayambitsa malo atsopano otsendereza owonongeka , katundu woipitsa, ndi kusintha njira zoyendera magetsi , zimene zingafooketse mphamvu yachilengedwe ya madzi kuti alowe, zosefa, ndi kutumiza madzi. Chifukwa chake, opanga malamulo amakakamizidwa kupanga njira zatsopano zoyendera kudalirana ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene kukhalira kwa anthu a m'mizinda pa malamulo owonongeka a kayendetsedwe ka madzi, imakanika njira zothandizira kugwirizanitsa, njira zoyendera zotetezera madzi.

Kumvetsetsa Madzi: Njira za chilengedwe Zoyang’anira Madzi

Kachipangizo kotchedwa meter , kotchedwanso mbee, ndi malo a dziko kumene mvula ndi madzi akuya amaloŵa ndi kutuluka mumtsinje ndi kutulukamo mu [1] ikhale mtsinje, nyanja, thamanda, kapena nyanja. Kadontho kalikonse ka mvula imene imagwera m’madzi opotozedwa potsirizira pake kamaloŵa m’malo amenewo, kunyamula chilichonse chimene imapita nacho m’njira: dothi, zomanga thupi, zoipitsa, ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi zomera. Madzi amasinthasintha kwambiri kukula kwake, kuchokera ku timitsinje tating'ono kukafika ku mitsinje yaikulu monga Mississippis River Basin, imene imapitirira 31 s.

Madzi owonongeka amachita ntchito zodetsa nkhaŵa za malo okhala: amalamulira madzi, amabwezeretsa madzi, amapereka malo okhala zamoyo za m’madzi ndi za padziko lapansi, ndi kuthandiza madzi oyera kupyolera m'nthaka yachilengedwe, manyowa, ndi zomera. Thanzi la madzi othiridwa mwachindunji limayambukira ukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi opezeka kaamba ka kumwa, ulimi, maindasitale, ndi zosangulutsa. Pamene madzi osungunulidwa asungidwa asungidwa ndi kusungidwa, angakhoze kuletsa madzi otetezera, zoipitsa, ndi kusunga malo otetezeka ngakhale mkati mwa chilala. Komabe, pamene kuwonongeka kwa malo a mizinda kuwonongeka, mautumiki ameneŵa amawonongeka.

Mmene Kugwetsera Matauni Kumawonongera

Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa kuti m’mizinda mukhale zinthu zambiri zowononga thanzi, monga misewu, malo oimikapo galimoto, madenga, ndi misewu.

Kuchuluka kwa Magulu ndi Kuthamanga kwa Zilakolako Zansanje

Kubisa zinthu ndi chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa mizinda. M’nkhalango zokhala ndi madzi owonongeka, magetsi otulutsa madzi oyenda pansi, madoko ndi kugwetsa mvula kwa 90%; kusefukira kwa madzi kumachepera 10%. Pamene kukwera kwa madzi ovundikira, kukwera kwa mavolyumu. Kukwera kwa madzi kwa madzi kwakwera ndi 50-75%, kugwetsa madzi, kukhoza kupitirira 50% ya mvula ya pachaka. Kuthamanga kowonjezereka kumeneku kumasefukira mofulumira m’mitsinje ndi mitsinje, ndipo kumachititsa kuti mitsinje ndi mitsinje igwe. Kuyenda kwamphamvu kumachepetsa madzi a pansi pa nthaka, kutsogolera kuthamanga kwa pansi pa nyengo youma ndi kusoŵa madzi.

Kuipitsa ndi Kuchepa kwa Madzi

M’madera a m’matauni mumatulutsa zinthu zoipitsa zimene amazitsuka kukhala madigiri amadzi panyengo za mvula.

