Malo a yunivesite akhala akuthandiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhazikitsa mfundo, malo amene ophunzira amakumana ndi malingaliro amene amatsutsa ntchito yawoyawo ndi kumene makambitsirano amphamvu omwe amayembekezeredwa ndi kutetezeredwa. Komabe njira zenizenizo zimene zimalola kukambitsirana kwaufulu kumeneku ndi kutetezera kwa ufulu wotsegulidwa ndi kutsendereza mawu. Kutsenderezedwa kumeneku sikuli kokha lamulo lalamulo lokhudza zinthu zofunikira; kukonza zimene ophunzira, maluso, ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yake kumakhala kofunika kwambiri posamalira ntchito yamaphunziro.

Maziko a Malamulo a Kulankhula Mwaufulu ndi Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu

First Amendment ku Malamulo a ku United States, inagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maikowo kupyolera m’Malamulo a 144, imaletsa boma / kuphatikizapo mayunivesite a anthu onse . Chitetezero chimenechi chimapita ku makoleji, nyuzipepala ya ophunzira, ndipo ngakhale pa intaneti, malinga ngati mawuwo saloŵa m’magulu opapatiza, osatetezedwa a m’mbiri monga ziwopsezo zenizeni, kusonkhezera kuchita zinthu zosayeneretsedwa, kapena kuvutitsa kumene kuli kowopsa, kofalikira, ndi konyansa kwakuti kumaletsadi wophunzira kukhoza kulowa maphunziro kofanana. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ma Classius a Claus a Fiver ndi 147th Reformation Reformation Reformation, zitsimikizodesttiontion, kapena katundu. Ophunzira pa mapanganowo amavomereza kuti palibe munthu amene adzalandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu woyenerera.

Makoleji achinsinsi sagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mfundo zachindunji za kuwonjezera, koma ambiri atengera malamulo amene amalemekeza ufulu wa kudzisungira monga mbali ya malamulo awo, ndipo amapatsidwabe udindo wochita pangano kapena malamulo onse achilungamo. Ndiponso, Umutwe IX wa Madepressements a Education a 1972 amakhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka onena za mmene mabungwe amayankhira milandu ya khalidwe loipa la kugonana, kuwonjezera kusokoneza malo. Kupsinjika maganizo kumakhalapo chifukwa chakuti nkhani zaufulu zimayang'ana ku pulogalamu yapasa (zimene munganene), pamene nkhani zofunikira kupenda njira zopimira (zochitika pamene wina akudandaula za zimene mwanena). Kulankhulako kuli kutsutsana.

Mavuto Aakulu m’Njira za Kutsekereza kwa Kundende

Makoleji ndi mayunivesite amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ambiri opindulitsa pamene akuyesa kuwongolera khalidwe lokhudza kulankhula popanda kupondereza ufulu wa lamulo kapena chilungamo chachikulu. Mavuto ameneŵa amakula ndi mawu ambiri otetezeredwa amene angaonedwebe kukhala onyansa kapena ovulaza, ndiponso ndi kuwonjezereka kwa makompyuta a kulankhulana kwa ophunzira.

Kufotokoza Moyenera Nkhani Yoteteza Kulankhula

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zosatha ndicho muyezo wa mawu amene ali onyansa kapena odzutsa mkangano, ndipo chotero otetezeredwa ndi mawu amene amaloŵa m'kuvutitsidwa kapena ziwopsezo zenizeni. Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga bwino lomwe kuti kulankhula sikungathetsedwe chifukwa chakuti sikuli konyansa kapena kodzutsa. s. Johnson [ [19] [19] [ndiponso mawu otetezedwa, Khoti linagamula kuti mbendera ya ku America imatetezeredwa ndi Mpalezengo Woyamba. Pasukulupo, mwana wasukulu amakhudzidwa ndi chithunzi cha ndale kapena chizindikiro chapadera. [kapesewera] ndipo amasuliridwa. [4] Koma pamene amatsutsa munthu aliyense payekha, kapena kutetezedwa, mwinanso, kusokonezedwa kwake kungasokonezedwa ndi nkhani yosaipirapo kapena khalidwe. Mlakwaniza kubwezedwa kwa yunivesite ina: [4] kapena kutsutsa chikhome.

