Table of Contents

Dongosolo lachiweruzo la ku America limagwira ntchito kupyolera m'mabwalo aŵiri amilandu a boma ndi makhoti a boma. Pamene lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo likupanga dongosolo la boma la boma la United States lokhala ndi mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi maboma, ndipo onse aŵiri boma ndi maboma onsewo ali ndi madongosolo awoawo a bwalo lamilandu. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa madongosolo aŵiri ameneŵa nkofunika kwa aliyense woyendetsa nkhani zalamulo, kaya monga woweruza, woimbidwa mlandu, mboni, kapena munthu wokhala ndi chidziŵitso.

Kumvetsetsa Mlandu: Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Bwalo Lamilandu

Jurisdition ikutanthauza ulamuliro wa khoti wa kuweruza milandu ndi kupanga zigamulo za khoti. Mfundo imeneyi imapanga maziko a kuzindikira kuti ndi dongosolo liti limene lidzasamalira nkhani ya khoti. Kusiyana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kumasonyeza osati kokha kumene mlandu udzamvedwa komanso malamulo amene adzatsatiridwa, njira zimene zidzatsatiridwa, ndi zotsatira zake.

Chilango cha Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu: Lili ndi Malire Koma Lamphamvu

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo amangomva nkhani zokhudza nkhani za boma ndi malamulo. Oweruzawo amakhazikitsa dongosolo la khoti la boma limene lingangomva milandu pa zochitika zapadera, ndipo popeza kuti makhoti a boma angamve mitundu ina ya milandu, milandu yambiri ya tsiku ndi tsiku imene makhoti amaweruza m’makhoti a boma. Lamulo limeneli linali lochita kufuna, lolinganizidwa kusungitsa kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma.

Makhoti a Federal amamva kokha mitundu iŵiri ya milandu: imene imadzutsa "nkhani yauchigamulo" ndi ija yoloŵetsamo "unzika wa unzika," yomwe imaphatikizapo Boma la United States, Konsichushoni ya U.S. kapena malamulo ena a boma. Kugamula mlandu kumaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo a boma, nkhani za lamulo, ndi nkhani za kumene boma la United States lili chipani. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo milandu ya upandu wa boma, kuswa ufulu wa anthu, kuphwanya malamulo, kulephera kulanda milandu, ndi nkhani za kusamukira ku boma.

Malamulo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amagwira ntchito pa nkhani zimene zigaŵengazo zili zochokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana kapena maiko, ndipo unyinji wa mkangano uposa $75,000. Mlanduwo uyenera kuphatikizapo kuperekedwa kwa ndalama zosachepera $75,000 zowonongedwa − ngati sichomwecho chifunikira kusungidwa m'khoti la boma mmalo mwake. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amalola zigamulo za maiko osiyanasiyana kuti zimvedwe m'boma lopanda mbali, kuletsa tsankho limene lingapezeke m'makhoti a boma.

Bwalo lamilandu la Boma: Mlandu Wotakata ndi Wotsutsa

Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa onse, kutanthauza kuti ali ndi ulamuliro pa milandu yonse. Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a "ulamuliro wa boma" ndipo amamva milandu yonse imene siikusankhidwa mwachindunji m’makhoti a boma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya zamalamulo ku United States.

Pafupifupi 90% ya milandu yonse imene inachitika m'makhoti a ku America imachitika m'mlingo wa boma. Milandu ya kugawana mlandu, nkhani za lamulo la banja, ndi kuswa malamulo ndi milandu ya boma. Makhoti a boma amaweruzanso milandu yambiri ya upandu, milandu ya kuvulaza katundu, nkhani za katundu, ndi milandu ya m’banja monga chisudzulo ndi kusunga ana.

Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo a boma, amamasulira malamulo a boma, ndiponso boma lililonse limapanga ndi kumasulira malamulo ake.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu Kwanthaŵi Yomwe: Pamene Madongosolo Onse Akugwira Ntchito

M’nkhani zina, makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma ali ndi ulamuliro, ndipo zipani zingasankhe kuti ndi bwalo liti limene lidzamva mlandu wawo. Mkhalidwe umenewu, wodziŵika monga ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi, umachitika pamene mlandu uyenera kuikidwa m’dongosolo lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, zikalata zina zonena za ufulu wa anthu, mikangano ina yokhudza zigaŵenga za m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo nkhani zokhudza nkhani zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi za boma zingayenerere kuimbidwa.

