Kumvetsa Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Boma Wopereka Msonkho

Kugaŵiridwa kwa maulamuliro a msonkho m'boma, boma, ndi malo akumeneko kuli mbali ina yofunika kwambiri ya zachuma. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zomwe, kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kuti amvetsetse mmene ntchito za boma zimayendetsera, mmene malamulo a zachuma amalinganizidwira, ndi mmene mtolo wa msonkho umagawidwira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. United States imagwirira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma la boma, kumene malamulo a boma amachotsa mphamvu zina ku boma pamene amakhazikitsa ena ku maboma. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga dongosolo la msonkho, limodzi ndi mlingo uliwonse wa boma lokhala ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, ziyeso, ndi mathayo pamene abweretsa ndalama. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kugaŵana kwa maboma ndi ntchito za anthu pa misonkhongo, mabiziko, ndi mabizinesi.

Ulamuliro wokhoma msonkho wa mlingo uliwonse wa boma suli kokha nkhani ya kulinganiza kwa boma koma umasonyeza malamulo alamulo aakulu, kulolerana kwa mbiri yakale, ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko yopitirizabe. Boma lapeza mphamvu zake zokhoma msonkho mwachindunji kuchokera ku Malamulo, makamaka kupyolera ku Sunday Amendment, imene inakhazikitsa maziko alamulo a msonkho wamakono. Boma, lili ndi mphamvu za ulamuliro zimene zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro walamulo wa msonkho, ngakhale kuti maulamuliro ameneŵa ali ogonjera ku malire a malamulo ndi kutsendedwa kwa boma m'madera ena. Maboma a m’dziko amaudindo otsendedwa kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito kokha mphamvu za boma zokhoma msonkho zimene zasankha kutumiza ku malamulo kapena malamulo alamulo. Dongo lamphamvu lamphamvu la malamulo la malamulo limapangitsa kulinganiza malo osiyanasiyana kumene misonkhoma, kuchuluka kwa makampani osiyanasiyana, ndi kulanditsa misonkhoma, ndi kuyendetsa malo a anthu onse ozungulira.

Mphamvu za Msonkho Zoyenderana: Ulamuliro wa Malamulo ndi Makina Opanga Ndalama

Boma la boma limakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu ndi woperekedwa ndi lamulo pakati pa milingo yonse ya boma. Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo a United States chimapatsa Msonkhano mphamvu "yoika ndi kusonkhanitsa Misonkho, ma Gawo, Imposts ndi Excisses, kulipira Ngongo ndi kupereka ndalama za Thupi ndi kugawa za University ya United States. Chinenerochi chimakhazikitsa kupereka ulamuliro wa msonkho waukulu, ngakhale kuti chimaphatikizapo kupereŵera kwakukulu, monga ziyenerezo zimene ntchito zonse, misonkhozo, ndi kuchotsa misonkhozo mwachindunji ku United States ndi kugawa pakati pa maiko onse. Kugaŵa kwa anthu. Kusintha kwa Malamulo, kuchotsa ndalama zoperekedwa pa ndalama za msonkho, kuphatikizapo ndalama zamakono, popereka ndalama za boma za boma.

Ziŵalo Zazikulu za Msonkho wa Magulu Olamulira

Boma la boma limadalira pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya misonkho, iliyonse yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yakeyake ya zachuma, ziyambukiro za lamulo, ndi kukhoza kwa ndalama. Kumvetsetsa magulu ameneŵa nkofunika kuyamikira mmene boma limapitira ndalama za maprogramu ndi mathayo ake ambirimbiri.

