Mauthenga opotoleredwa akhala mbali yofala ya ndawala zandale zamakono ndi kusatsa malonda. Amaonetsa ngati mayeso ovomerezeka pamene akutumiza mauthenga opangidwa mosamala kapena osocheretsa. Pamene mauthengawa akubwereza foni zambiri / foni, malembo, kusatsa malonda a mayanjano, ndi ma ropocalls . Iwo angaumbe mobisa mmene anthu amalingalirira, kumva, ndi kuvota. Kumvetsetsa maluso a maganizo obwerezabwerezabwerezabwereza ku kusonkhezera kusanthulako kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, opanga malamulo, ndi aliyense amene akufuna kupanga zosankha za chidziŵitso m'dziko lokhala ndi lamphamvu. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene anthu amamvera, malingaliro, ndi mmene amaonera kuonekera, maluso aakulu a democracy, ndi maluso opindulitsa kuchepetsa kujambula.

Kufotokoza Mauthenga Oipitsa Otsatizana

Kufufuza kokakamiza sikuli kufufuza kowona. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kowona kwachindunji kumene kumasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chosatsutsidwa, kukakamiza kuchitidwa kwa “mwayi". Woyankha ku lingaliro loikidwiratu, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kufalitsa chidziŵitso choipa ponena za wotsutsa kapena mwa kupereka mafunso otsogolera. Mwachitsanzo, kufunsira kokakamiza kungafunse kuti: “Kuti muchirikizebe X ngati mukudziŵa kuti adaimbidwa mlandu wa makhalidwe oipa? . — popanda kutsimikizira kuti chinenezocho nchabwino. Mauthenga oterowo amadalira pa kubwerezabwereza mawu awo, kugwiritsa ntchito chiyambukiro cha choonadi [[[FLT: 1]]

Kufufuza kopotoletsa kuli kofala kwambiri m'nyengo za masankho, koma njira zofananazo zimawonekera m'nkhani ya kukopa ndi kutsatsa malonda (m’chitsanzo, “Kodi mukudziwa kuti zinthu za Y zili ndi mankhwala ovulaza?” Kugwira ntchito kwawo kumadalira pa kusoŵa kwa mawu apatsogolo kapena kufufuza kochenjera kwa omvera. Malinga ndi American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), kusonkhezera kufufuza kuswa malamulo chifukwa chakuti iwo mwadala adafunsa. Komabe, iwo amakhalabe ovomerezeka m'zigawo malinga ngati anena kuti si ofufuza oona.

Psychology ya Kubwerezabwereza: Zogwiritsira Ntchito Zofunika

Kumvetsera uthenga uliwonse mobwerezabwereza . Kaya ndi woona kapena wonama kaya n’zolondola kapena zonama. Opanga mayeso ofufuzira amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zimenezi ponyalanyaza mfundo zomveka ndi kubzala mfundozo mwachindunji. Pansipa pali njira zazikulu zimene zikugwira ntchito.

Kuvutitsa

Kuvutitsa kumachitika pamene kuyang'aniridwa ku chisonkhezero cha pambuyo pake. M'nkhani ya kufufuza kokakamiza, mafunso obwerezabwereza onena za “machenjera” kapena“ kulephera” kumasonkhezera mayanjano amaganizo ogwirizana (m’chitsanzo, kusawona mtima, kusadalirika). Ngakhale ngati wovotayo motsimikiza amakana zonenazo, kulembedwa kobwerezabwereza kungaumbe mmene amamasulira nkhani zamtsogolo kapena makambitsirano. [FLT: 0] Kuphwanya malamulo kungasinthe mochenjera njira zogwiritsira ntchito popenda wofunsira, kupanga mikhalidwe yoipa.