Pamene ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi ukhalapo, kupenda kwapadera kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhudza kusankha malamulo alamulo, kuweruza, ukatswiri wa zachiweruzo, ndi zotsatira zake zingathandize kulinganiza kumene kungalembedwe mlandu. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mafotokozedwe kumene kumatembenuza nkhani zalamulo mosamalitsa, milandu yoyesedwa m’khoti la boma imatenga nthaŵi yaitali kuposa ija yoyendetsedwa ndi boma.

Makonzedwe a Makhoti Aakulu

Dongosolo la khoti la boma liri ndi milingo itatu yaikulu: makhoti achigawo (khoti lozenga mlandu), makhoti a dera omwe ali mlingo woyamba wa apilo, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States, mlingo womalizira wa apilo m’dongosolo la boma. Kachitidwe ka ka kazembe kameneka kamapereka milingo yambiri ya kupenda ndi kutsimikizira kusasintha kwa lamulo la boma m’dziko lonselo.

Makhoti Achigawo a United States: Chiŵerengero cha Kuzenga Mlandu

Makhoti a boma la United States ndiwo makhoti a milandu a khoti la boma kumene milandu ya boma imazengedwa, kumene mboni zimachitira umboni, ndi makhoti a khoti a boma, ndipo pali makhoti 94 a boma ku United States. Boma lililonse lili ndi Makhoti Achigawo chimodzi kapena angapo, malinga ndi kukula kwake (California ili ndi anayi).

Mabwalo amilandu achigawo ndiwo mabwalo amilandu alamulo a boma, bwalo lamilandu lachigawo lirilonse liri ndi chifupifupi Woweruza Wachigawo mmodzi wa United States, woikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi wotsimikizidwa ndi Khoti kaamba ka liwu la moyo, ndipo mabwalo amilandu achigawo amasamalira milandu mkati mwa dongosolo la khoti la boma – ponse paŵiri lachiŵeruzi ndi apandu. Oweruza ameneŵa amasangalala ndi moyo wawo wonse kutsimikizira kudziimira kwa chiweruzo ndi kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Ntchito zina za bwalo lamilandu lachigawo zimaperekedwa kwa oweruza a boma, amene amaikidwa ndi khoti laboma ndi oweruza ambiri ndi kutumikira kaamba ka chigamulo cha zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ngati nthaŵi yokwanira ndi zaka zinayi ngati zimatenga nthaŵi, ndi m’nkhani zaupandu, oweruza angayang’anire milandu ina, kufunsira ndi kumanga zikalata zopereka chilolezo, kuchititsa kuzenga mlandu, kukhazikitsa belo, kupanga mchitidwe winawake (monga ngati kachitidwe kotsendereza umboni), ndi zochita zina zofanana.

Khoti Lofufuza la ku United States: Mmene Mabungwe Oyendera Apilo Amachitira

Pali makhoti 13 a apilo amene ali pansi pa Khoti Lalikulu la United States, ndipo amatchedwa makhoti a apilo a United States, ndipo ntchito ya khoti la apilo iri kugamula kaya ngati lamulolo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino m'khoti lozenga mlandu kapena bungwe loyang’anira boma. Maboma 94 a komiti ya chiweruzo ya United States amalinganizidwa m’madera 12 a chigawo, ndipo lililonse la iwo liri ndi khoti la apilo la United States.

Pali makhoti 12 a chigawo, ndipo limodzi la "Federal Transfusion," limene linakhazikitsidwa ndi Congress kumasula mlandu wa khoti Lapamwamba, ndi kumva milandu imene yaperekedwa kuchokera ku makhoti a chigawo 94. Mgawo uliwonse wa deralo ukukupitira ku maboma ambiri, ndi kuchonderera kwa makhoti a chigawo cha dzikolo ku bwalo la chigawo loyendera chigawolo. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo chachisanu chimaphatikizapo maboma a Texas, Louisiana, ndi Mississippi, ndi milandu ya makhoti a chigawo cha United States of Apyrears of the Firth County, imene imaperekedwa ku New Orleans, Louisiana.