  • Msonkho wokhomedwa ndi anthu: Ili ndi gwero limodzi lalikulu kwambiri la ndalama za boma, kuŵerengera pafupifupi 50% ya malisiti onse a boma m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Msonkho wa boma wa msonkho ndi womawonjezereka, kutanthauza kuti misonkho yokwera pamene ndalama zokhometsera misonkho ikukwera. Dongosololi limapanga mabulaketi a msonkho asanu ndi aŵiri, kuyambira 10% mpaka 37%, limodzi ndi ndalama zoikizidwa zosiyanasiyana, ngongole, ndi kusalandira ndalama zimene zimayambukira kwenikweni mtolo wa msonkho woperekedwa ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana. Utumiki wa ku kampani ya ku kampani ya , umene umafuna kuti anthu ambiri abweze ndi kulipira msonkho kwa chaka chilichonse kulipira msonkho kapena kuyerekezera msonkho.
  • Makonkho: Iyi misonkho yosungitsa Chisungiko ndi Medicare ] Imaimira maprogramu achiŵiri a ndalama za boma. Federal Inssurancesss Act (FICA) imakakamiza msonkho wophatikiza 15.3% pa malipiro, wogawidwa mofanana pakati pa olemba ntchito ndi antchito. Gawo la Social Security (12.4%) limagwira ntchito pa kulipira ndalama za chaka ndi chaka, zimene zimasintha gawo la kukwera kwa ndalama, pamene Medicareare gawo la malipiro a ntchito zonse popanda chopereka chilichonse. Owonjezera ndalama. Owonjezera antchito a Media ndi olandira ndalama zambiri. Msonkhetso zimenezi zimayendera kuwonjezera ndalama zawo chifukwa chakuti iwo amasintha ndalama ndi kukhala ndi ndalama zapamwamba, antchito olandira ndalama zambiri.
  • Katundu wa zolowa : Makampani amakhoma misonkho pa phindu lawo pa mlingo wa boma, ndi Tchafu ndi Ntchito za 2017 akukhazikitsa mlingo wothithithirapo 21% pa ndalama za C-corporation. Zimenezi zinaimira kutsika kwakukulu kuchokera ku kukwera kwa chiŵerengero cha kumaliza maphunziro kumene kunakwera pa 35%. Msonkhoma wa bomawo umatulutsa gawo lochepa la ndalama za boma poyerekezera ndi ndalama za munthu aliyense payekha ndi kulipira msonkho, mbali ina chifukwa chakuti makampani ambiri a bizinesi monga S-corporations, maaungwe, mayanjano, ndi makampani opangitsa ndalama zawo kulipira ndalama zawo ku a eniakewo pa msonkho ya msonkho pa dongosolo la msonkho pa anthu pawo.
  • Misonkho ya Excese: Iyi ndi misonkho yosankha yoikidwa pa zinthu, mautumiki, ndi ntchito. Msonkho waukulu wa boma umaphatikizapo ija ya pa mafuta, zotulutsira fodya, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi matikiti a ndege. Mosiyana ndi misonkho ya ndalama zochokera ku kampani, misonkho imatumikira zifuno ziŵiri: kukweza ndalama ndi kuletsa makhalidwe ena kapena njira zogwiritsira ntchito. Msonkhoma wa petro, mwachitsanzo, ndalama za Highway Trusale, zimene zimagwirizana ndi ntchito za zoyendera kampani m'dziko lonselo.
  • Catestate ndi Msonkho wa Msonkho: Misonkho imeneyi imagwira ntchito pa kusamutsira chuma kuchokera ku mbadwo wina kupita ku wina. Msonkho wa malo wa boma umagwira ntchito ku magawo ochuluka opatula ndalama, amene pansi pa lamulo lamakono ndi $12 miliyoni pa munthu mmodzi. Msonkho zimagwira ntchito kusamutsidwa kwa moyo, ndi malo ofanana ochotsera anthu ku boma ndi kuchotsedwa kwa chaka ndi chaka. Msonkhomawo umayambukira mlingo wochepa kwambiri wa magawo koma umatulutsa ndalama zazikulu ndipo umasungabe mikangano ya zandale.

Lamulo la Msonkho ndi Kuyambukiridwa kwa Chuma

The federal tax system has profound implications for economic behavior, income distribution, and the overall economy. Progressive income tax rates are designed to achieve vertical equity, meaning that those with greater ability to pay contribute a larger share of their income in taxes. However, the system also includes numerous tax expenditures, which are provisions that reduce tax liability for specific activities or groups. These include the mortgage interest deduction, the earned income tax credit, the child tax credit, and the preferential tax rates on capital gainsMwachisawawa, makonzedwe ameneŵa amachepetsa kwambiri msonkho umene mabanja ambiri amalipira ndipo amasonkhezera anthu kusankha zosunga ndalama, kuikiza ndalama, kukhala ndi nyumba, ndi kupereka zinthu zothandiza anthu ovutika.

Boma la boma limagwiritsiranso ntchito njira ya msonkho monga chiŵiya chothandizira kuchepetsa chuma. Mkati mwa kulephera kwa zachuma, Nyumba ya Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri imakhazikitsa msonkho wa kanthaŵi kapena kukhazikitsa kusonkhezera kugula ndi kuyendetsa malonda. Komabe, panthaŵi ya kukula kwakukulu kwa chuma ndi kukwera kwa ndalama, opanga malamulo angaone kukhala kuwonjezereka kwa misonkho kuti achepetsetsa chuma. Bungwe la Congregational Bac Bac Office (CCT) ndi Komiti Yogwirizana pa Kupereka Msonkhetso (JCT) imapereka ziyeneso zalamulo za ndalama ndi ziyambukiro za masinthidwe a msonkho olingaliridwa, kuthandiza opanga malamulo kupenda masinthidwe a ndalama za ndalama zofunikira.

