Malamulo ku United States ndi olinganizika bwino koma kaŵirikaŵiri samvetsetsa. Nkhaniyi imapenda kusiyana, maziko a mbiri yakale ndi a malamulo a maiko makumi asanu. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mmene ufulu, mathayo, ndi chiweruzo zimayendetsedwa, kuzindikira kusiyana kwa malamulo aŵiriwa. Nkhaniyi imapenda malo a mbiri yakale ndi a malamulo, madera amene amaloŵa kapena kukangana, ndi ziyambukiro zothandiza kwa nzika. Pofika mapeto, mudzakhala ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira cha mmene malamulo a dziko ndi boma amakhalira pamodzi.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Unansi pakati pa malamulo a dziko ndi boma unalinganizidwa dala ndi maFramers a Malamulo a U.S. Pansi pa dongosolo lino, mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi maboma a chigawo . Maboma . Ndi ulamuliro uliwonse wokhala ndi ulamuliro m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Lamulo limatchula maulamuliro enieni operekedwa ku boma la dzikolo, monga ngati kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, kupanga ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo akunja. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Tenth Amendmend Amendment imasunga maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku boma la boma la boma kapena anthu.

Magaŵano ameneŵa anali ogwirizana. Nkhani zoyambirira za Confederation zinapanga boma lofooka lomwe silikanakhoza kuyang'anira mokhutiritsa nkhaŵa zofala monga kutetezera kapena malonda. Malamulo atsopano analimbitsa boma la dziko koma anasiya maboma okhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu wolamulira zinthu za kumaloko. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kulinganiza kwasintha, ndi mphamvu ya boma ikukula mwa kusintha kogwirizana ndi malamulo, malamulo a Supreme Court, ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo. Komabe, lamulo lachikhalidwe la dziko limakhala: lamulo la dziko ndilo lalikulu koposa m’malo mwake, koma lamulo la boma lalamulira mbali zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kukopa Anthu

Mfundo VI, Ndime 2 ya Constitution ya U.S. . imadziŵika monga Supremacy Claus − imalengeza kuti malamulo a Constitution ndi a boma anapanga lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pamene lamulo la boma ndi kukangana kwa boma, lamulo la boma limakhalapo. Chiphunzitsochi, chotchedwa kuti kuchotsedwa, chikhoza kulongosola (Chonregoverne imatchula kuti lamulo la boma limanyalanyaza lamulo la boma) kapena chikutanthauza (lamulo lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo lolamulira kwambiri kuti kulibe malo a lamulo la boma). Kaŵirikaŵiri khoti limathetsa mikangano mwa kugamula kaya ngati Court ikufuna kuchotsa ulamuliro.

Chipulumutso sichiri chodzifunira: Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu lakhala ndi lingaliro lakuti lamulo la boma silimachotsa lamulo la boma pokhapokha ngati mkanganowo uli womvekera bwino kapena chiwembu cha boma chiri chokwanira. Ichi chimalola maboma kuyesa malamulo ngakhale m’madera amene boma la boma limagwiranso ntchito, malinga ngati malamulo a boma salepheretsa chifuno cha lamulo la dzikolo. Kulimbana pakati pa boma la kudzilamulira ndi ulamuliro wa boma kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa nkhani zachidziŵitso, kuyambira ku chisamaliro cha umoyo kufikira ku malamulo a malo.

Kodi Malamulo a Mtundu Wotani?

Malamulo adziko ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo . Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana m'mayiko onse, magawo, ndi m'madera onse. Malamulo a Federal amakambirana nkhani zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse kapena zimene zikufuna muyezo wa dzikolo.