  • Kuchokera ku malo omanga ndi magombe a mitsinje
  • Manutsi (nitrogen ndi phosphorus) kuchokera ku feteleza, zinyalala za chiŵeto, ndi madongosolo a chiwiya
  • Zitsulo zavy zonga mtovu, zinc, ndi mkuwa wa m'mabuleki a galimoto, matayala, ndi zipangizo zomangira
  • Hydrocarbon [[FL:1] (mafuta, mafuta) a m’misewu ndi m'malo oimika magalimoto
  • Pathogens kuchokera ku zimbudzi zophatikiza ndi madongosolo olephera kutulutsa
  • Kuphatikiza mankhwala osokoneza bongo [[FL:1] kuphatikizapo mankhwala, zinthu zosamalira munthu, ndi tizilombo

Zoipitsa zimenezi zimawononga madzi abwino, zimawononga zamoyo za m’madzi, ndipo zimawonjezera mtengo wa mankhwala ochepetsa madzi akumwa. Bungwe loona za malo a zachilengedwe la ku United States lotchedwa Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limati m’mizinda ndimo mumapezeka madzi ambiri oipitsa m’mitsinje, m’nyanja, ndi m’mitsinje.

Kusintha kwa Madzi ndi Kapangidwe ka Mchenga

Kumanga matauni kumasintha kwambiri ulamuliro wachilengedwe wa mitsinje. Kutumiza madzi a mkuntho mofulumira kumawonjezera kuchuluka ndi ukulu wa zochitika zapamwamba, pamene kuchepa kwa madzi a pansi pa nthaka kumabwerera pansi pa nthaka. "Urban syndrome" imaphatikizapo:

  • Malo apamwamba otuluka m’mikuntho
  • Kuyenda pang’ono m’nyengo youma
  • Ofutukulidwa, ngalande zokhala ndi malo owonongeka
  • Kuwonongeka kwa zomera zowononga ndi kapangidwe ka m’mbali mwa mtsinje
  • Zamoyo za m’nkhalangozi zikuchepa, ndipo zikukonda mitundu ya zamoyo yololerana ndi nyama zina zimene zimachedwa kukhudzidwa

Kuchepa kwa nsomba kumachititsa kuti nyamazi zikhale ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nyama zina zowononga mpweya, ndiponso kuti zamoyo zonse zisamagwire ntchito.

Kupatukana ndi Kutaikiridwa

Kukula kwa malo okhala m’mizinda mwa kusintha nkhalango zosalekeza kapena malo ozungulira kukhala maphukusi akutali. Misewu ndi maculting zingalepheretse nsomba kusamuka ndi kusokoneza malo a zinyama. Malo a Riparian . Malo omera omwe amasunga magombe a madzi omwe amakhazikitsa magombe, kupereka mthunzi, ndi zoipitsa zotetezera. Kupanda mipanda imeneyi, mitsinje imakhala yosavuta kuipitsa mpweya kuchokera ku ku ku kutenthetsa dzuŵa ndi ku kuloŵa mwachindunji kwa osunga madzi a m'mabwinja apafupi ogwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Ziyambukiro pa Kulamulira Kowonongeka

Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kochititsidwa ndi kufalikira kwa matauni kwakakamiza opanga malamulo kusinthira ku kuyandikira kwa mwambo wa kuyendetsa madzi. M'mbiri, maulamuliro opotozedwa osumikidwa pa kuletsa chigumula ndi madzi, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa njira zolinganizidwa zonga madamu, ma leve, ndi stem . Koma kupereŵera kwa njira imeneyi "ziwiro zamakono" tsopano kuli bwino: kungawononge madzi osefukira, ndi kuipitsa malo okhalamo madzi.