Maulamuliro a Boma Opereka Msonkho: Ulamuliro, Kusiyana Makhalidwe, ndi Chipani cha Asilikali

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zolamulira zimene zili ndi chibadwa zimene zimaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa msonkho, wogonjera ku malire oikidwa ndi Malamulo a U.S., lamulo la boma, ndi malamulo a boma la munthu payekha. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti maboma ali ndi kusintha kwakukulu m'kulinganiza malamulo awo a msonkho, kuchititsa kusiyana kwakukulu m'maiko makumi asanuwo m'mitengo, mitengo, zigawo, ndi katundu yense. Lingaliro la malamulo a boma limavomereza kuti litumikira monga malaboratorishoni a demokrase, kuyesa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana za msonkho zimene zingadziŵitse malamulo a dziko ndi kulola nzika za dziko kusankha malo a msonkho ogwirizana ndi zofuna zawo.

Ziŵalo Zazikulu za Msonkho wa Boma

Maboma ena amagogomezera kwambiri misonkho ya ndalama zimene amapeza, pamene ena amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya malonda, ndipo mayiko angapo asankha kunyalanyaza misonkho ya mitundu ina yonse kuti athandize ena.

  • Maboma ambiri amakhazikitsa msonkho wa malonda wochuluka pa zinthu ndi mautumiki ogulitsidwa m'malire awo. Msonkho wa boma umayambira pa 4% mpaka 10%, ndi mayiko ambiri amalola maboma kupereka msonkho wowonjezereka pa mtengo wa boma. Msonkho wa msonkho, umene uli dongosolo la malonda ndi mautumiki okhometsa msonkho, umasiyanasiyana kumaiko. Maboma ena amalola kuchepetsa zinthu zofunika monga kugula, mankhwala ovomerezeka, ndi zovala kuchepetsa phindu la msonkho, pamene ena amakhometsa msonkho waukulu wa ntchito kuphatikizapo chisamaliro chaumwini, mautumiki alamulo, ndi zokondweretsa. Msonkhomakhoma amalingaliridwanso kukhala otsika chifukwa cha ndalama zopezedwa m’mabanja awo zowonjezereka.
  • Maboma a Invoifit Coomission: Maboma makumi anayi-one , kuphatikizaponso Gawo la Columbia amakhazikitsa msonkho wa ndalama zambiri wa munthu aliyense. Mayiko asanu ndi anayi otsalawo, kuphatikizapo Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tessenea, Texas, Texas, Washington, ndi Whoming, musakhome msonkho, ngakhale kuti New Hampshire ndi Washington imagawa ndalama za msonkho ndi ndalama zogaŵidwa. Pakati pa maboma amene amakhoma msonkho, malo apamwamba kwambiri, amasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito liŵiro lachiphamphu, kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zonse zokhoma msonkho, pamene ena amagwiritsira ntchito omaliza kapena malo owonjezereka mofanana ndi malamulo a boma. Msonkhoma a boma pansi pa 3% kukwera kwambiri kwa mabotilo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ndalama zopimira msonkho zapamwamba kwambiri za boma, ngakhale kulipiriridwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa boma lakwanimakwanizidwa, ngakhale kulipiri ko
  • Misonkho yolandira ndalama: Maboma makumi anayi-4 amakakamiza msonkho wa kampani pa mabizinesi amene akugwira ntchito m'malire awo. Msonkho wa boma wa msonkho wosiyana kuchokera pa 3% m'mayiko ena mpaka kuposa 11% m'mayiko ena, ndi mayiko ambiri amene amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomaliza maphunziro. Maboma ambiri a msonkho wa boma ndiwo ndalama zoyendetsera msonkho wa boma posinthasintha zinthu. Mayiko amagwiritsa ntchito magawo a ndalama zimene bungwe labomali limapatsa pofuna kuona kuti lizitenga msonkho m’dziko lililonse, limodzi ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku boma. Maboma ena asintha ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za boma kuti agulitse katundu wochuluka kuposa katundu ndi kulipira ndalama zambiri kuposa kulipira ndalama zoyendetsera msonkho, pamene akupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ndalama zachibalo.
  • Misonkho ya Exce: Mofanana ndi boma la boma, maboma amakhazikitsa misonkho pa zinthu zina, mafuta a galimoto, zogulitsa fodya, ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Mtengo wa boma umasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko, zimene zimayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ndalama za katundu wamtundu umodzi ndi wina. Misonkho imeneyi imagwira ntchito zonse ziŵiri ndi zolinga zoyendetsera malamulo, ndi ndalama zambiri pa zinthu za fodya, mwachitsanzo, zolinganizidwa kuletsa kusuta fodya pamene akuyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo ndi ntchito za boma.
  • Misonkho yokwanira: pamene kuli kwakuti misonkho ya katundu ili kwenikweni magwero a boma, maboma amachitanso mbali m'khoma la katundu. Maboma ambiri amakakamiza msonkho wa katundu wa boma kapena amapereka ndalama zothandizira kulinganiza katundu m'masukulu. Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho wa katundu wakwawo, kuphatikizapo njira zofufuzira, madongosolo olinganiza, ndi malamulo ochepetsa ndalama zimene zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa misonkho yakwawo ya dziko kuwonjezera chaka ndi chaka.

