Buku Loona za Ufulu (1791)

Kusintha koyambirira kwa khumi kwa Malamulo a United States, onse pamodzi odziŵika monga Bill of Rights, amaimira chitsimikiziro choyambirira cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pa kupambana kwa boma. Kusintha kumeneku kunali chotulukapo chachindunji cha Anti-Federalist pa mikangano ya zamwambo. James Madison, poyamba akukayikira ndandanda yoteroyo, inalemba malamulo ozikidwa pa kulinganiza kwa boma ndi zikalata zoyambirira za Chingelezi zonga ngati 179 Bill ya Chingelezi ya ufulu. Malamulo oyambirira anali kale ndi chitetezo monga writ of habeas perpus ndi ziletso pa ngongole za boma la opatulidwa kuti chiletse chikalata cha boma chatsopano pa ufulu waumwini.

Kufunafuna Mlanduwo

Pamsonkhano wa ku Philadelphia wa 1787, okonza maulansi sanaphatikizepo lamulo la ufulu, pokhulupirira kuti mphamvu za Malamulo zotchulidwa kotheratu za boma. Kuleka kumeneku kunakhala malo olimbikitsa otsutsa monga George Mason ndi Patrick Henry. Ku Massachusetts, Virginia, ndi New York, kulimbanirana ndi chidziŵitso chakuti zobweza ziwonjezeredwa mwamsanga. Madson, pambuyo potsutsa lingalirolo, anasintha ndi kutsogolera njira kudzera m'mabwalo Oyamba. Pofika December 1791, atatu 049, atatu a maikowo adavomereza mamendmenta khumi (kugaŵananso kumsonkhano ndi umodzi pa msonkhano) sanabwezedwe kufikira madeti a 2018.

Zitetezero za Chimanga

  • Kusintha koyambirira: kumatetezera ufulu wa chipembedzo, mawu, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi pembedzero. Kumaletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo cha mtundu ndipo kumasungitsa kuyenera kwa kulambira mogwirizana ndi chikumbumtima [1] Kuchoka kwakukulu kwa matchalitchi a ku Ulaya.
  • Demendment: imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, zozikidwa pa kufunika kwa gulu la asilikali otsogozedwa bwino. Kumasulira kwake kwakhala kukutsutsana mowopsa, makamaka m'nkhani zamakono.
  • Demendment ya Thupi la Thupi: imatetezera ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu, kufunikiritsa zilolezo zochirikizidwa ndi chothekera. Lamulo limeneli lafutukulidwa ku kujambula, chidziŵitso cha magetsi, ndi galimoto kuima m'zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu.
  • Chachisanu mpaka Kusintha kwa Malamulo: Mfulu zoyeneretsedwa zoyeneretsedwa [1] [mayeso], kutetezeredwa ku ngozi zoŵirikiza, kuyenera kwa kukhala chete, njira yoyenera, kubwezera chifukwa cha kunyamula, mayeso a mwamsanga ndi a anthu, kulimbana kwa mboni, chithandizo cha uphungu, ndi chitetezo ku chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo.
  • Malamulo a Chipangano ndi Asanu: Akusonyeza kuti kuikidwa kwa ufulu wina sikumakana ena osungidwa ndi anthu, ndi kuti mphamvu zosagaŵiridwa ku boma la boma zangokhala za maboma kapena anthu.

Kuvomereza: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chikalata cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku United States

Poyambirira, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Barron v. Baltimore[[FL:1] ] anatsimikizira zimenezi. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Chipulumutso cha 145 chinakhala chigalimoto cha “incorporation" — kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Bill of Rights ku maulamuliro. Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 20, Khoti linaphatikizapo pafupifupi zonse: ufulu wa kulankhula ([[[FLT:]]] Getlow v [FFFF:], 1925],) , kutetezera kwa chipembedzo ([MM:].[4]

Malamulo Osintha Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni (1865-1870)

Kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni kunabweretsa kusintha kwa lamulo. Malamulo a 13th, 14th, ndi 15 anatchedwa Masinthidwe a Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni (kukhazikitsanso kapena Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni) ndipo cholinga chawo chinali kukhazikitsanso ufulu watsopano. Onse aŵiri analongosola unzika, chitetezo chofanana, ndi ufulu wosankha, ngakhale kuti lonjezo lawo linatenga zaka zana lina kuti likwaniritsidwe.