Kulangiza Mwachilungamo

Pambuyo pake, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro imapereka malamulo omveka bwino kuti wophunzirayo alandire mpata woyankha. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kudziŵa zinenezo zenizeni, kukhala ndi umboni wa bungwelo umene ukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, ndiponso kupereka umboni ndi kuteteza. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya Mfundo za IX imapereka lamulo loti anthu azimvana ndi kuyang'ana, koma mabungwe ambiri akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi zigamulo zimene ophunzira angayesetse kuti achotse ufulu wawo. Vuto ndi lokhudza ntchito zaluso ndiponso zoyera, makamaka pamene khalidwe lapamwamba liphatikizapo kuyankha kwapamwamba kapena mawu odzutsa maganizo. Masukuluwa akopanso kutsutsa chifukwa cha kulankhula mawu ochititsa nthumanzi, pamene ophunzira angapeŵe kufotokoza malingaliro otsutsana ndi kuopa kuopa kuchitiridwa lipoti.

Kulankhulana ndi Anthu pa Intaneti

Malo a kukhazikitsa malo a zaumoyo asintha ndi makompyuta. Kodi yunivesite ingapereke chilango kwa wophunzira wa fuko la fuko kapena woopseza woikidwa m'chipinda cha dorm? Chigamulo cha Supreme Court 2021 mu [FL:0] Mahanoy Astric School studit . B.L. [[FL:1] amatsimikizira kuti sukulu za K-12] zili ndi mphamvu zochepa za kulamulira kuchotsedwa pa malo amodzi kapena kuopa, koma chigamulo chasiya mafunso otseka kwa makoleji. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono ambiri afuna “kulephera kusokonezeka kwa maphunziro ." kuti anenedwe. Koma mabungwe ayenerabe kugamula kuti ndifalikire ku makampani, dzina limene linalo, kapena kuchirikiza chiganiŵere chachiwawa chomwe chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito momvekera bwino kwambiri kuyang'anira mapangano ophatikizapo.

Milandu Yochititsa Chidwi

Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi kumathandiza kuti akuluakulu a sukulu azitha kufotokoza bwinobwino malire amene amayendera.

.Des Moines Independent School District (1 969)

Ngakhale kuti ndi mlandu wa K-12, [[FLT] . .[FLT .0] motchuka anagamula kuti ophunzira “sachotsa ufulu wawo walamulo wa ufulu wa kulankhula kapena kulankhula pa chipata cha sukulu. Bwalo linakhazikitsa kuti sukulu ingatsendereze kokha kulankhula kumene “kwabwino ndi mokulira kukasokoneza ntchito ndi chilango cha sukulu. Muyezo umenewu wagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku koleji, kutanthauza kuti singathe kulanga mawu a wophunzira chifukwa cha kuopa kusokonezeka kapena kuipidwa kwa uthengawo. “Kusokonezeka kwapamwambaku kumakhala chipangizo choyesera kaamba ka ka kachitidwe ka sukulu.

Healy v. James (1972]

Khotili linafotokoza kuti makoleji a boma sangakane kuti anthu a m’gulu la ophunzira amene ali ndi maganizo olakwika kapena amene angayambitse mkangano, ndipo nthawi zambiri nkhaniyi imapezeka kuti iteteze magulu a ophunzira ndiponso anthu amene amalankhula nawo.

Doe v. University of Michigan (19989)

Monga momwe taonera, khoti la boma limeneli linagonjetsa lamulo la kuvutitsa anthu la yunivesite, limene linaletsa kulankhula kuti “amawononga kapena kuvutitsa” anthu pamaziko a fuko, fuko, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena magulu ena. Khotilo linapeza lamulolo kukhala lochuluka ndi losamveka bwino, lochititsa mantha. Limachenjeza anthu kuti asamanene mawu oletsedwa koma osamveka bwino.