State Tax Competition and PolicyZosankha [1]

Zigawo zimagwira ntchito m'malo ampikisano kumene malamulo a msonkho angasonkhezere zosankha za malo a malonda, njira za kusamuka kwa munthu aliyense, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chuma chonse. Mpikisano umenewu umapanga zonse ziŵiri mwaŵi ndi zopinga kwa opanga malamulo a boma. Maboma okhala ndi misonkho yotsika angakope mabizinesi ndi anthu okhala m’maiko apamwamba, koma ayeneranso kupeza njira zopezera ndalama zothandizira ntchito zofunika za anthu monga maphunziro, zoyendera, chitetezo cha anthu onse, ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. Kulinganiza pakati pa misonkhoma ndi mautumiki oyenerera ndi kulinganiza kwa boma ndi kulinganiza kwa makampani osiyanasiyana kulinganiza zinthu kumene kungapereke chithandizo.

Kufufuza za mmene malamulo a boma amakhudzira msonkho wa zachuma akusonyezera zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana. Ofufuza ena apeza kuti misonkho yotsika, makamaka misonkho ya makampani ndi misonkho ya munthu mwini, zimayendera limodzi ndi kukwera kwa chuma, pamene kufufuza kwina kukusonyeza kuti kukwera kwa ntchito za boma, kuphatikizapo maphunziro ndi zipangizo zamakono, zinthu zambiri zowonjezera pa misonkho pa kutukuka kwa chuma. Maboma ambiri amagwiritsiranso ntchito misonkho, monga kulanditsa msonkho, ndi kulipira ndalama, kukopa mabizinesi kapena kulimbikitsa ntchito zina, ngakhale kuti ntchito zapamwamba za makampaniwa zamalonda akupanga masheyawo zikukhalabe nkhani yaikulu yokambirana ndi akatswiri a zachuma ndi opanga malamulo.

Maulamuliro a Msonkho Akomweko: Anagaŵira Ulamuliro ndi Kudalira Misonkho ya Malo

Maboma a boma, kuphatikizapo mabwinja, matauni, magawo a sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera, ali ndi malo ochepera kwambiri m'dongosolo la msonkho la boma. Mosiyana ndi maboma a boma ndi maboma a boma, maboma a m’madera samakhala ndi ulamuliro wa msonkho. Mmalomwake, mphamvu yawo ya kukhoma msonkho imachokera ku lamulo la boma, ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana opatsidwa ku maboma osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku boma kupita ku boma. Lamulo limeneli, lodziŵika monga Dillon's Laul, limasunga kuti maboma akungowapatsa mphamvu ndi boma kapena kuti aperekeredi malamulo a bomalo. Mayiko ena alandira malamulo a boma amene akupereka ulamuliro waukulu kwa maboma ena, kuphatikizapo kulolera kwambiri pokonza malamulo awo a msonkho, koma ngakhale pansi pa ulamuliro wakwawo, kukhazikitsabe msonkho.

Ziŵalo Zazikulu za Msonkho wa Malowo

Maboma a m’maderawa amadalira kwambiri misonkho imene boma ndi boma limaiyerekezera ndi misonkho, ndipo misonkho ya katundu ndi imene imathandiza kwambiri mayiko ambiri.