Kuchokera ku lamulo ndi ulamuliro kufika ku ku KGB

Univaled Water Resource Management (IWRM) ndi lamulo limene limachirikiza kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa madzi, malo, ndi chuma chogwirizana kuwonjezera ubwino wa zachuma ndi wa chikhalidwe cha anthu popanda kusokoneza zinthu zachilengedwe. Univale imawonjezera changu kwa IWRM chifukwa imagwirizanitsa madzi ambiri, kukongola, ndi nthaka pamodzi. Policies tsopano akugogomezera kwambiri [[FLT:] kulinganiza kwa madzi kowonongeka, , , ndi kusanguluka.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu: NPDES, TMDL, ndi Madzi Osefukira

Ku United States, Clean Water Act (CWA) imapereka dongosolo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka madzi opotozedwa. Zipangizo za malamulo zofunika zosinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kufalikira kwa mizinda zimaphatikizapo:

  • National Pollutiant Direflation Relective Exposition System (NPDES): imafuna zilolezo kaamba ka zochotsapo za malo, kuphatikizapo madongosolo a mkuntho amodzi a m'maboma ochotsa zonyansa (MS4s). Maboma ayenera kuyambitsa maprogramu osamalira madzi a mphepo kuti athetse kuthamanga kwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu.
  • Matampu a Tsiku ndi Tsiku (TMDL): Manda oipitsa ameneŵa amaika malire a zoipitsa zakutizakuti m'madzi owonongeka. Malo a m'matauni kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zofunika za TMDL kaamba ka kugwetsa, zomanga thupi, ndi mabakiteriya, zimene zimakakamiza anthu kukonzanso zinthu zimene zilipo ndi njira zabwino zoyendetsera.
  • Phase II Thrmnater Water Ilamulira: Kufukulidwa kwa NPDE ku malo aang'ono ndi omanga, kufunikiritsa kukokoloka ndi mapulani oletsa ndi kuchotsapo mankhwala.

Malamulo amenewa achititsa kuti makampani a m’makampani ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera mphamvu za m’thupi (LID), zipangizo zobiriwira, ndi ndalama zothandizira kukonza zinthu kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira kupititsa patsogolo ndalama za malikulu.

Kusinthasintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa zinthu zowonjezera mphamvu za nyengo m’tauni mwa kukulitsa nyengo, kuwonjezera chilala, ndi kukwera kwa madzi. Malamulo a kuyendetsa zinthu akuwonjezera njira zosinthira zimene zimatheketsa kuphunzira ndi kukonza. Mwachitsanzo, mizinda yambiri tsopano imapanga madzi a mkuntho okhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka yothandiza kuchepetsa mvula yoopsa. Policies amalimbikitsanso mathero ozikidwa pa monga Wetland kukonzanso, chigumula chotchedwa perlainficiation, ndi kufutukuka kwa mitengo ya m'mizinda, zimene zimapereka mapindu osinthasintha, monga kusintha kwa mikhalidwe.

Zimene Anthu Amachita Kuti Azitsatira Mfundo za M’Baibulo

Padziko lonse lapansi, mizinda ndi madera akupanga njira zatsopano zochepetsera mphamvu zowonongera m’mizinda.

Malo Obiriwira ndi Kukula Kochepa

Green bisduct (GI) imaimira zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe zimene zimayendetsa madzi a mkuntho pamalo ake. Zitsanzo zofala za GI zimaphatikizapo minda ya mvula, matsindwi obiriŵira, misewu yotha kuwonongeka, maatomu, ndi malo otentha omangidwa. Mmalo mwa kutumiza mapipipi a m'mipope ku malo ochiritsira, GI imapititsa ku malo apakati, kutulutsa magetsi otetezera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochirikiza GI

  • Madzi a m’nyanja ya chimphepo amachepetsa ndalama zimene eni malo a makampani a GI amalipira
  • Kusintha zinthu zimene zimachepetsa kukwera kwa galimoto kapena kulola kuti misewu ikhale yopapatiza
  • Ziyeneretso za mandala ya GI kuti apangenso zinthu zatsopano
  • Mayanjano a anthu onse kaamba ka maretrofit a ukulu (m' lekuatiso, , Green City ya Philadelphia, Programu Yaudongo ya Madzi)

Filadelphia wa zaka 25, mapulani a ndalama zokwana madola 2.4 biliyoni ndi imodzi mwa njira zotchuka kwambiri zopangira zinthu zobiriwira ku United States. Mwa kusintha malo osatetezeka ku malo obiriŵira, mzindawo ukufuna kulanda 85% ya zonyansa zophatikizapo, kuchepetsa kuipitsa kukhala mitsinje ya Delaware ndi Schuylkill.