[[FULT:0] Hoty v. Carter (2005]

Mlandu Wachisanu ndi Chisanu umenewu unalola koleji kukhazikitsa kupenda kwa nyuzipepala ya ophunzira asanamve zimene nyuzipepalayo inali kuchitika ngati inachitika “m'malo amodzi a anthu . ndipo siinali yachiŵalo. Komabe, Khoti Lalikulu linakana kumva mlanduwo, kusiya kusatsimikizira. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono ambiri ayamba kukhala opereŵera ku mfundo zake zenizeni, ndipo njira yabwino ndiyo kuyang'anira ophunzira monga otchuka kumene malamulo a m'mbuyomu amatsutsidwa kwambiri.

[[FLT: 0] Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006) ndi Lane v. Franks (2014]

Nkhani zimenezi zikufotokoza kaya ngati antchito a boma [1] kuphatikizapo aphunzitsi , amasunga ufulu wa kulankhula kaamba ka mawu opangidwa kukhala ogwirizana ndi ntchito zawo za boma. [[FLT: 0] Garcetti , Khoti linavomereza kuti loya wa boma wogwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito yake sanatetezedwe, koma pambuyo pake khotilo linafotokoza kuti [[FLT:] Garcetti chiphunzitso sichimagwira ntchito kwenikweni kuphunzitsa ndi kulankhula. Mkangano pakati pa lija ndi ufulu wa maphunziro umakhalabe malo okangalika a kutembenuza.

[[FLT: 0] Mahanoy Asterery School District v. B.L.[[FL:1] (2021)

M’nkhaniyi, Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti sukulu singathe kulanga wophunzira chifukwa cha kulankhula mawu onyoza pa Snapchat, pozindikira kuti sukulu zili ndi chidwi chochepa polamulira kulankhula kunja kwa sukulu ndi kuchotsa zinthu za kusukulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo ndi K-12, maganizo ake akuti . N’zotheka kwambiri kuti sukulu iyambe kulankhula mwaufulu popanda kusokoneza makoleji. Makhoti ena aang'ono agwiritsa ntchito nzeru zofananazo, kupempha kuti apepusetse ndi kuwonjezera ku pulogalamu yapamwamba asanalangitse chiganizo cha kuchotsapo kachipangizo kamodzi.

Malamulo Othandiza Kulinganiza Ufulu Wawo pa Campes

Popeza kuti malamulo ndi ovuta, njira zochitira zinthu zingathandize mabungwe kuti azilankhula mwaufulu komanso kuti aziphunzitsa bwino anthu.

Kulankhula Momveka Bwino Ndiponso Mosavuta

Malamulo amakhalidwe amene afunikira kukhala olunjika ndi kupeŵa kulankhula kosamveka bwino. Mmalo mwa kuletsa “kutsutsa”, malamulo ayenera kuvomereza mafotokozedwe alamulo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Khoti Lapamwamba: mkhalidwe umene uli wowopsa, wofalikira, ndi wosakondweretsa kwakuti umakanadi munthu kulowa pa programu ya maphunziro kapena ntchito. Malamulo ena onyoza, malamulowo ayenera kumveketsa bwino kuti kuipidwa si maziko a chilango. Faundation for Indicial Rights and Exption (FRE) amapereka malamulo achitsanzo ndi mabungwe a magiredi a nthaŵi zonse pa malankhuli awo; kuyang'ana ndi ndalama zotero kungathandize kupeŵa maupandu alamulo.

Njira Zoyenera ndi Zoonekera

Chifunikire kuwonjezera pa chidindo cha mphira. Mabungwe ayenera kutsimikizira kuti wophunzira aliyense amene akuyang'anizana ndi zinenezo zazikulu alandira chidziŵitso cholembedwa, kupezeka kwa umboni, mwaŵi wa kupereka chitetezo, ndi Wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho. Pankhani zokhudza kulankhula, nkofunika kwambiri kuti wolunjikitsayo aphunzitsidwe pa malamulo a Oyamba Okonzanso. Dipatimenti ya za Maphunziro ya U.S. Iyeneranso kukhazikitsa malamulo ambiri oyenera, kuphatikizapo kumva ndi kuyang'ana mtanda, koma monga 2024, malingana ndi malamulo ena. Mapangano a Biden adayenera kukhalabe ndi malamulo a boma pamene akusunga mzimu wa chilungamo. Kupereka chikalata cha kuchonderera nkofunika.