Kufufuza kwa ndale zadziko (m., Iyengar & Kinder, 1987) kumasonyeza kuti osankha a makampani oulutsa nkhani zina ndizo zofunika kwambiri poweruza andale zadziko. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumakulitsa chiyambukiro chimenechi mwa kulamulira “mtsempha” wa chidziŵitso. Mkupita kwanthaŵi, wovota angachirikize chosankha chawo pankhani imene inasonyezedwa mwachibadwa mmalo mwa kupenda malamulo moyenerera.

Chiyambukiro Chachowonadi Chonyenga

Chiyambukiro cholakwika cha chowonadi chiri chimodzi cha zopezedwa zamphamvu koposa mu psychology. Anthu ali othekera kwambiri kuweruza ndemanga kukhala yowona ngati adaipeza asanaione . Ngakhale ngati poyamba anadziŵa kuti inali yonama. Chiyambukiro chimenechi chimawonjezereka ndi chiŵerengero cha kubwereza ndi kugwira ntchito ngakhale pamene magwero ake ali osadalirika. Plath kutumiza mauthenga osocheretsa kapena onama mwa kubwereza mawu osiyanasiyana.

Mwachitsanzo, mapempho otsatizana okakamiza anganene kuti: “Kodi mukudziŵa kuti Candidate A wotsutsa kuchirikiza ndalama za sukulu?” Pambuyo pa kubwerezanso kwa mamembala khumi, olandira ambiri adzavomereza zimenezi kukhala zenizeni, mosasamala kanthu za cholembedwa chenicheni cha kuvota. Zoona zake zimachokera pa kukonda kwa ubongo: chidziŵitso chozoloŵereka chimafuna kuyesayesa kochepa kwa ubongo, chotero zimalingalira kukhala zolondola mwamwadzidzidzi.

Kufufuza kotchuka kwa Hasher, Goldstein, ndi Toppino (1977) kunasonyeza kuti mawu obwerezabwereza analingaliridwa kukhala owona kwambiri, ngakhale pamene otengamo mbali adauzidwa kuti angakhale onyenga. Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kumatsimikizira kuti chowonadi chachinyengo chimapitirizabe ngakhale pamene kubwerezako kuchokera ku magwero osakhala olakwika, kupanga kukakamiza mauthenga ofufuza makamaka pamene anthu akusoŵa nthaŵi kapena chisonkhezero cha kupenda.

Kupsinjika Maganizo ndi Kutumizidwa

Kufufuza kokakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumagwirizanitsa wobatizidwa kapena nkhani ya mawu a malingaliro: mantha, mkwiyo, kunyansidwa, kapena kunyada. Mwakubwerezabwereza, mawu a malingaliro amalumikizidwa ku chinthu chobedwa. Umenewu ndi mtundu wa wopeŵa kudalirana [1]. Mwachitsanzo, kupenda kokakamiza kungagwirizanitse wopikisana ndi mawuwo “mdani wotchuka [1] — pakapita nthaŵi, kumva dzina la wopikisanayo kumangodzutsa lingaliro la kusakhulupirirana.

Mauthenga operekedwa mwamalingaliro amadutsanso kukonza kwakuya kwa ubongo. Pamene amygdala alembetsa chiwopsezo, kusanthula koyenera kumachotsedwa. Ofufuza angapeze kuti akuvotera obatizidwa osati chifukwa cha malamulo koma chifukwa cha kuyankha kwa malingaliro kodzifunira. Kufufuza kwa kusatsatsa malonda kwa ndale zadziko kumasonyeza kuti kukopa kwa malingaliro koipa nkokumbukira kwambiri ndipo kungasonkhetse kusankha ndi kuvota (Brader, 2005). Kufufuza kochititsa kuchulukitsa chiyambukirochi mwa kupereka chifunsiro cha malingaliro mobwerezabwereza m'kaundula umene umawoneka kukhala wosatenga mbali m'kanthu) koma ulidi chiŵiro chokopa.