  • Makhoma a msonkho: Msonkho wa katundu ndi wofunika kwambiri kwa maboma akwawo, kuthandizira ntchito zofunika monga K-12, apolisi ndi magetsi, misewu ndi malo ochitira zinthu, ndi ntchito za boma. Msonkho wa katundu wa m’dziko umaikidwa pa katundu weniweni, kuphatikizapo malo ndi nyumba, ndipo nthaŵi zina pa katundu monga zipangizo za bizinesi ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Khoma ndilo mtengo woyeneretsedwa wa katundu, umene amakonzanso nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti aone mmene amagulitsira malonda ake. Msonkhoma, kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyezedwa monga ndalama zoikizira ndalama zanda za ndalama, amaikidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma mwa kulinganiza ndalama zoikizira ndalama za boma. Makampani ambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi ndalama zoikiridwa ndi ndalama zodalirika, monga ndalama zoyendetsera katundu, monga ndalama zotsala, kapena ndalama zoyendetsedwa bwino, ngakhale ndalama zoyendetseredwa bwino za m'makwanidwe a ndalama za m'dzikolo, monga momwe ndalama zoperekedwa m'makwaniritsira ndalama zowonjezereka.
  • Arelars Communiverse: [[FLT :1] Maboma ambiri akumaloko, makamaka a maakampani ndi maŵerengedwe, amakhazikitsa msonkho wa malonda a kumaloko kuwonjezera pa msonkho wa boma. Misonkho yogulitsa imeneyi ya kumaloko imaloledwa ndi lamulo la boma ndi kulola maboma kuwonjezera ndalama zawo. Msonkho wa msonkho wa boma wa kuderalo kuyambira pa 0.5% mpaka 3% kapena kuposa, ndi msonkho wa boma ndi wa kumaloko wa malonda m'dzikolo m'mayiko ena oposa 10%. Msonkhoma a malonda a boma amagwiritsira ntchito pa maziko a malonda a boma monga msonkho wa boma, ngakhale kuti maboma ena amalola kuti awonjezere zinthu zina ku zikalata kapena ena. Ndalama zako za malonda zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa zifuno za boma kapena ntchito pazokhamakedwetsa, kusungitsa chuma, kapena kutsungula kwa anthu ambiri.
  • Msonkho wolandira: Nkhoma zotsala: Chiŵerengero chochepa kwambiri cha maboma akumaloko, makamaka m'mayiko ena monga Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, ndi Michigan, amakhometsa msonkho wa ndalama zapamudzi kwa nzika ndipo m'zochitika zina kwa anthu osayang'anira ntchito. Msonkho zimenezi ndizo msonkho wapamwamba pa malipiro opezedwa, ngakhale kuti maboma ena amasunganso msonkho wosayenerera monga chiwongola dzanja, phindu, ndi ndalama zamalipiro. Kaŵirikaŵiri misonkho yakwa ya kumaloko imaperekedwa mwa kusungitsa ndi bwanamkunja ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imabwezedwa pa malire ena. Ndalama za msonkho ya kumaloko zikhoza kukhala zofunika kwambiri kaamba ka msonkho umene umawaika pa msonkho wopereka ndalama wa ndalama za ndalama.
  • Misonkho ina ya kumaloko: Maboma ena amakhazikitsa misonkho yowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo kukhala m'hotela, misonkho ya lesitilanti, misonkho ya zokondweretsa, ndi misonkho ya bizinesi ya bizinesi. Kaŵirikaŵiri misonkho imeneyi imayang'aniridwa kwa alendo ndi alendo mmalo mwa nzika za kumaloko, kuipangitsa kukhala yokongola m'zandale monga njira yokwezera ndalama kwa anthu osatumikira amene amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito mautumiki a kumaloko. Maboma a kumaloko angaperekenso ndalama zothandizira pa kupita patsogolo kwatsopano kuti ayendetse ndalama zoyendera ntchito za bizinesi zoyendera ntchito monga misewu, masukulu, ndi mapaki.

Ndalama za Boma

The heavy reliance of local governments on property taxes creates several important dynamics in local public finance. Property tax assessments tend to lag behind market conditions, providing stability during economic downturns but also limiting revenue growth during periods of rising property values, particularly in states with assessment limitations. ThisKuwononga ndalama kungachititse kuti maboma a m’maderawo azikhala opanikizika kwambiri ngati ndalama zochitira zinthu zakwera mofulumira kuposa ndalama zogulira katundu, ndipo kukakamiza anthu kuti asankhe movutikira zinthu zokhudza kuchepetsa ntchito kapena kuchepetsa ndalama zimene amapeza m’mayiko ena.

Maboma ambiri amafuna chilolezo cha kuwonjezera ndalama zimene amalandira kuchokera ku zinthu zina. Malamulo a boma amachepetsa mitundu ya misonkho imene maboma a boma angaike, mtengo umene angapereke, ndi njira zimene ayenera kutsatira popereka msonkho watsopano kapena kuwonjezera zimene zilipo. Maboma ambiri amafuna chilolezo cha ovota pa misonkho yatsopano ya kumaloko kapena msonkho wochuluka, kuwonjezera kudalira pa zandale pa zosankha za boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amafuna kupereka ulamuliro wokwanira kwa maboma kupereka mautumiki ofunika, komanso amafunanso kuteteza anthu onse pa malo onse osungira msonkho ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa misonkhongo ya kumaloko.