  • Kusuntha ndi kupeka – Boma la boma lokha ndilo lingakhazikitse malamulo kaamba ka amene akuloŵa m'dziko ndi mmene anthu osaloŵa m'dzikomo angakhalire nzika.
  • malonda a m'mayiko ena [[FLT :1] – Nyumba za Mabizinesi zingalamulire malonda amene amadutsa m'mizera ya boma, pansi pa Communist Claus.
  • [[MTL:0] Msonkho wa ndalama [1] - Infreed forod Office , Inftware, kampani, ndi mapepala a boma amasonkhanitsidwa ndi bungwe la Interion Revenuve SER (IRS).
  • Ufulu wa Chikole – malamulo a Landmark monga Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965 imaletsa tsankho m'dziko lonselo.
  • Uchinjirizo wa dziko ndi lamulo lachilendo – Nkhondo, mapangano, ndi mapangano ndizo mathayo a boma okha.
  • Lamulo lakuyenera ndi loyenera – Ufulu wa katundu wa kumunda amalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma kutsimikizira chitetezo m'dziko lonselo.
  • Bankruptic - UNIX malamulo a kulephera kwa chuma a boma amathandiza amangawa ndi okongoza kukwaniritsa zotulukapo zosasintha.
  • Miyezo ya chikhalidwe [ – Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma angapereke malamulo okhwima, malire a kuipitsa kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa ndi mabungwe a boma onga EPA.

Malamulo a boma amatsatiridwa ndi mabungwe ambiri .Monga FBI, SEC, FDA, ndi Department of Justice . Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro pa milandu yokhudzana ndi mafunso a boma. Kuswa malamulo a boma kungatsogolere ku kuzenga mlandu m’makhoti a boma, ndi kuchonderera kupyola m’makhoti adera ndipo pomalizira pake ku bwalo lamilandu la Supreme Court.

Kodi Malamulo a Boma Nchiyani?

Malamulo a boma amaikidwa ndi malumbiro a boma . . . . . . chifukwa chakuti boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, malamulo ake, malamulo ake angasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku boma limodzi kupita ku dziko lina. Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo:

  • Kuphunzitsa [[FLT] – United States amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, mapempho kwa aphunzitsi, ndi njira za ndalama za sukulu za boma.
  • Kutumiza [[FLT :1] – malamulo a kuyendetsa galimoto, kutumiza dalaivala, ndi kulembetsa galimoto ndi mathayo a boma.
  • Kusamalira ndi thanzi la anthu – United States amayang'anira zipatala, kutumiza kwa akatswiri a zachipatala, ndi zofunika zina za inshuwalansi.
  • Chiweruzo chachisawawa [[FLT :1] - upandu wochuluka(maupandu, kuba, kuukira , kufotokozedwa ndi kulangidwa pansi pa lamulo la boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake a chilango, zitsogozo, ndi dongosolo lowongolera.
  • Zoyenera za kuwonjezera [[FLT :1] – Monitorship, kusamutsidwa, choloŵa, ndi malamulo a mwini malo ndizo nkhani za boma.
  • Lamulo la banja – ukwati, chisudzulo, kusunga ana, ndi kulera ana amalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma.
  • Mapangano ndi matort [[FL:1] – Malamulo opangira mapangano ovomerezeka ndi kukonza milandu ya kuvulaza kwa munthuwe amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma.
  • Kusankha ndi kupanga malonda – Mabizinesi amaphatikizapo pansi pa lamulo la boma, kusankha boma (kaŵirikaŵiri Delaware) lozikidwa pa malamulo a makampani odalirika.
  • Zisankho [1] – Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni ya boma imakhazikitsa zofunika zazikulu, boma limalamulira njira zolembera zovomerezeka, kusanthula malamulo, ndi kuloŵa.

Malamulo a boma amatsatiridwa ndi apolisi ndi a kumaloko, mabungwe a boma, ndi makhoti. Boma lililonse lili ndi dongosolo lake la khoti, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi makhoti, makhoti apakati, ndi bwalo lalikulu lamilandu. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kuposa cha mu Lamulo la U.S.; mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena a boma amatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi kapena kuyenera kwa maphunziro amene satetezeredwa bwino pamlingo wa boma.

Mphamvu ndi Mphamvu Zoposa Zonse

Kumvetsa zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa lamulo limene limagwira ntchito pa nkhani inayake.

Maulamuliro Oposa

Boma ndi limene lingapange ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kukhazikitsa asilikali ndi asilikali a pamadzi, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana, kukhazikitsa maoda, ndi kupanga mapangano ndi mayiko ena.