Kaŵirikaŵiri, milandu ya makhoti a Zipatala a ku United States isanamvedwe ndi makhoti atatu oweruza milandu, ndipo wolepherayo angapemphe kupendanso mlandu, pamene oweruza ambiri a m’khoti limodzi la Apilo adzamva mlanduwo, ndipo magawo a ziletso samakhala ofala koma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhalapo pamene pamakhala kuwombana pakati pa zosankha za mabungwe osiyanasiyana m’dera limodzi kapena pamene mlanduwo uli ndi tanthauzo lapadera.

Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu la United States: Ulamuliro Wapamwamba Koposa

Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States limapereka chigamulo kuchokera kwa oweruza a boma ndipo ndilo khoti lapamwamba koposa m’dongosolo la milandu ndipo likupanga zigamulo zomalizira pa apilo onse kuchokera ku makhoti aang’ono.

M’nkhani zambiri, zipani zimafuna kupenda chigamulo cha mlandu kuchokera ku chigamulo cha khoti la boma kapena khoti laling’ono kupyolera mwa chikalata cha mlandu wa certiorari, ndipo Bwalo lamilandulo lili ndi nzeru yakusankha kuti ndi liti limene likufuna kumva, kulandira zifuno zikwi zambiri za ceretariri chaka chilichonse ndi kupereka chiberekero cha pafupifupi 50 - 80 chaka chilichonse. Khoti Lapamwamba limangomva kokha chiŵerengero cha milandu yochepa kwambiri chaka chilichonse (pafupifupi zaka 100 zapitazo).

Khoti Lalikulu limavomereza milandu imene imafunsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri a lamulo, kukangana pakati pa makhoti adera osiyanasiyana, kapena nkhani za dziko. Khoti likavomereza kuweruza mlandu, imakhala yomaliza kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma, ndipo zosankha zake zimamanga makhoti onse a boma ndi makhoti a boma ang’onoang’ono pa nkhani za lamulo la boma.

Makhoti Oyang’anira Apadera

Mabwalo amilandu a boma akhazikitsidwanso kaamba ka madera angapo odziŵika bwino, chigawo chirichonse cha boma chirinso ndi bwalo la olephera kubweza ngongole kaamba ka kuzenga mlanduko, ndipo makhoti ena ali ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse kaamba ka nkhani zonga ngati msonkho (United States Taxico Court of Federal Anties), akumanena motsutsana ndi boma la boma (United States Court of International Trade), ndi malonda a mitundu yonse (United States Court of International Trade). Mabwalo amilandu apadera ameneŵa amasamalira nkhani zaluso zofunikira ukatswiri ndi kupereka chilo cha milandu yapadera ya milandu ya boma.

Malamulo a Makhoti

Khoti la boma limasonyeza kwambiri mapangidwe a dongosolo la khoti la boma m’njira yakuti kaŵirikaŵiri limakhala ndi milingo itatu yaikulu: makhoti, makhoti a apilo ndi khoti Lapamwamba. Komabe, makhoti a boma amasiyana kuchokera ku boma ndi boma, ndipo lililonse nlosiyana pang'ono. Boma lililonse lili ndi ulamuliro wa kulinganiza dongosolo lake la chiweruzo mogwirizana ndi malamulo akeake ndi malamulo, zimene zimatsogolera ku kusinthasintha kwa maina a bwalo lamilandu, zomangamanga, ndi njira zake.

Milandu ya Boma: Pamene Milandu Iyambika

Makhoti a milandu ambiri a m’boma ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagawidwa kukhala makhoti a ulamuliro wa onse ndi makhoti a ulamuliro ochepetsedwa (m’chitsanzo, makhoti abanja, makhoti a probate). Makhoti aakulu ozenga milandu amamva milandu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhani zazikulu za upandu (makhoti), milandu yaikulu yachiŵeniŵeni, ndi kuchonderera kochokera ku makhoti ang’ono. Makhoti a boma ochepetsedwa amasumika maganizo pa mitundu ina ya milandu kapena kusamalira nkhani zokhala pansi pa mipando ina yake ya ndalama.

Maboma ambiri ali ndi makhoti osiyanasiyana oweruza milandu. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti ena ali ndi makhoti a m’zigawo kapena makhoti a boma amene amaweruza milandu yaing’ono, kuswa malamulo a pamsewu, ndi milandu yaing’ono ya boma, pamene makhoti a dera kapena makhoti aakulu amasamalira nkhani zazikulu. Makhoti ambiri a boma osiyanasiyana akupereka chisamaliro pa nkhani za boma.