Msika Wochepetsa Madzi ndi Wambiri

Ziŵiya zachuma monga malonda a madzi zimalola magwero a mizinda a kuipitsa (mt., madzi a mkuntho kugula ngongole kuchokera ku ntchito zaulimi kapena zotetezera zinthu zimene zimachepetsa chakudya pamtengo wotsika. Chasepake Bay Program [1] Malonda a malonda aakulu athandiza kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso za DL za nayitrogen ndi phosphorus. M'barmater meter ingalipirire alimi kubisa mbewu, mitsinje, kapena kubwezeretsa madzi, kupangitsa kukwera mtengo kwa madzi kukhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa malo okwirira a m'mizinda.

Mofananamo, [[FLT: 0] Mtsinje wa Ohio Basin Seaty Traditing Inititive umaphatikizapo mafakitale a magetsi, magetsi a madzi onyansa, ndi olima m'masitolo a ngongole ambiri. Maprogramu ameneŵa amafunikira kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kutsimikizira koma amapereka njira yosinthika ku kuchepetsa kuipitsa m'matauni.

Chitetezo cha Chifuwa cha Nyani

Malamulo ambiri tsopano ku Virginia amalamulira kapena kukhazikitsa kusungidwa ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa zopinga zowongoka 100 . Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT: 0] Chapeake Bay Leave Act [[FLT: 1] ku Virginia kumafuna malo osonyezera Deseatetion Prequet Office (RPAS) ndi zopinga zokhalamo zokhala ndi mitsinje 100 . Momwemo, ] Norrati Riparian Motter Templity Temption Acts [[ Kuteteza madzi ena. Zipatso zimenezi zimateteza, mabanki, amapereka mthunzi, ndi nyama zakuthengo zomwe zili zazikulu kwambiri m’madera a m’mizinda.

Kufufuza za Matenda a Anthu a M’matauni

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumasonyeza mmene malamulo angapambanire — kapena kulimbana ndi dala ndi ziyambukiro za kufalikira kwa mizinda.

Kubwereranso kwa Mtsinje wa Los Angeles

Kalelo, mtsinje wa Los Angeles unayamba kuyendetsa zinthu zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri. Gulu la asilikali a ku United States la Engineers, limodzi ndi mabungwe akomweko, layamba kuchotsa konkire, kubwezeretsa magombe achilengedwe, ndi kupanga matumba a mchenga. Masinthidwe a zachilamu amaphatikizapo mapulani a m’mitsinje opatulikitsidwa, kumanga mayalo otchinga otchingidwa ndi madothi, ndi ntchito zonyamula mabomba. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto akutsala ndi kuipitsa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi amasonyeza kuti ngakhale madoko a m’mizinda angabwezeretsedwe ndi kudalira pa ndale ndi ntchito ya zachuma.

Programu Yachangu, Yokongola, Yaudongo ya Madzi a Singapore

Singapore, mzinda wa madera okhala ndi anthu ambiri, unasintha njira yake yoyendetsera madzi a mphepo ndi ntchito ya ku Syperfere, Clean Waters . Mmalo mwa madzi a konkire, programu imatembenuza ngalande ndi madamu kukhala malo osangalatsa okhala ndi magombe achilengedwe, matope, ndi madzi. Policies ikufuna kusintha kwatsopano kuti aloŵe m'malo osungira madzi osefukira ndi kuchiritsa, pamene kuchirikiza kwa onse kulimbikitsa anthu kulola madzi kusungidwa ndi kutetezedwa ndi kuipitsa. Chotsatira chake ndicho njira yopezera madzi otetezeredwa ndi kuwonongeka imene imapangitsa kuti aoneke ndi kuŵerengeka, kuchepetsa kuipitsa ndi kukulitsa mkhalidwe wa moyo.