Lamulo la 13 (1865)

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Chingelezi mu December 1865, Pemmergation ya 13th Reformation inachotsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo “kusiyapo chilango cha mlandu wa chipanicho. Kunali kusintha koyamba kwa lamulo kufutukula munthu aliyense payekha kuyambira pa Bill of Rights . Kusinthaku kunachititsanso kuti boma lipereke malamulo ake mwa kugwiritsa ntchito“ malamulo oletsa,". Mphamvu ina yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe la 1866 ndi Antibâonage Act ya 186. Komabe “Chikalata cha ufulu cha [1] chikanagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maboma a ku Southernernern ndi Jim Crow mwa kutsutsa kutsekereza lamulo, ndipo mokakamiza ntchito yaukapolo pansi pa chilango chaupandu.

Mpumulo wa 14 (1868)

Mwinamwake kukonzanso kotsatirapo kwakukulu m’mbiri ya lamulo la America, Kusintha kwa 14th Amendment kunapatsa unzika kwa “anthu onse obadwira kapena ozoloŵereka mu United States,” kuphatikizapo omwe kale anali akapolo, ndi oletsedwa kuchepetsa“ mwaŵi kapena kusungidwa kwa nzika,” kulanda aliyense“ moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo,” kapena kukana “chitetezero cholingana cha malamulo.” Malamulo ake akhala maziko a:

  • Unzika woyenerera wa kubadwa (kutsimikiziridwa mu United States v. Wong Kim Likasa [, 1898]
  • Kugwirizanitsa kwa Bill of Rights [ (monga momwe yalongosoledwera pamwambapa)
  • Applet ya chitetezo chofanana [ ku tsankho la fuko ([FLT:]] Brown v. Board of Education, 1954]), tsankhu la mwamuna ndi mkazi ( Reed v. Reed, 1971, ndi [1] ukwati (OGenebergefell v. Hodges[FL:7], 2015]
  • Njira yofunikira chitetezo cha chinsinsi ndi ufulu wa thupi ( Roe v. Wade, 1973; pambuyo pake analamulira [[FLT:]] Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization , 2022]

Chigawo 3 cha Amereka ya Lamulolo chimene chimachotsa otsutsa kulowa m’malo, chinadzutsidwanso m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi chiŵiri ndi theka m’kutsutsana ponena za kusakhoza kwa yemwe kale anali prezidenti Donald Trump pambuyo pa kuwukira Capitol kwa January 6.

Mpukutu wa 15 (1870)

Chikalata chomaliza cha Reconstructs chinalengeza kuti ufulu wosankha “sudzakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena ukapolo.” Chinasonyeza chitsimikizo choyamba cha ufulu wosankha. Komabe, kukonzanso sikunapereke kuyenera konse kwa kuvota; maboma anapitiriza kukakamiza kuyesa kulemba ndi kulemba, misonkho, ndi kuchititsa chiwawa. Khoti Lapamwamba mu United States v. Reses [18:1] kuletsa lamulo mwa kuletsa kukondera kokha, osati kuletsa uchetechete. Linatenga pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi ndi Lonjezo la Pambuyo pa 1965.

Madeti Opita Patsogolo (1913 - 1920)

Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo inabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa lamulo lolinganizidwa kupanga boma kukhala lovomereza kwambiri ndi kulongosola kusagwirizana kwa kakhalidwe ndi kwa zachuma. Pakati pa 1913 ndi 1920, zisinthiko zinayi zinavomerezedwa, chilichonse chikumasonyeza chikhulupiriro cha nyengoyo mu demokrase yachindunji ndi mphamvu ya boma ya kulamulira.