Makhoti Ozenga Ululu

Makhoti a m’khoti la Intermediate akugwira ntchito monga mlingo woyamba wa apilo m'madongosolo ambiri a boma, kupendanso zigamulo za khoti kaamba ka zolakwa za lamulo. Makhoti ameneŵa sapereka milandu yatsopano kapena kumva umboni wowonjezereka; mmalo mwake, amapenda zolembedwazo kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu kuti aone ngati lamulolo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito molondola.

Maboma okhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa milandu ali othekera kwambiri kukhala ndi makhoti apakati othandiza kuyang’anira unyinji wa zipempho ndi kuletsa khoti lalikulu la boma kugonjetsedwa. Maboma aang’ono angapereke apilo mwachindunji kuchokera ku makhoti ozenga mlandu kumka ku bwalo lalikulu la boma.

Makhoti Apamwamba a Boma: Ulamuliro Waukulu Koposa

Makhoti aakulu a boma ali ndi chigamulo chomalizira pa zigamulo zonse za boma ndipo izi ziri "milandu ya zitseguko zomalizira" pa nkhani za boma. Makhoti Apamwamba kwambiri ndiwo makhoti apamwamba m'dongosolo lachiweruzo la boma, kupenda zigamulo kuchokera ku makhoti apakati kapena ku makhoti ozenga milandu m’milandu ina.

Makhoti aakulu amatumikira monga ulamuliro womalizira pa nkhani za lamulo la boma ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo la boma. Zigamulo zawo pa nkhani za lamulo n’zofunika pa makhoti onse ang’onoang’ono m’boma ndipo sizingapitidwe ku khoti la boma pokhapo ngati nkhani yalamulo yaphatikizidwa. Nthaŵi zina, chigamulo pa nkhani za boma zopangidwa m’khoti Lapamwamba la United States chikaperekedwa ku Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.S.

Kusiyana M’makhoti

Magwero ena a chisokonezo m'mabwalo a boma omvetsetsa ndiwo kusiyana kwa maina m'misonkhano. Khoti lapamwamba ku New York limatchedwa Bwalo la Apilo ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la boma ndi khoti lapamwamba. Dongo la maina limeneli nlosiyana ndi zimene anthu ambiri angayembekezere ndi kusiyana ndi dongosolo la boma ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Kusintha kumeneku kumagogomezera kufunika kwa kuzindikira dongosolo la khoti m’boma lililonse.

Mitundu ya Milandu Yoperekedwa m’Makhoti a Federal

Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya milandu imene ili m’khoti la boma kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino kugaŵikana kwa mphamvu yachiweruzo m’dongosolo la Amereka.

Milandu ya Apandu Ofanana

Malamulo aupandu ndiwo malamulo a boma okha, makhoti amaweruza milandu ya nzika, ndipo Boma la United States limaimba mlandu anthu amene amachita maupandu pa boma. Maupandu a boma amaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo a boma, monga kuba m’banki, milandu ya anamgoneka, mfuti, kapena kuba anthu.

Upandu ndi mlandu wa munthu, kuupanga kukhala upandu wa boma, koma kulanda wonyamula makalata kuli upandu wa boma chifukwa chakuti umaphatikizapo bungwe la boma. maupandu ena a boma amaphatikizapo kupeka, kulanda alendo, kuthaŵa msonkho, uchigaŵenga, ndi upandu wochitidwa pa katundu wa boma monga zipinda za asilikali kapena paki za dziko.

Nthaŵi zina, makhoti a boma amalamulira kupeŵa chisokonezo m’makhoti a boma, ndipo m’zochitika zimene zimadutsa mizera ya boma, monga kuba anthu, makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro, chotero palibe nkhani ya kuletsa kapena malo oyamba.

Milandu ya Malamulo ndi Malamulo Oyenderana

Makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu pamene nkhaniyo ikhudza malamulo a boma amene angaswe malamulo a U.S., ndi malamulo a boma amene amachepetsa chipembedzo, kulankhula, ndi zoyenera zina zazikulu afunikira kupendedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu. Milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yozikidwa pa malamulo a boma imaphatikizapo malamulo oletsa tsankho la ntchito, kapena malamulo oletsa kugulitsa kapena kupikisana (udindo wa kusungitsa).

Milandu imeneyi imachititsa kuti lamulo la boma lizigwiritsidwa ntchito m’dziko lonselo ndiponso kuti ufulu walamulo uzitetezedwa mogwirizana.