Kufufuza Kwamphamvu za Msonkho M’mayiko Ena

Kuyerekezera kwadongosolo kwa maulamuliro a msonkho m'boma, boma, ndi malo kumene kuli kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa ndalama, kuchuluka kwa ndalama, ndi mphamvu zachuma. Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu, ndi mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho kuchokera ku zinthu zonse, kukhazikitsa msonkho pa malipiro, ndi levy expices misonkho pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mautumiki. Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wochuluka koma wokakamiza, wokhala ndi maboma osiyanasiyana m’maboma amene amatsata msonkhowo ndipo ali ndi malire ake. Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa kwambiri, ndiponso msonkho wa katundu wotumikira monga gwero lalikulu la maulamuliro ambiri.

Kusiyana Kofunika pa Msonkho

Maboma a boma amasiyana kwambiri ndi misonkho yapamwamba kwambiri yoperekedwa ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Kusintha kwa makhoma kapena kubwerera m'mbuyo m'madongosolo a misonkho, ndiponso ukulu wa misonkho imene imayendera limodzi kapena kutsatizana ndi mayiko ena. Malamulo a msonkho a boma ndi owonjezera, ndi opereka ndalama zambiri poyerekezera ndi mabanja opeza ndalama zambiri. Kubwezanso misonkho yolemera kwambiri poyerekezera ndi misonkho ya boma ndi misonkho ya ndalama yogulitsira ndalama, yomwe imatenga mlingo waukulu wa misonkho ya ndalama zimene amapeza kuchokera ku mabanja otsika.

Kusiyana kwina kofunika ndi kupikisana kwa misonkho m’mayiko onse. Mayiko amapikisana ndi mabizinesi ndi anthu okhala m’madera osiyanasiyana mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho, kukakamiza anthu kuti achepetse msonkho kapena kuti apereke zisonkhezero za msonkho. Maboma a m’madera ambiri amapikisana makamaka m’madera amene anthu okhala m’dzikolo ndi amalonda angayende mosavuta pakati pa mayiko ena. Boma, mosiyana ndi boma, limapikisana ndi maboma ena mwa njira yomweyo, ngakhale kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse kwachititsa kuti anthu azipo misonkho ndi mpikisano.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Kugwirizana

Kulinganiza kwa maulamuliro a misonkho m'miyezo ya boma kumayambitsa nkhani zofunika za kugwirizana ndi kusagwirizana. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zambiri kwa boma ndi maboma akomweko, kuphatikizapo ndalama zoperekera ziŵiya za zifuno zapadera zonga misewu, maphunziro, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, komanso zopereka zopatsa malamulo osintha kwambiri m'njira zimene ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimenezi zimathandizira kulinganiza mphamvu ya magawo ndi malo osiyanasiyana, kutsimikizira kuti maulamuliro onse angaperekebe ukulu wocheperapo wa mautumiki a anthu onse. Komabe, boma limavomerezanso mikhalidwe ndi zofunika zimene zingapange ndi zosankha za kumaloko m’njira zimene sizingagwirizane ndi zofuna za kumaloko.

Maboma amaperekanso chithandizo cha ndalama ku maboma a kumaloko, makamaka ku K-12 ya maphunziro, kumene chithandizo cha boma chimathandiza kulinganiza ndalama zoyendetsera m'masukulu onse ndi misonkho yosiyanasiyana. Maboma ambiri atengera njira za ndalama zasukulu zothandizira ku madera a katundu ndi ndalama, kusonyeza malamulo a boma kupereka mwayi wokwanira ndi wokwanira kwa ophunzira onse. Kugwirizana kwa boma, boma, ndi msonkho wa kumaloko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zosankha za ndalama zasukulu kumachititsa mayanjano ovuta kwambiri a mayanjano a anthu okhala ndi katundu amene ali ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndiponso zimene amalandira ku madera osiyanasiyana.

Kufufuza Kuperekedwa kwa Mphamvu za Msonkho

Kumvetsetsa matanthauzo ameneŵa nkofunika popenda kusintha kolingaliridwa kwa dongosolo la msonkho ndi kuyamikira mavuto aakulu a zachuma amene maboma amayang’anizana nawo pamlingo uliwonse.

Kusagwirizana pa Zachuma ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Kusinthasintha kwa malamulo a boma ndi a m'madera osiyanasiyana a msonkho kumachititsa kusiyana kwa zachuma m'madera ndi m'madera ena. Mayiko amene ali ndi katundu wa msonkho wambiri angachedwe kukwera m'zachuma, makamaka makamaka pankhani ya kukonza malonda ndi ntchito, ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa ziyambukiro zimenezi kukukhalabe nkhani yokambirana. Pamlingo wa dziko, kusiyana kwa misonkho kumayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu m'maphunziro operekedwa m’madera osiyanasiyana a sukulu, kuthandizira kuchepetsa mwaŵi wa maphunziro a ana ochokera ku zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Kukonzanso kwa sukulu m'maboma ambiri kwafuna kuchepetsa maprogramu a boma ndi kulinganiza ndalama za msonkho, koma kwakukulu m'malamulo akupitirizabe.