Maulamuliro Oposa

Ngakhale kuti mfundo za m’Bungwe la Malamulo silinandandalitsidwe, bungwe la Tenth Amendment limapereka lingaliro lakuti mphamvu zosakhala za boma ndizo za boma lokha.zi zikuphatikizapo mphamvu zambiri za apolisi zotetezera thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa anthu onse.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo

Maulamuliro ambiri amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, onse aŵiri Mabungwe ndi mabwalo a boma angapereke msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, mabanki a tchata, ndi kukhazikitsa makhoti. Komabe, pamene onsewo achita m'dera limodzimodzilo, Supremacy Claus amatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma likhoza kupambana ngati pali mkangano. Boma lingaumirize msonkho wake pa msonkho wa ndalama zimene boma limalandira, koma boma silingapereke lamulo limene limalola chinachake chimene boma laletsa (ml., boma silingalole lamulo limene limapanga gulu lalamulo kukhala lolamuliridwa ndi chomapanga chamwala cha cha cha chamwawawa.

Kusiyana Maganizo pa Nkhani Yochita Zinthu Mopitirira Malire

Table ili m’munsiyi ikufotokoza mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu kumene kulipo pakati pa malamulo a dziko ndi a boma:

  • Kusiyanitsa kwa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito: malamulo adziko amagwira ntchito ku magawo onse ndi magawo; malamulo a boma amagwira ntchito kokha m'dziko lokhazikitsidwa.
  • Magwero a ulamuliro: malamulo a Federal otengedwa ku Malamulo a U.S.; malamulo a boma amachokera ku malamulo a boma ndi mphamvu za polisi iliyonse.
  • Kulenga: malamulo a dziko amaperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States (Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo) ndi kusainidwa ndi Prezidenti; malamulo a boma amaperekedwa ndi makhoma a boma ndi kusainidwa ndi bwanamkubwa (kapena ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo).
  • Kukakamiza: mabungwe a Federal ndi makhoti a boma amasungitsa malamulo a dziko; boma ndi apolisi, mabungwe a boma, ndi makhoti a boma kusungitsa malamulo a boma.
  • Predect : [[FLT :1] Pansi pa Supremacy Claus, lamulo la dziko limagonjetsa lamulo lotsutsana la boma, koma kokha mkati mwa ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Kusintha: malamulo adziko n’ngofanana m'dziko lonselo; malamulo a boma angasiyane kwambiri, kuchititsa malamulo osiyanasiyana.

Zitsanzo za Malamulo a Boma

Zitsanzo zalamulo zapadera zimatithandiza kusonyeza mmene miyalo iŵiri ya malamulo imeneyi imagwirira ntchito.

Ufulu wa Anthu

Lamulo la m'dziko: Act ya 1964 imaletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu, ntchito, ndi maprogramu operekedwa ndi boma ozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, chiwerewere, kapena mtundu. Maboma ena: Maboma ena, mofanana ndi California, akhazikitsa chitetezo chowonjezereka choletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana kapena chizindikiritso cha mwamuna, kufutukuka pa lamulo la boma. Maboma ena angakhale opanda chitetezo chotero, kutanthauza kuti nzikazozo ziyenera kudalira pa mankhwala a boma okha.

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Lamulo ladziko: lamulo la Federal limachipanga kukhala upandu kupanga kapena kugaŵira zinthu zoyendetsedwa monga heroin kapena cocaine, ndipo chilango cha boma kaŵirikaŵiri nchankhanza. lamulo la State: [ maboma ambiri achotsa mbanje kapena kuunjika mwalamulo kuti agwiritsire ntchito mankhwala kapena zosangulutsa, ngakhale kuti chamba chimakhala chosaloledwa ndi lamulo la boma. Zimenezi zimapanga nkhondo yodziŵika bwino kumene anthu angakhale akuchita lamulo la boma koma akupitirizabe kuweruza kwa lamulo la boma, Department of Justice yagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi zambiri kuweruza milandu ya boma ndi kuletsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito za boma.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

[[FLT :0] Lamulo ladziko: [[FLT :1] Secrect ya Deamor ndi Clean Water Act imakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko loipitsa. Malamulo adziko: monga California alandira zikole zochokera ku EPA kuti akhazikitse miyezo ya kutulutsa galimoto mopambanitsa kuposa zimene boma la boma likufuna. Maboma ena angatengere chigawo cha boma kapena ngakhale kutsika, kutsogolera ku mpambo wa malamulo a malo.