Mtengo wa 16 (1913) – Msonkho wa Ndalama Zokhomedwa

Pambuyo pa Khoti Lalikulu mu Playk . Alimi a Loan & Trust Co. (1995] adachotsa msonkho wa malipiro wa boma monga msonkho wachindunji wosaperekedwa, okonza zinthu anakakamiza kuti abwezeretsedwe mwalamulo. Kusintha kwa Sextemyath Amendment kunaloleza bungwe la Malamulo kupereka msonkho “kuchokera ku gwero lililonse, popanda kugawa pakati pa Maboma angapo. Uku kukonza njira ya kukhoma msonkho wamakono wopita patsogolo ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama za boma zogwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ndalama za maprogramungwe, zothandizira ntchito, zoyendetsera chuma, ndi chitetezo cha dziko lonse.

Kusintha kwa Dziko kwa Seventeen (1913) – Kusankha Kolondola kwa Oimira Antchito

Kale, oimira boma la United States anasankhidwa ndi mabungwe a boma, kachitidwe koonedwa kukhala kachinyengo ndi kasupe. Malingaliro ofala akuwonjezereka anafuna kuti oimira boma ayankhe mwachindunji kwa ovota. Seventeenth Amendment yoperekedwa kaamba ka kusankhidwa kotchuka kwa oimira chipani, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha makina a chipani ndi zikondwerero za kampani. Chinasinthanso unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi Bungwe la Boma, ngakhale kuti otsutsa amatsutsa kuchepetsa kuimira kwa maboma m'dongosolo la boma.

M’chikalata cha 18 cha M’pambo wa Zakumwa (1919) – Chilango

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1919 ndi kugwira ntchito mu 1920, Demendment ya 18 inaletsa kupanga, kugulitsa, ndi kunyamula zakumwa zoledzeretsa mu United States. Chinali chipambano cha gulu la anthu oletsa kupsa mtima, limene linawona zakumwa zoledzeretsa kukhala gwero la umphaŵi, upandu, ndi kusweka kwa mabanja. Komabe, Prohibition inaoneka yosatchuka, inayambitsa malonda a mdima, ndi kusonkhezera upandu wolinganizidwa.

M’chikalata cha 19 cha Mpambo wa Malamulo (1920) – Kuzenga Akazi

Chimaliziro cha nkhondo ya zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, Lamulo Lachikhumi ndi Chicheŵa linaletsa kukana kuvota chifukwa cha kugonana. Ilo linaletsa osati mwadala akazi onse . Akazi ambiri a mitundu, makamaka Omnanda a America ndi Asiya, sanapatsidwe ndi malamulo ena. Linakhazikitsa muyezo wa dziko lonse. Linapatsidwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu yopita patsogolo imene inatulutsa Kusintha kwa Sunday, ndipo kutsa kwake kunafuna kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko: boma 04by Sign , kusamvera lamulo, ndi chisonkhezero cha nkhondo ya dziko lonse I.

Kufutukuka kwa Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni (1950s -1960)

Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 762, bungwe la Covil Rights Movement, lotsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa kumaloko osaŵerengeka, linachotsa kusankhidwa mwalamulo ndi kusungidwa ndi boma kaamba ka kuvota, nyumba, ndi ntchito.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

M’chigamulo chimodzi, Bwalo Lapamwamba pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren linalengeza kuti tsankho la fuko m'masukulu a boma linali losalingana mwachibadwa, kuswa Chitetezo cha Ecult Claus wa 149th Amendment. Khotilo linazemba “kusiyana koma kulingana” chiphunzitso cha Pnegny v. Ferguson[FL:1] (1996]. Ngakhale kuti kukwaniritsa kugaŵa kwake kunali kochedwa ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu [1] kuphatikizapo“ Southern Espedo" ndi chitsutso chachiwawa Brown anapereka maziko alamulo a anthu a ku America.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo a chizindikiro cha m'dziko amaletsa tsankho chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena dziko. Ilo linaletsa kugaŵana kwa anthu m'nyumba za onse (malesitilanti, mabwalo a maseŵero), kuletsa tsankho la ntchito, ndi kulimbikitsa kusungidwa kwa ufulu wovota. Lamulo la Congress linakhazikitsidwa pa ulamuliro wa Commerce Claus (Tit II) ndi 144th Amendment (Tit VII). Makonzedwe ake a kugonana ndi kugawa, owonjezera monga njira yaluso yochitira zinthu ndi otsutsa ufulu wa kuvota, anakhala chida champhamvu cha kugonana kwa amuna.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Pambuyo pa 1964 “Chilimwe cha ufulu” ndi kuukira kowopsa kwa ozembera ku Selma, Alabama, Pulezidenti Lyndon Johnson anakakamiza Congress kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa ufulu wovota. Act inaleka kuyang'anira mayeso a kulembetsa kuwerenga , ikupereka uyang'anira wa boma wa kuvota ndi mbiri ya tsankho, ndipo inafuna kusintha malamulo opangira kusanthula m'madera obisidwa kuti alandire “patula” kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza Act mu [[FL: 0] South Carolina v. Katzenbach [196] [1966]. Mu 2013, khoti la mlanduwo linagamula mlandu wa [FL:] ndi . Coant. Coant . County . Coader .