Nkhani za Pagulu Zapadera

Malo onse oyenera kuimbidwa mlandu, kupatsidwa chilolezo, kulembetsa, ndi kuyendetsa zapanyanja, amafunika kuyang’anira boma chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, kufunika kwa kugwirizana, kapena makonzedwe ena alamulo opatsa ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, milandu ya chipani ndi ya chilolezo, iyenera kumvedwa m'bwalo la boma chifukwa chakuti chitetezo cha chuma cha anthu chimadalira pa lamulo la boma.

Milandu imene United States ndi chipani, monga ngati zonena za Social Security kapena kuswa misonkho kwa boma, mikangano pakati pa maboma aŵiri, ndi milandu yokhudza maboma achilendo monga malonda a mitundu yonse kapena mapangano achilendo ilinso m’khoti. Milandu imeneyi imakhudza nkhani zokhudza mtundu kapena ikufuna kuti boma likhale m’bwalo la boma losaloŵerera.

Mitundu ya Milandu Yomwe Imamvedwa m’Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a boma amasamalira nkhani zambiri za milandu ku United States, ndipo amaweruza nkhani zimene zimakhudza moyo wa anthu tsiku ndi tsiku ndiponso amasonyeza kuti anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana akufunika kuloledwa ndi malamulo.

Kuzenga Mlandu wa Boma

Upandu wochuluka ukuchitikira m'gulu la kuswa lamulo la boma, monga ngati kuba, kuukira, kupha, ndi upandu wokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Malamulo a boma amafotokoza milandu ya upandu waung’ono monga kuswa malamulo a pamsewu kapena milandu yowopsa yonga kupha munthu. Ozenga milandu a boma abweretsa milandu ya boma, ndipo milandu imazengedwa m'makhoti a boma pamaso pa oweruza ndi milandu.

Upandu wochuluka umachitidwa m’makhoti chifukwa chakuti malamulo ambiri aupandu ndiwo malamulo a boma. Boma lirilonse limalongosola milandu yake ya upandu, limakhazikitsa zilango, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zoperekera mlandu, ngakhale kuti onse ayenera kugwirizana ndi zitetezero zalamulo za boma kaamba ka oimbidwa mlandu.

Kusemphana Maganizo kwa Pachiweniweni ndi Nkhani ya Lamulo la Mseri

Makhoti a boma amaweruza nkhani zosiyanasiyana za boma, kuphatikizapo mikangano ya pangano, kuvulaza munthu, mikangano ya katundu, mikangano ya eni nyumba, ndi kutsutsana pa zamalonda. Milandu imeneyi imaphatikizapo anthu a m’boma amene akufunafuna njira zothetsera milandu imene anenezedwa kuti ndi yolakwika kapena yosungitsa ufulu wa boma.

Makhoti amayang’aniranso nkhani za malamulo a banja, mikangano, ndi nkhani za katundu zimene boma linkayang'anira. Milandu ya m’banja, kuphatikizapo chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kulera ana, ndi chiwawa cha m’banja, zikhoza kusamalidwa m’makhoti a boma. Nkhani zamphamvu zimenezi zimakhudza malamulo a boma okhudza ukwati, kulera ana, ndi mabanja.

Kusamalira Malo ndi Nkhani za Malo

Makhoti a boma amayang’anira ntchito za malo, zikalata zothandizira anthu kumanga nyumba, zoyang’anira, ndiponso nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa boma wolamulira katundu, cholowa, ndiponso chitetezo cha anthu ovutika. Makhoti apadera kapena magawo a makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu imeneyi, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma ndi njira zoyendetsera chuma.

Nkhani za Lamulo la Boma

Mkangano wobuka kuchokera ku malamulo a boma kapena malamulo ena a boma umamvedwa m’makhoti a boma. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka zitetezero zimene zimafanana kapena kupambana zimene zili m’Bungwe la Malamulo la boma, ndipo makhoti a boma amamasulira makonzedwe ameneŵa payekha. Mabwalo aakulu a boma amatumikira monga ulamuliro womalizira pa mafunso a boma, ndipo mafotokozedwe awo sangagwetsedwe ndi makhoti a boma pokhapo ngati nkhani za lamulo la boma ziloŵetsedwa.