Lamulo la Banja

Lamulo la Utundu: Malamulo a Ufulu wa Maukwati anakankhidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu, ndipo Bwalo Lamilandu pambuyo pake linasungidwa ku Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) limene limatchula kuti liyenera kuzindikira maukwati a kugonana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi amene amachitidwa m'mayiko ena. Komabe, malamulo aukwati , kuvomereza, ndi malamulo a chisudzulo (malamulo). lamulo la State: Ena amakhazikitsa zaka zaukwati zocheperapo pa zaka 18, pamene ena amalola kukhala achichepere monga ndi makolo 16 ogwirizana. Zosankha za ana zimasiyana ndi mkhalidwe wina, ndi kuyanjana ndi ena “chithandizo za“ kusamala ana.

Pamene Boma ndi Malamulo a Dziko Zitsutsana

Kumenyana pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma sikumangoyerekezera ndi kuchitika kaŵirikaŵiri ndipo kumatsogolera ku nkhondo za m’khoti zimene zingafikire Khoti Lalikulu.

Kudziwonetsera

Ngati lamulo la boma litsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma lidzafalikira mwachisawawa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Arizona anapatula SB 1070, lamulo lofuna boma ndi apolisi akumaloko kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma oloŵera, Bwalo Lapamwamba linakantha makonzedwe angapo, kuchititsa kuti kusungitsa anthu osamukira kudziko kuli thayo la boma. Mofananamo, maboma ena ayesa kuchotseratu malamulo a boma a mfuti, koma makhoti nthaŵi zonse anena kuti maboma sangakane kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi boma.

Kugwirizana

Sizogwirizana zonse zimene zili zotsutsana. M'madera ambiri, boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zowonongera zinthu kulimbikitsa maboma kutsatira miyezo yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, zaka za kumwa za dziko lonse za zaka 21 zinalamulidwa bwino lomwe ndi kuchotsa ndalama za boma m’maboma zimene sizinazilandire. Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wa boma . Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo operekera ndalama, ndipo lisankha ngati likufuna kuvomerezana ndi boma kuti lipeze ndalama.

Kufuna Kupatsa Nzika Zovuta

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa malamulo a dziko ndi boma si kungophunzira chabe, koma kumathandiza munthu kukhala ndi ufulu, udindo ndiponso moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mgwirizano pa Zoyenera ndi Zitetezero

Ufulu walamulo wa nzika umadalira kwambiri pa boma limene imakhala. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa kunyamula ndi kunyamula mfuti umatetezeredwa ndi Second Amendment, koma maboma amakhazikitsa kupima kosiyana, kuyang'anira malo, ndi malamulo a magazini. Munthu wonyamula mwalamulo chida chobisika ku Vermont angaikidwe mlandu wa mlandu ngati adutsa ku New York popanda chilolezo. Mofananamo, ufulu wochotsa mimba [1] Wotetezedwa kwambiri pansi pa Roe v. Wade*no amasiyana kwambiri pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Dobbs 20,222 mu Dobs Health Organization, kubwezera nkhani ku boma.

Kucholoŵana kwa Malamulo ndi Kugwirizana

Makampani amene akugwira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a boma ayenera kutsatira malamulo osiyanasiyana a boma. Malamulo a msonkho, malamulo a ntchito, malamulo a malo, ndi zofunika za ogula amasiyana m'dziko ndi boma.

Kufikira ku Chiweruzo Cholungama

Chifukwa chakuti makhoti a boma ndi a boma onse aŵiri angamve mitundu ina ya milandu (mwachitsanzo, kugawa ulamuliro wa dziko), ofufuza angasankhe kumene angapange mafaelo ozikidwa pa mapindu a project, liŵiro, kapena kuwona kukhala kolungama kwa oweruza ndi ajuli. Makhoti aŵiriwo amatanthauza kuti mikangano ina ya zamalamulo ingalondoledwe kaya mu ikhale m'malo a m'boma, ndipo nthaŵi zina zonse ziŵiri, mwachitsanzo, munthu angaikidwe m’khoti kaamba ka kuphwanya lamulo la boma limenenso linzake (chiphunzitso cha uchifumu).