Programu za Maphunziro pa Kulankhula Mwaufulu ndi Kulankhulana Mwaulemu

Mmalo motsendereza kulankhulana kotsutsana, makoleji angaloŵetse maprogramu amene amaphunzitsa ophunzira mmene angagwirizanitsire malingaliro awo. “Malondawo ochitirako zinthu , maphunziro, ndi olankhula mawu osiyanasiyana angathandize kukulitsa chikhalidwe kumene kulankhula kuli kolimba koma kopanda udani. Maprogramu otero amagwirizanitsa ndi maphunziro kuchirikiza malingaliro otsutsa. ACLU chuma chaulere waufulu [

Kupeŵa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zolankhula

Bias akusimba madongosolo, ngakhale kuti amachitidwa bwino, angalankhule mozizira ngati agwiritsiridwa ntchito kuuzira malingaliro awo mmalo mwa kuvutitsidwa. Mabungwe ayenera kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito madongosolo oterowo kulinga ku malipoti akuti kusaona bwino kwapadera kofotokozedwa ndi lamulo, ndipo sayenera kufalitsa malipoti osadziŵika a “zochitika za Bias” zimene zimaloŵetsamo malingaliro otsutsana. Mofananamo, kuchotsa“ madera olankhulidwa mwaufulu” amene amatsekera ntchito zazing'ono, madera akutali. Mu 2018, khoti la boma linakantha chigawo choteretsa chigawocho ku Yunivesite ya Florida, ndi masukulu ena ambiri asiya kapena kukulitsa. M’malomwake, malo afunikira kutchula madera aakulu, ooneka ngati ophunzira a bungwe la maukwati.

Kuvomereza Mikhalidwe Yobwereza

Mabungwe ena ayesa kukonzanso chilungamo, kukambirana pakati pa wolankhula ndi amene walakwa, ndi ziletso za maphunziro. Njira zimenezi zimapeŵa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa kulankhula pamene zikulankhula ndi kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro. Komabe, kutenga nawo mbali kuyenera kukhala kwaufulu, ndipo ophunzira amene amakana kupatsidwa chilango chowonjezereka.

Ntchito ya Makhalidwe a Ophunzira ndi Kulankhula Momasuka

Chitetezero chogwira mtima kwambiri pa zipwirikiti ndi makoleji ndi malamulo a ophunzira okonzedwa bwino amene amatsimikizira bwino lomwe kudzipereka kwa bungwelo ku mawu aufulu. Mayunivesite ambiri amaphatikizapo “mawu aulere a Chingelezi” m'malamulo awo, kaŵirikaŵiri otsatiridwa pa Chichago [Chikalata] chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri a pa yunivesite ayesa kunyoza, kuchita zachiwerewere, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mawu olakwika. Pafupifupi 90, mawu ameneŵa amalengeza kuti “kudzipereka kwa yunivesite ndi ku mfundo yofunika yakuti sunga mfundo yakuti mfundo kapena kukonza zinthu sizingachotsedwe chifukwa chakuti malingaliro oikidwawo amatsutsidwa ndi anthu ena kapena ngakhale zigamu za anthu ambiri a yunivesite, osadziŵa, kapena olakwa. Pamwamba pa zinenero 90 zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kumasulira mawu ena olakwika.

Ndiponso, chitetezo choyenera chiyenera kugwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi lamulolo. Ophunzira ayenera kudziŵa kuti ngati aimbidwa mlandu wa kuswa mawu, adzalandira chilolezo chokwanira. Malamulowo ayeneranso kunena kuti kuwona tsankho nloletsedwa: yunivesite singapereke ziletso zaukali kwa wolankhula wosasintha kusiyana ndi kwa wolankhula womasuka amene amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu womwewo wa kulankhula. Kupenda malamulo, koyenerera ndi mfundo za m’malangizo, uphungu walamulo, ndi oimira ophunzira, kumathandiza kusunga lamulo lamakonolo ndi lamulo lokhudza malamulo.