Kuzengereza ndi Kusalabadira

Siziyambukiro zonse za kuwunikira mobwerezabwereza zimene zimatsogolera ku kukopa kogwira ntchito. Nthaŵi zina maganizo a munthu mmodziyo akalandira mauthenga ofufuza mobwerezabwereza, iwo angakhale osamva zomveka. Izi zingatsogolere ku [[FLT: 0] appath, kusuliza, kapena kudzimva wopanda thandizo. Kuwonedwa mobwerezabwereza kumachititsa munthu kukhala wakhungu, kuwapangitsa kukhala osayenerera kuloŵa m’nkhani zandale, kuvota, kapena ngakhale kumvetsera nkhani zoyenerera.

Kuletsa anthu kuchita zinthu ndi cholinga chofuna kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Ngati nzika sizifuna kuchenjeza za ziphuphu, zingalephere kuyankha ziwopsezo zenizeni. Kuwonjezera apo, mfundo yakuti “andale onse ali ofanana ndi Chingelezi. Akhoza kuchititsa munthu kudandaula ndi kuchepetsa mlandu wake. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu ofufuza molakwika kumachititsa kuti anthu asiye kukhulupirirana ndi mabungwe a demokrase (Mutz & Reeves, 2005).

Kutsimikizira ndi Kusankha Kuvumbula

Pamene uthenga wofufuza ukhala ndi chikhulupiriro, anthu amafunafuna chidziŵitso chimene chimatsimikizira ndi kupeŵa umboni wotsutsana. Uku ndiko kutsimikizira. Opanga mavoti okakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri amabera anthu amene ali kale okonzekera kuwona lingaliro lina. Kubwereza mauthenga “otsekedwa mu” chikhulupiriro, kukuchititsa kukhala kosakonzeka kuwongolera. m'nyengo ya zipinda zokhala ndi mawu owonjezera ndi zolembedwa, kukakamiza kusanthula kukhoza kugwira ntchito monga kusonkhezera koyamba kumene kumatumiza anthu ku njira ya mabodza ochirikizidwa.

Kuphatikiza mfundo zolakwika, kusokoneza maganizo, kuchepetsa maganizo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti munthu ali ndi vuto, kumachititsa kuti munthu ayambe kuganiza kwambiri.

Kufufuza za Matenda ndi Zitsanzo Zapadziko Lenileni

Kuti timvetse mmene kupenda kolembedwa kumakhudziradi, kumathandiza kuona zochitika zolembedwa zimene zimasonkhezera anthu kupenda.

Upandu wa mu 2000 wa Pulezidenti wa ku United States

Mkati mwa 2000 Republican primies, osadziŵika akukakamiza kufufuza ku South Carolina ndi maiko ena anafalitsa mawu onama akuti Mbuye wa ntchito John McKain adabala mwana wachigololo. Mapempho anapezeka kwa omuchirikiza George W. Bush, ngakhale kuti mkupiti wa Bush unakana kuloŵamo. Kusonyezedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa mphekesera imeneyi kunawononga McCain chilikizo la Department, makamaka ku South. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimasonyeza mmene mawu onama, obwerezedwa mwa kufunsira, kungasinthire chisankhocho.

Kusankha kwa ku Canada

Ku Canada, anthu onse awiri akuluakulu agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masankho. Mu 2011, ofufuza apolisi anasocheretsa ovota powauza kuti malo awo oonera asintha. Njira imene inaphatikizapo kufunsira ndi kupotolera . Mafoniwo anabwerezabwereza uthenga wonama wochititsa kuti boma lisinthe zinthu ndipo anagogomezera kuti ntchito za demokrase zachinyengo zasintha.

Zitsanzo za Padziko Lonse

Ku United Kingdom, kukakamiza anthu kutsutsa gulu la anthu ovutika la Labour Party mu 2015 anagwiritsira ntchito mafunso mobwerezabwereza onena za “Mapangano a Ed Milibank ndi SNP” kulimbikitsa kufotokoza za kufooka. Ku India, kukakamiza anthu kutumiza mauthenga kwafalitsa kugawana kwa anthu pa nthawi ya masankho. Zitsanzo za padziko lonse zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti njira zamaganizo sizili chabe m’dziko limodzi; ndi vuto lapadziko lonse.