Kusintha kwa dongosolo la msonkho la boma ndi la kumaloko mogwirizana ndi dongosolo la msonkho la boma kumatanthauza kuti msonkho wonsewo m’magulu onse a boma supita patsogolo kwambiri monga momwe boma lokha likunenera. Pamene boma, boma, boma, ndi misonkho ya kumaloko aunyito amalingaliridwa pamodzi, dongosolo la msonkho la U.S. limalinganiza mochepera kaamba ka mabanja ambiri, ndi ndalama zonse za msonkho monga chigawo cha ndalama zopezedwa pamalipiro ochepa, ngakhale kuti kukonza misonkho yolipiridwa kuli ndi maupandu aakulu kwambiri. Kupeza kumeneku kuli ndi maupandu ofunika kwambiri ponena za chilungamo ndi kuperekedwa kwa misonkho ndi kuperekedwa kwa misonkho pa magulu a malipiro.

Mpikisano wa Msonkho ndi Kuchirikiza

Mpikisano wa misonkho m’madera onse ndi madera umachititsa mapindu ndi mtengo. Pambali imodzi, mpikisano ungatsendereze kukula kwa boma ndi kulimbikitsa chipambano m'makonzedwe a mautumiki a anthu, monga momwe nzika ndi mabizinesi angavotere ndi mapazi awo mwa kusamukira ku mabwalo a msonkho ndi thumba lovomerezeka kwambiri. Pambali ina, mpikisano ungatsogolere ku "kuloŵa pansi" m'mene maboma angachepetseko misonkho yotsika yofunikira kuwonjezera pamlingo wopereka mautumiki ofunika, makamaka mautumiki amene amapindulitsa mabanja opeza ndalama zotsika kapena amene amapanga zinthu zabwino koma osayamikiridwa ndi misonkho yoyenda. Kulimbana ndi opanga malamulo kuli kulinganiza mapindu a misonkho pa kusoŵa ndalama zofunikira pamaphunziro, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi mautumiki ena amene amachirikiza kutukuka kwa anthu.

Kusungika kwa dongosolo la misonkho kumadalira pa kukhoza kwa maboma a milingo yonse kuwonjezera ndalama zokwanira zothandizira ntchito za boma, kuphatikizapo kukwera kwa mtengo wa chithandizo cha mankhwala, ndalama zopereka penshoni, ndi kukonza zinthu zofunika pa anthu okalamba. Boma limayang'anizana ndi mavuto anthaŵi yaitali okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa maprogramu a zachitetezo, makamaka Social Security ndi Medicare, amene akuoneka kuti adzawononga ndalama zambiri za boma pa zaka makumi ambiri zikubwera. Boma ndi maboma akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto awoawo, kuphatikizapo ndalama zothandizira antchito aumoyo ndi mapindu, zimene zawonjezeka kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri, ndi zofunika za kuyendetsa ndalama zoyendera ukalamba monga misewu, mabuloni, magalimoto, ndi nyumba za anthu.

Nkhani Zapanthaŵi Yathuyi Zofalitsa Mphamvu za Msonkho

Maboma amakono a msonkho kumbali zonse za boma amasintha ndi mikangano ndi zochitika zambiri. Lamulo la Tchall Cuts ndi Jobs Act ya 2017 linasintha kwambiri lamulo la boma la msonkho, kuphatikizapo chipewa cha msonkho wa boma ndi wakwawoko, zimene zayambitsa mkangano waukulu m'maboma apamwamba, makamaka California, New York, New Jersey, ndi Illinois. Kusintha kumeneku kwachititsa kuti anthu adziwe kwambiri mmene amachitira ndi malamulo a msonkho ndipo kwachititsa maboma ena kufufuza malamulo ndi njira zoyendetsera malamulo kuti achepetse mphamvu yake pa anthu awo.

Nkhani ina yofunika kwambiri ya masiku ano imaphatikizapo msonkho wa zinthu ndi mautumiki a pa Intaneti ndi kukula kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba la 2018 linagamula [ku South Dakota:0] ku South Dakota v. Wayfair , Inc. linapereka ulamuliro waukulu wofuna kuti amalonda a pa Intaneti agulitsi agulitse ndi kuwonjezera msonkho, kulinganiza munda woseŵera pakati pa Intaneti ndi njerwa ndi maofesi a boma ndi malo a boma. Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma poyankha Hoyfair, kufututsa msonkho wawo kuti afike pa zimene zikukhudza malonda ndi misonkho ndi misonkho.