Mabungwe Amakono: Maprotein, Ot Internet Speech, ndi Institution Response

Kuloŵa kwa mabwalo kwa machitidwe oyenera ndi ufulu wa kulankhula kumadzudzulidwa makamaka m'nkhani za kutsutsa kwaposachedwapa kwa makoleji. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri adasunga nthaŵi, malo, chilungamo cha fuko, ndi LGBTQ . Pamene ophunzira asokoneza malo kapena nyumba. Pamene ana alephera kuyang'anira ndandanda ya kulankhulana. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kugona m’nyumba pambuyo pa maola ambiri kumakhala kosungidwa ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo Oyamba kapena khalidwe losokoneza khalidwe lokhudza chilango. Makhoti nthaŵi zambiri amasunga nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira yovomerezeka ngati ali oyenera ngati ali okhutira ndi oyenera ndi opangidwirapo ndi opereka chilo. Iwo anangomva kuletsa kugona m'manyumba kwa maola ambiri ndi kusungidwa kwa osungidwa kwa ma pro-Palesitin; chilestika chachilendo. Pamenepo nkhaŵa ya kugwirizanitsa mmene amadziŵikitsira ndi kulangidwa kwa opereka chilango.

Kuvutitsa kwa pa Intaneti kumabweretsanso mavuto atsopano. Ngakhale ngati wophunzira angaike chilolezo cha kusankha pa mlandu wawo, kutsogolera ophunzira ena kukonza dandaulo. Ndiyeno yunivesiteyo iyenera kupenda ngati mawuwo ali otetezedwa (ngati ndi onyansa koma osati oopsa kwenikweni kapena ovutitsidwa) ndi kaya ngati anasokoneza kwambiri sukulu. Ngakhale ngati mawuwo atetezedwa, bungwelo lingachirikizebe anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi vutoli, popanda kupatsa chilango wolankhulayo. Izi ndizo zimene zimachititsa kuti wokambayo asatulutsidwe chifukwa cha kusatchuka kwa malingaliro awo. [FLT:] madzulo, St. . . . [1]

Malo ena ofufuzira ndi operekera machenjezo oopsa ndi malo otetezeka. Pamene malamulo a boma afuna machenjezo kapena kuletsa “nkhani za "''''' m'kalasi, njira Yoyamba Yowonjezera ingatsaziridwe, makamaka ku mayunivesite a anthu. Aprofesa ali ndi ufulu wa maphunziro amene amateteza zosankha zawo za mapulogalamu. Kuyenera kulowa ngati pulofesa waikidwa patchuti kuti aŵerenge zimene ophunzira ena akupeza kuti n’zolakwika. Mankhwala oyenera si chilango koma kukambirana kwa mayunivesite. Kufotokoza komveka bwino ndi mawu omveka bwino nkofunika.

Kumaliza

Kugwirizana kwa malankhulidwe aufulu ndi njira yoyenerera m'makoleji si chinthu chodabwitsa kuti chithetsedwe kamodzi ndipo kwa onse; kumafuna kuvala mosalekeza monga lamulo, luso la zopangapanga, ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu kusanduka. Mayunivesite a anthu onse amalamulidwa ndi malamulo amene amafuna kuti zonse ziŵiri zitetezero zolimba ndi kulinganiza zinthu zopanda chilungamo. Mabungwe achinsinsi, pamene kuli kwakuti sangakhale ogonjera mwachindunji ku Demetrition, kuwopsa ndi maupandu alamulo ngati malamulo awo ali ongoyenera kapena olakwika. Masukulu achipambano kwambiri ndiwo amene amasamalira ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo: amapanga maluso a zamalonda, pamene kuli koyenera kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a malondawo ali otsatiridwa bwino.

Mwakulandira malamulo omveka bwino, ogwirizana ndi ochepera, kusungitsa ndalama zophunzitsira operekera, kuchirikiza mwambo wa kulankhulana kwaulemu, ndi kukaniza chikhumbo cha kutsendereza malingaliro osatchuka, makoleji angakwaniritse ntchito yawo ziŵiri: kutetezera ufulu wa ophunzira ndi kuwaphunzitsa makhalidwe a unzika wa democracy. Nthaŵiyo imafuna kulimba mtima konseko. Kuchinjiriza mawu timanyansidwa ndi kusamala kwa olemba, kutsimikizira kuti wophunzira aliyense, kaya aneneze kapena aimbidwa, alandire kumvetsera koyenera.