Kufuna Demokalase ndi Kusunga Umphumphu

Ziyambukiro za maganizo za kuwonedwa mobwerezabwereza zimasonkhezera kusokonezeka kwa kuchititsa chosankha cha demokrase. [FLT: 0] Democracy imadalira pa ovota kupanga zosankha zaufulu ndi zodziŵidwa. Kufufuza kochititsa kuchotsa zonse ziŵiri ufulu (mwakugwiritsira ntchito molakwa wovotayo) ndi chidziŵitso (mwa kufalitsa mabodza).

Kuvomereza Modziŵa Bwino

Kuvomereza kochitidwa ndi chidziŵitso kuli maziko a kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase. Pamene osankha aikidwa mwamachenjera mmalo mwa maphunziro, zosankha zawo siziridi zawo. Kufufuza kwachiwiritsa kumachititsa mkhalidwe umene “umboni” woperekedwa kwa osankhidwa uli watsankhu, wokondera, ndi wobwerezedwa kufikira utakhala woona. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kuyenera kwa zosankha ndipo zingatsogolere ku kulamulira kumene sikumasonyeza chifuniro chenicheni cha anthu.

Kusintha Mawonekedwe ndi Kuyambukira

Kupezeka mobwerezabwereza ku mauthenga otsutsa mbali ina kumawonjezera kugaŵanika kochititsa kusokonezeka — chikhoterero cha kuona gulu la anthu kukhala losasiyana chabe komanso losasiyana kwambiri ndi ena kapena ngakhale kuwopseza. Kufufuza kokakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri kumaseŵera pa kudalirana kwa mafuko, kulimbikitsa gulu la anthu kapena gulu la anthu. Pamene malingaliro oipidwa akukula, kulolera molakwa kwandale zadziko kukukulakula, ndipo chitaganya chimagaŵikana kwambiri. A anthu a m’dzikolo akuopa ndi kusakhulupirira gulu linalo n’kosatheka kuyambitsa mavuto onse.

Kuchepa kwa Kukhulupirirana m’Manyuzipepala ndi Mabungwe

Pamene ovota azindikira kuti asocheretsedwa ndi mapendedwe okakamiza, iwo angakhale osuliza osati kokha ponena za ndawala komanso magwero onse a nyuzi. Lingaliro lakuti “aliyense amanama” angawononge chidaliro m'zofalitsa nyuzipepala zovomerezedwa ndi zigwirizano za demokalase. Kusuliza kumeneku kumaloŵa m'magulu otsutsa demokrase ndipo kumapeputsa ziŵerengero za authoritarianism kukana lipoti losuliza kukhala “nkhani yonena zachinyengo.”

Kuphunzira ndi Kuwerenga Nkhani za M’manyuzipepala

Maphunziro ndi njira yamphamvu kwambiri yothetsera mphamvu ya maganizo ya kukakamiza ophunzira ndi nzika kuzindikira njira zokopa zingawachititse “kulimbana ndi kupotoza. Njira imeneyi, yodziŵika monga kupeputsa kapena kupeputsa, yasonyezedwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mabodza (Cook al., 2017]

Maluso Ofunika Kwambiri Powafufuza

  • Kudziŵikitsa magwero: Phunzitsani anthu kufunsa: Ndani akuchirikiza ndalama za “chipukuta”? Kodi ndigulu lovomerezeka lofufuza kapena gulu la ndawala?
  • Seererani kulinganizika: kufufuza kwenikweni kumafunsa za oyembekezera kapena nkhani zambiri; kukakamiza kuyang'ana mbali imodzi kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mabolosi otsogolera.
  • Sekezani kuti mubwerezedwenso: [[FLT :1] Ngati funso lolembedwa mobwerezabwereza, lingakhale kufunsira kokakamiza mmalo mwa kufufuza kowona.
  • Funani kutsimikizira: Kulimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito mawebusaiti ofufuza zenizeni (m' lekuatiso, Politifact, FactCcock .org) ndi ovomerezeka.
  • Kuzindikira zikhumbo za mtima: Mauthenga amene amadzutsa malingaliro oipidwa kwambiri popanda kupereka umboni ali mbendera zofiira.