Kuyenera Kokhala Wekha ndi Kuberekanso

Ngakhale kuti si chisinthiko chimodzi, ufulu wa lamulo wa kutsekereza unatulukira panthaŵi imeneyi. [[FLT: 0] Groswold v. Connecticut[[FL:1] (1965]), Khoti Lalikulu linapeza “penumbra” yachinsinsi mu Bill of Rights [I ufulu wa okwatirana amene anateteza ufulu wa mabanja kuletsa kutenga mimba. Mazikowo anatsogolera ku nkhondo ya kuchotsa mimba. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [6] [7]] [7], imene inazindikira kuti mkazi ali ndi ufulu wochotsa mimba. [FFFF.NT] [FFO: 4.

Kukulitsa Mfulu za Munthu M’zaka za Kumapeto kwa Zana la Zana la Zana la Kuma 20

Ngakhale pambuyo pa Chigawo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, Bwalo Lapamwambalo linapitirizabe kuwongolera ndi kufutukula zitetezero za lamulo, makamaka m’nkhani za ufulu wa kulankhula, kachitidwe ka upandu, ndi ufulu wachipembedzo.

Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo Kubweretsa Ufulu M’nyengo Yamakono

Warren ndi Burger Courts anapereka chitetezo chaufulu cha mawu ku mawu ophiphiritsira ([FLT: 0] . Des Moines v , 1969, kutetezera kumanga mkono monga kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko), ndawala yowononga (ngakhale pambuyo pake, [[FLT:] Buckley v. Valeo, 1976, anakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama ndiko kulankhula), ndipo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mawu kusiyapo kuipitsa, kuipitsa, ndi kusonkhezera. [[FLT:] Commocts . v [FFLT] . [FFFFLD:] . [5] . , Khoti inalamulira kuti malamulo a Yoyamba akuletsa ziletso zandale zandale ndi matoto, kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa ndalensiti zandale.

Kusintha kwa Chigaŵenga

Kuyambira ndi Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961) — imene inagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lopatula ku maiko — ndi Mainda v. Arizona, imene inafuna apolisi kudziŵitsa zokayikitsa zawo za kutonthola ndi uphungu, Khoti linasintha mmene malamulo amagwirizanirana ndi nzika. Malamulowa, pamene kuli kwakuti anatsutsana, akhala oyenerera kutetezera ufulu wa Fin 5 ndi Kusintha kwa Pambuyo pa Chisanu ndi Chisanu. “Machenjezo a Machenjera a Malonda ayamba kukhala chisonyezero chachikhalidwe chozozozo, ngakhale kuti nkhani zaposachedwapa zakhala ndi malire ake.