Palinso mikangano yomakulakula ponena za ukulu woyenera wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma m'zachuma cha makono ndi cha apa ndi apo. Nkhani za pa Intaneti zikuphatikizapo kuyang'anira ntchito ya msonkho wa boma, kuikizira ndalama zoyendetsera msonkho wa makampani m'nyengo ya makampani a makampani, ndi msonkho wa makampani monga kutsatsa malonda a pa Intaneti, kutsatsa malonda a m'makampani, ndi pa Intaneti. Bungwe la Economic Compation ndi Development (ECD) likutsogolera zoyesayesa za mitundu yonse kuyang'anira nkhani zimenezi kupyolera ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za m'makampani a makampani a makampani a , ndi kukwera kwa ntchito ya kampani monga kukwera kwa ndalama za za zachuma. Chipamba cha mayiko chija cha kuyendetsa nkhani za za za za za msonkho. Chitukuko cha mayiko onsewa chikanetso cha boma ndi chitukuko cha dziko lonse chikwane.

Mtsogolo mwa Maulamuliro a Msonkho M’zachuma Zosinthasintha

Kuperekedwa kwa maulamuliro okhoma msonkho m'magawo a boma kukupitirizabe kuyendera pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa zachuma, luso la zopangapanga, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kupita patsogolo kwa malikulu, ntchito, ndi ogula m'zachuma padziko lonse kudzapitirizabe kuyesa mphamvu ya boma ndi maboma kusungitsa misonkho yawo pamene akulimbana ndi ntchito zachuma. Kukwera kwa ntchito zakutali, malonda a zamakono, ndi chuma chosadziŵika bwino kudzafunikira kusintha mmene ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi katundu zikukhometsedwa pa mlingo uliwonse wa boma.

Kusintha kumeneku kumaphatikizapo kuwonjezera malamulo a boma ndi kutumiza malamulo a boma, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amakono oyendetsera misonkho komanso malamulo oyendetsera misonkho pa mlingo uliwonse wa boma. Mabungwe osintha zinthu a boma ndi a boma amaphatikizapo misonkho ya boma ndi ya malo amene anthu amagulitsa. Kutsatira malamulo a msonkho ofanana pa mayiko onsewo kuchepetsa mtengo wovomerezeka ndi kupikisana kwa malonda, kupititsa patsogolo kulinganiza ndi kulipira msonkho kwa katundu wosadalirika, ndiponso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa boma kuthetsa mavuto a mgwirizano ndi chuma cha dziko. Mafunso ofunika kwambiri pa mlingo wa boma ayenera kulipira msonkho, pamlingo wotani, ndiponso chifukwa chimene chidzakhalabe nkhaŵa yaikulu ya malamulo a zamalonda ndi mikangano ya ndale, ndi mikangano ya zandale, ndi kuchuluka kwa zachuma, ndi kuchuluka kwa mautumiki a za anthu.

Kwa awo ofuna kufufuza mitu imeneyi, [[FLT: 0] [FLT] . Text imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi kusanthula malamulo a boma ndi a boma ndi akwanuko, kuphatikizapo malipoti a chaka ndi chaka a za msonkho wa boma ndi malamulo a msonkho. [[FLT:] Urban-Brooking Center [1] Kufufuza kovomerezeka kwa boma, boma, boma, ndi nkhani za msonkho wakwanu. [FLT:] [FLT:] Makampani a boma ndi malamulo a boma: [FFF]

Mwachidule, kusiyana kwa maulamuliro opereka msonkho m'boma lonse, boma, ndi mayiko amasonyeza mapangidwe a malamulo a boma, kupita patsogolo kwa mbiri yakale, ndi kusankha zinthu zandale. Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wochuluka ndi maziko a ndalama zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimatheketsa kukhazikitsa maprogramu osiyanasiyana a dziko ndi kukhazikitsa zolinga zothandizira kuwonjezera ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za m’makhoma. Maboma ali ndi kusinthasinthasintha kwambiri pokonza malamulo awo a misonkho, kuchititsa magawo osiyanasiyana m’mitengo, mitengo, ndi katundu. Maboma a m’dziko ali ndi mphamvu zocheperapo, kudalira kwambiri misonkho ndi kuyang'anira ndalama zawo kuwonjezera ndalama kuchokera ku makampani ena. Kuzindikira kuperekedwa kwa maulamuliro a msonkho, kuchuluka kwa misonkhoma, kufalikira kwa misonkhoma, ndi mmene amathandizira kuyendetsa ndi kulemera kwa anthu a United States.