Kuphunzira Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga M’masukulu

Curicula ayenera kuphatikizapo mamodule opatulidwa pa kukopa kwandale, machenjera, ndi physics . Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira angapende mowonadi kupotoza mawu ojambula ndi kukambitsirana mmene ziyambukiro za chowonadi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Kuseŵera kwa mbali zimene ophunzira amapanga ndi kutetezera kuyang'anira kupanikiza kungakulitse chidziŵitso. Kuphatikiza kwa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu, Chingelezi, psychology , sychrosoficiences kuti malusowo akhale achiŵiri.

Mayiko angapo achita kale zinthu zina. Ku Finland, kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuwerenga ndizo mbali ya maphunziro a dziko lonse, ndipo ophunzira aphunzira kuzindikira mabodza kuchokera ku unyamata. Ku United States, Illinois ndi California akhazikitsa malamulo ofunika kuwaphunzitsa kulemba ndi kulemba.

Kufika kwa Lamulo ndi Chilamuliro

Maphunziro okha sangathetse vutolo. Makonzedwe a malamulo ndi a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kangachepetse kufika ndi chinyengo cha mavoti okakamiza. [[FLT: 1]

Zofunika za Kutetezera

Malamulo amene amafuna kukakamiza ofunsira kudzidziŵikitsa iwo eni ndi owachirikiza [1] ndi kunena momvekera bwino kuti chiitanocho si kufufuza koyenera . Maboma ambiri a United States ali kale ndi malamulo onyenga oterowo, koma kusungitsa lamulo kuli kolekerera. Muyezo wa boma ungatsekereze ndi kutsimikizira kuti amagwirizana.

Kuletsa Njira Zina

Maboma ena oletsa anthu kufalitsa mabodza, koma vuto n’loti anthu adziwe kuti “onama” akulankhula nkhani zandale, zimene zimatetezedwa mwaufulu. Ziletso zogwirizana ndi malamulo, monga zimene zimaletsa mabodza odziŵika zokhudza mbiri ya munthu wobatizidwa, zachirikizidwa m’makhoti ena.

Malamulo a Anthu Ochita Zoipa

Popeza kuti kufunsira kokakamiza kukuperekedwa mwa mafoni oletsedwa ndi ongofuna kuchitidwa mwa opasaikana, malamulo amphamvu a m'mabuleki angathandize. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mu U.S. yatenga masitepe akulimbana ndi olanda oletsedwa mopanda lamulo, koma kukakamiza kufufuza kumene sikumaletsedwa mwachindunji kaŵirikaŵiri. Chiyeneretso chakuti ozemba andale onse a zandale amaphatikizapo njira yosankha bwino ndi intaneti yolondola kungachepetse kuwonekera kwa kaŵiri.

Zochita Zothandiza Anthu

Ngakhale kuti kusintha kwa dongosolo n’kofunika, anthu angatenge njira mwamsanga kuti adziteteze ku mavuto a maganizo a mauthenga otumidwa.