Kusintha kwachiŵiri ndi Ufulu wa Kulamulira ndi Mfuti

Pambiri yambiri ya America, Suprement inatchedwa kuti ufulu wachiŵiri wogwirizana ndi ntchito ya asilikali. Chimene chinasintha mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), pamene Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti Kukonzanso zinthu kutetezera munthu aliyense ku ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti ya mwini m'nyumba. [FLT]] [Mcmonald v. Chicago ) (2010) laphatikizapo kuyenera kwa malamulo. Zosankha zonga New York State Rhifle /Pixol Association. v[FFFF:] [20] [20]

Matsutsano a Malamulo amakono (2000_Presenter)

Zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi limodzi zabweretsa ufulu wa lamulo m’malo atsopano: makompyuta, LGBTQ, ndi kusungitsa kusamukira ku dziko. Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza kukhoza kwa Konsichushoni kuvomereza ku kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kutsenderezedwa, Khotilo linazindikira kuti Malamulo amatetezera miyoyo ndi chikondi cha anthu ofanana ziŵalo ndi akazi ofanana ziŵalo. Mu Lawrence v. Texas (2003), inachotsa malamulo a sodoma monga oswa ufulu pansi pa Sex Procession Claus. [[FLT:]] United States v. [FLT] United States] v [20]) adachotsapo Chitetezero cha Malamulo cha Ukwati, ndi [[FLT:] OF:] ofera. [v] "2] Zonunda [2]. Zolinga za [1] Zotsatira za . Zotsatira za Chigamuwero cha Chigawa cha Chigawa cha Chigawa cha . "20]

Kusunga Zinthu Zachinsinsi M’nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Chiyeneretso cha General Remedition chimene chimakhala choyenera ndi chozikidwa pa chochititsa chothekera chayesedwa ndi tekinoloji yatsopano. Riley v. California [2014] , khoti linavomereza kuti apolisi satha kusanthula zinthu zapakompyuta za foni ya cell popanda chilolezo. Karbate v. United States (208) anafutukula nzeru imeneyi ya ku malo a pulogalamu, kuzindikira kuti anthu amayembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi m’manja mwachibadwa. Zosankha zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Khoti likutsatira malamulowo akuteteza zinthu za m'dziko, ngakhale kuti mafunso ambiri adakalibe ponena za kuyang'zimata, ndi kujambula.

Kusuntha ndi Malire a Ufulu wa Malamulo

Malamulo amalamuliranso kuchitidwa kwa osakhala qobotizens . Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti ngakhale osamukira ku Texas osaloledwa ali ndi ufulu wa kukhazikitsa njira yoyenera ndi kutetezera kofanana m'nkhani zina. Plyler v. Doe (1982] adagwetsa lamulo la Texas la kuletsa maphunziro a anthu kuti asalembedwe, akulingalira kuti ana ali opanda liŵongo ndi kuti kukana maphunziro kuyambitsa chiletso chachikhalire. Uyang'anira ulendo ([FLTL:]TMP v. . Hawaii , 2018], anachirikizidwa, koma pambuyo pa Khoti lachilo linagwiritsa ntchito kupenda ndi kutsutsa zolinga za Prezidentine. AC, ndi kupitiriza kuyesa malamulo a bungwe lotetezera ufulu wa za boma.

Kumaliza: Lamulo Losachotsedwa

Chisinthiko cha ufulu walamulo si mutu wotsekedwa koma nkhani yopitirizabe yopangidwa ndi pangano la mbadwo uliwonse ndi chikalata chokhazikitsidwa. Kuyambira pa Bill of Rights mpaka ku Chipumistry War, kuyambira pa Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo mpaka ku Chigawo, ndi ku nyengo ya manambala, Amereka amasulira mobwerezabwereza Lamulo la kufutukula ufulu, kulingana, ndi chilungamo. Kuwonjezera kwina kwakhala komvetsa chisoni, kopiringidwa, kapena kotsutsidwa mowopsa, chifukwa cha kupikisana kwa Roe v. Wade , kuchepetsa kuvota, ndi kutsutsana ndi kachitidwe ka .

Kuzindikira zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimenezi n’kofunika osati kokha monga nkhani ya chidziŵitso cha mbiri komanso monga chitsogozo kwa ochirikiza ndi nzika zamtsogolo. Mawu a Malamulo sasintha kwenikweni, koma moyo wake ndi cholinga chake mwa kukonzanso, kumasulira kwachiweruzo, malamulo, ndi nkhondo ya kakhalidwe. Pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka . Kusintha kwa nyengo, kuyesa kwa Amereka kungayesenso ngati malamulo aŵiri a dziko lamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi amphamvu angatetezere ufulu wa dziko.