Ntchito ya Makhoti

Judiary amachita mbali yaikulu m'kusunga kulinganiza pakati pa lamulo la dziko ndi la boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States ndilo lomaliza kukhazikitsa ngati lamulo la boma liri lovomerezeka ndi lamulo ndi ngati lamulo la boma likutsutsana ndi lamulo la boma. Mkati mwa zaka mazana, Bwalo lamilandu lafutukulidwa ndi kuchepa kwa boma. Zosankha zonga Culloch v. Maryland [1819] inatsimikizira kuti boma lakhala ndi mphamvu zoposa zimene zinandandandandalikidwa, pamene United States v. Loz[FLD . 955])

Makhoti aakulu a boma amamasulira malamulo a boma lawo, ndipo nthaŵi zina mamasuliridwe amenewo amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lalikulu la California lapeza kuyenera kwa kukhala lachinsinsi m'lamulo la boma limene limapyola Lamulo Lachinayi. Pansi pa “zifukwa za boma ndi kudziimira. Chiphunzitso chapamwamba cha U.S. sichidzapendanso zigamulo za khoti zimene ziikidwa pa lamulo la boma lokha, ngakhale ngati lamulolo limapereka zoyenera zambiri kuposa zimene lamulo la boma likufuna.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo

Kugawanika kwa malamulo a dziko ndi a boma sikumasintha chifukwa nkhani zomasintha zimayesa malire a boma.

  • Internet ndi tekinoloji: [[FLT :1] ndi ecommerce, nyuzi, ndi mathekishoni, pali madansi a miyezo ya boma. Pakali pano, akunena monga California (CPA/CPRA) ndi Virginia (VCDPA) imatsogolera ndi malamulo awo achinsinsi, kuyambitsa kufunika kwa malo a dziko.
  • Kuloledwa kwa lamulo: Mpata pakati pa chiletso cha boma ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo ukukula pamene maboma ambiri alamulo a chivomezi. Malamulo oletsa mabizinesi a boma akuletsa mabizinesi a boma kuloŵa m'mautumiki a banki a boma, ndipo Congress afunikirabe kuthetsa mkanganowo.
  • Chisamaliro cha Health : The Affordble Care Act (ACA) adapanga dongosolo la boma koma analola maboma kufutukula Medicaid kapena kupanga ndalama zawo. Maboma ena akana, kutsogolera ku kukwaniritsa mipata.
  • Kusintha kwa masamu: pamene boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ina ya utsi, maboma akutenga njira yaumwini kupyolera m'maprogramu a kapupusi ndi trade, miyezo ya portfolio yokhoza kukonzedwanso, ndi malamulo a kutulutsa galimoto.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusungitsa kugawa: Ena “a'malamulo” amaletsa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amalamula lamulo lokhwima, kuchititsa kuganiziridwa pa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti dongosolo la boma ndilo makonzedwe a moyo, osalekeza kupangidwanso kupyolera m’lamulo, kuvomereza, ndi chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa malamulo a dziko ndi boma nkofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene dziko la United States limalamulidwira. Malamulo a boma amapereka miyezo yofanana pankhani zokhudza dziko lonselo, pamene malamulo a boma amalola kulabadira ndi kuyesa kwa kumaloko. Supremacy Claus amatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma liyenera kukhala lofunika kwambiri pamene nkhondo zibuka, koma Kusintha kwa Tenth Reformation kumasunga ufulu wapadera wa maboma. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zogwirizana, chidziŵitso chimenechi sichimangokhudza chabe kuvomereza, mmene timagwiritsira ntchito makampani athu, mmene timatetezera ufulu wathu, ndi mmene timasungira ufulu wathu pakati pa mgwirizano wa dziko ndi kusiyana kwa mayiko, tingayende bwino malo amene timapangako zinthu.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuza zopereka zodalirika zonga U.S. [[FLT :1] kaamba ka kupambana kwake kwa chiganizo ndi mphamvu zosungidwa, Cornell Information Institute ya kuperekedwa kwa chisankho [1], ndi malamulo [[FLT]] Project [[FLT]] yopanga malamulo] kaamba ka zigamu zapamwamba za khoti pa chigwirizano cha boma. Kuwonjezerapo, Msonkhano wa Religistion of State [FLT:] imalongosola kusiyana kwa malamulo m'mbali zonse, kupereka malo enieni a kawonekachitidwe kachitidwe ka dongosolo la dziko lolamulira.