  • Kusuntha kapena kuchotsa: Musaloŵe m'mafoni okayikira kapena malemba. Kulankhulana ndi ena kwa sekondi iliyonse kumalimbitsa uthenga.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito zopimira: [[FLT :1] Maseŵero oimbira telefoni ndi mautumiki angasesa ma rococall ambiri.
  • Chenjezo la choonadi: Ngati “chiwongola dzanja” chinena zinthu zodabwitsa, yang'anani pa malo odalirika anyuzi musanailandire.
  • Kambitsirano ndi ena: Kukambitsirana zimene mukumva ndi mabwenzi kapena banja kungavumbule tsankhu ndi kuthandiza kuwongolera malingaliro olakwika.
  • Kuonetsa: Kupuma pa nkhani za ndale ndi kukwaniritsa ndawala kungachepetse mlingo wa mauthenga obwerezabwereza.

Kufufuza zamaganizo kumasonyezanso njira yotchedwa “kubweza pang'onopang'ono. [1] Asanayankhe uthenga wandale, funsani kuti: “Kodi nchifukwa ninji ndikulingalira motere? Kodi ndiumboni wotani umene umachirikiza zimenezi? Ndani amene amapindula ndi kukhulupirira zimenezi? Ndikaganizira mwadala amaswa chiyeso chimene chimafuna kuti afufuze.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Mapokoso a Makampani Opotoka ndi Aumunthu

Luso la zofufuza likupanga kukakamiza kuchititsa kupenda kochenjera kwambiri. Powonjezera ma generative AI, kusonkhezera mauthenga ofufuza kungagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro a munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi . Kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha maganizo kuchokera ku nyuzi, kugula mbiri, ndi kuvota kupanga mbiri yokopa kwambiri, yobwerezabwereza. Mwachitsanzo, AI angatsimikizire kuti wovota winayo akhoza kuyankha mosavuta ku mauthenga ozikidwa pa mantha okhudza chuma, chotero amatumiza mabuku obwerezabwerezabwereza amene amaseŵera pa kuvuta kumeneko. Mtengo uwu wa kudzisintha ungachititse mphamvu ya maganizo a munthu kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri ndi yovuta kutsutsa.

Opanga malamulo ndi aphunzitsi ayenera kuyembekezera zochitika zimenezi. Sukulu za olemba ndi olemba ayenera kuphatikizapo makompyuta a kukopa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zaumwini. Malamulo angafunikire kufotokoza za kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zaumwini pochita zinthu zandale popanda kuvomereza. Maluso a zasayansi, kuphatikizapo kukakamiza anthu kusanthula, adzakhala nkhani yaikulu ya masankho amene akubwera padziko lonse.

Kumaliza: Kufunika kwa Kusamala ndi Maphunziro

Kupezeka mobwerezabwereza ku mauthenga ofufuza sikuli njira yosavulaza ya kutsendereza . Ndi mtundu wamphamvu wa mphamvu ya maganizo imene imasonkhezera kupenda kwakukulu. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene primming, ziyambukiro za chowonadi zopanda pake, kusokonezeka maganizo, ndi ntchito yotsimikizira, nzika zingazindikire zoyesayesa zimenezi za kupotoza ndi kutsutsa. Zotsatira za demokrase zili zazikulu: masankho amene amasonkhezeredwa ndi kubwereza konyenga mmalo mwa kuchepetsa kuyenera kwa kulamulira.

Tili ndi zida zolimba kulimbana nazo, kuyambira pa maphunziro a pa TV ndi pa TV mpaka pa mfundo zamphamvu kwambiri za munthu mwini. Monga momwe luso la zofufuza limapitirizira kusintha, chitetezo chathu chiyenera kukhalira modzithandiza. Aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito pamodzi kupanga voti yodziŵitsidwa, yokayikitsa, ndi yolimba. Ndipo kokha pamene tingatsimikizire kuti zosankha za demokrase ndizodi zimene anthu amafuna.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Mboni:1]

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [[MLT: 0] American Psychological Association – The Science of Misformation
  • [[ML:0] Likulu la Kufufuza kwa Pansi – Malingaliro a Anthu ndi Kuipitsa Umphumphu
  • FactCheck.org – Kufufuza Mauthenga Andale zadziko