M’Chigwa cha Pacific

Portland’s Grey to Green program, inayamba mu 2008, imaphatikiza mapulogalamu obiriŵira ndi kubwezeretsa madzi. Mzindawu unawononga $5 miliyoni pa zaka zisanu kuti uike misewu yobiriŵira, ecoroofs, ndi kubzala mitengo, uku uku akupeza ndi kubwezeretsa malo achilengedwe kumbali ya mtsinje wa Willamamette ndi mitu yake. Ziwiya zamagetsi zimaphatikizapo ntchito yoyang'anira madzi a mkuntho ndi m'miyezo ya LID, mpando wofuna makoma obiriwira pa nyumba zatsopano za ukulu wonga, ndi nyumba yandalama imene imapindula ndi kupendeka. Maphunziro akusonyeza kuti kuyandikira kwa dziko la Portlande kwa kutsika ndi mavoliyumu 80 kuchokera ku malo ena otetezedwa ndi owonjezereka.

Mavuto ndi Zopinga Zoletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yothandiza

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zapita patsogolo, zopinga zazikulu zimalepheretsa anthu ambiri kutengera malamulo oyendetsera bwino zinthu m’mizinda.

  • [[FLT: 0] Cost ndi Funding: Kuyenerera nyumba za m'mizinda zimene zilipo ndi zinthu zobiriwira nzamtengo wapatali. Mizinda yambiri imalimbana ndi kusungitsa ndalama zoperekedwa, zanthaŵi yaitali. Madzi a m'mitengo amadzi akukula, koma mlingo ukukula kuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso cha ndale zadziko.
  • Malo opatulidwa: [[FT:1] siigwirizana ndi mizere ya chigawo. Mabungwe ambiri . "municalipal, gawo, boma, boma, boma, lingakhale ndi maudindo opatukirana kapena otsutsana a kugwiritsira ntchito malo, madzi abwino, ndi kuyendetsa madzi. Kusokonezeka kwa madzi n’kovuta.
  • Chitetezo cha Chifuniro ndi Ulomo wa Anthu: Chitetezo chowonongeka sichingakhale chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa, makamaka pamene akupikisana ndi nyumba, kupita patsogolo kwa chuma, kapena zoyendera. Kumvetsa kwa anthu mmene zochita za munthu aliyense zikukhudzira thanzi lowonongeka kumachepa.
  • Kusatsimikizirika : Miyezo yopanga yozikidwa pa zolembedwa za mbiri ya mvula ingakhale yosakwanira kaamba ka mikhalidwe yamtsogolo. Opanga apolisi ayenera kutsutsana ndi kusatsimikizirika poika ndalama pa zomangira za moyo wautali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuchuluka kwa zinthu: [[FLT :1] m'mbiri, madera ndi midzi ya mitundu yaing'ono yolandira ndi yamitundu yakhala ndi vuto lalikulu la kuipitsa kwa m'mizinda ndi kusefukira. Makhalidwe amene amasumika maganizo pa zinthu zobiriŵira angasonkhezere kukongola ndi kusamuka ngati sagwirizana ndi chitetezo cha nyumba zokhoza kupezeka.

M’tsogolomu Kuthandiza Madera Okhala ndi Malo Oyenda Malo Osungira Madzi

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, mikhalidwe ingapo ingaumbe mbadwo wotsatira wa malamulo opotoka a dongosolo la kuyendetsa zinthu.

Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta Ndiponso Kugwiritsa Ntchito Madzi Mwanzeru

Kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo zothandizira kumva, makompyuta, ndi mapulogalamu ojambula zinthu, kumathandiza kuti pakhale kuyang'ana kwenikweni kwa nthaŵi ya madzi owonongeka. Madongosolo a madzi othamanga angasinthe njira zoyendera kuchokera ku maiwe osungirako zinthu zogwirizana ndi nyengo, kuchepetsa ngozi ya chigumula pamene akuthandiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi. Mahatchiwa . Zopangapanga zowonongeka . Zopangapanga zojambula kuti ayese njira ndi kuyesa zinthu asanachite likulu. Mapilisi amene amachirikiza kugawana ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zamakono amathandiza kukonzanso mphamvu.

Zimene Zachilengedwe Zingakuthandizeni Kuthetsa Vutoli

Malingaliro a "mizinda ya zipolokowe" ku China ndi "m'matauni ozindikira bwino" ku Australia amaimira kusintha kwa ntchito yachilengedwe mmalo mwa io. Izi zafika posintha madzi a mkuntho, kututa madzi a mvula, ndi malo otentha a m’mizinda ku mlingo wapafupi. Madongosolo amene amalamulira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zobiriŵira kapena kufuna kuti udzu ugwe chifukwa cha zinthu zatsopano zikuwonjezeka. Mwachitsanzo, SATTLE GREAT F Amafunikira magawo ochepa ozikidwa pa zinthu monga madenga obiriŵirira, minda ya mvula, ndi mitengo, oyendetsa zinthu kuti apange ntchito za chilengedwe.

Kufufuza ndi Kuyendetsa Malonda kwa Thupi

Kupatsa mphamvu anthu a m’deralo kuti ayang'ane kuwala kwa madzi, kusimba mavuto, ndi kuchita nawo ntchito yokonza madzi kungayambitse kudalirana ndi kuwongolera zotsatirapo. Maprogramu onga Citizen Science ya Chesapeake Bay [1] Malo a Khirisimasi a anthu odzipereka kupeza chidziŵitso cha kuwala kwa madzi, kusungunuka kwa oxygen, ndi ma ma ma macroin enflytectives systems omwe angathandizire kukwaniritsa magawo a bungwe pamene akuchirikiza udindo. Malamulo apamwamba a kampani a kampani angathandiza kupeza ndalama zothandizira ntchito za m'malo osiyanasiyana m'madera a m'nkhani.

Mapeto: Kubwerera ku Malo Opimira Am’tauni

Kusintha kwa malo kupitirizabe kuchotsa madzi kwa zaka makumi ambiri akudza. Ziyambukirozo . Ziyambukiro . Ziwonjezedwa , kuipitsa, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, ndi kusintha hydrology , demand chisinthiko cha mphamvu m'malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka madzi owonongeka. Kufikira zolimba, ndi dongosolo la zinthu zapadera sikulinso kokwanira. Malamulo ogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi aja ogwirizanitsa: kugwirizanitsa kugwiritsira ntchito malo ndi kuyendetsa madzi, kuphatikiza pamodzi zomanga za ma magetsi ndi zobiriwira, kuphatikiza malamulo a malamulo ndi zisonkhetso zachuma, ndi anthu okhala ndi phande monga antchito.

Zitsanzo zachipambano za lamulo kuchokera ku Philadelphia mpaka ku Singapore zimasonyeza kuti kupita patsogolo kwabwino kuli kotheka, ngakhale m'malo ozungulira omangidwa mokulira. Komabe mavuto osatha . "kugaŵa, kugawanika, kukayikira, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Kuyenera kulembedwa ndi kumamatira kwa ndale zadziko ndi njira zatsopano zothandizira. Malo enieniwo ayenera kutitsogolera: Kuchotsa madzi abwino kukhoza kuchepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala, kuchepetsa chigumula, ndi kupereka malo otetezereka bwino. Mwakulinganiza malamulo achilengedwe, tingamange mizinda imene siingokhala yolimba komanso yokhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtsogolo wa madzi a m’mizinda imadalira pa malamulowo kuti madzi asawonongedwe, koma monga chuma chamtengo wapatali kuti atheredwe.