Kusankha ndi Kuweruza

Njira zosankhira oweruza zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa madongosolo a boma ndi boma, kusonyeza mafilosofi osiyanasiyana onena za kudziimira pawekha kwachiweruzo, kudziŵerengera mlandu, ndi kutengamo mbali m’zademokrase.

Mapangano a Chiweruzo cha Maboma

Oweruza a Federal (ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba") amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa "ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo" ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi "adzasunga maOfesi awo m’Makhalidwe abwino," ndipo oweruza angasunge kaimidwe kawo kwa moyo wawo wonse, koma ambiri amasiya ntchito kapena kupuma pantchito poyambirira, ndipo angachotsedwenso ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi chitsimikizo ndi Bungwe.

Moyo woyenerera woweruza a boma walinganizidwira kutsimikizira ufulu wachiweruzo mwa kutetezera oweruza ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi kuwalola kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo mmalo mwa malingaliro otchuka kapena nkhani za ndale zadziko. Ufulu umenewu umalingaliridwa kukhala wofunika ku mbali ya jadiary ya boma monga kuyang'anira nthambi zina za boma ndi kutetezera zoyenera za lamulo.

Kusiyana kumeneku kumasonyeza udindo woweruza milandu, amene amaweruza milandu ndi kuweruza milandu yoyambirira ndi kuthandiza oweruza a m’chigawocho koma alibe ulamuliro wonse wa Mfundo III.

Kusankha Chiŵeruzo cha Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza a boma amasankhidwa ndi pulezidenti, oweruza a boma amasankhidwa mwa njira zosiyanasiyana: mapangano a kazembe kapena masankho. Maboma amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosankhira oweruza, kuphatikizapo masankho osankhidwa ndi boma, masankho osakhala a partisan, kuyenerera kusankha (otchedwanso Missouri Plan), kukhazikitsa, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kukhazikitsa makhoti osiyanasiyana.

Njira iliyonse yosankha imasonyeza kuti zinthu zimene zimafuna kuti munthu asankhe ndi zofunika kwambiri n’zosiyana.

Oweruza a boma amasankha mawu otsimikizirika mmalo mwa moyo, ngakhale kuti mawu autali amasiyana kwambiri. Maboma ena amapereka mawu aatali kapena masankho amene amapereka chisungiko cha ntchito, pamene ena amafuna kuti oweruza ayang’anena ndi zisankho zopikisana. Kusiyana kumeneku kumayambukira ufulu wa chiweruzo ndi mlandu m’njira zimene zimasiyanitsa makhoti a boma ndi anzawo a boma.

Kusiyana kwa Makhoti a Federal ndi Boma

Ngakhale kuti makhoti a boma ndi a boma amafanana kwambiri, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa mmene milandu imayendera m’dongosolo lililonse.

Malamulo a Zochita

Malamulo ndi malamulo m’makhoti a boma ndi a boma amasonyezanso kusiyana, njira za khoti la boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zadongosolo ndi zolinganizidwa bwino, ndipo zimasungitsa mosamalitsa malamulo a umboni, pamene kuli kwakuti njira za khoti la boma zingasiyane mokulira malinga ndi malamulo a boma, kupangitsa iwo kukhala okhoza kusintha ndi okhoza kusintha malinga ndi zosoŵa za kumaloko.

Makhoti a Federal Authority of Civil Procedure, Federal Rul of Criminal Procediture, ndi Federal Pall Application of Evice . Malamulo amodzimodzi ameneŵa amagwira ntchito m'makhoti onse a boma m’dziko lonselo, kuchirikiza kusasintha ndi kuneneratu. Makhoti a boma, mosiyana, amatsatira malamulo awoawo, omwe angasiyane kwambiri ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a maboma ena.

Kutulukira . Kufufuza kwa milandu isanakwane kukhoza kuchititsa kuti anthu aziona zinthu mosiyanasiyana. Makhoti a Federal ali ndi malamulo ambiri otulukira, omwe amalola kuti anthu adziwe zambiri asanazenge mlandu. Kufufuza bwino kumeneku kungachititse kuti aweruze nthawi yaitali komanso kungalimbikitse kukambirana mwa kupereka umboni womveka bwino.

Kudziperekera ndi Kupitiriza kwa Patsogolo

Makhoti a boma amakhala ndi machitachita okangalika kwambiri, ndi maphwando kaŵirikaŵiri amatsata njira zachisawawa, njira za chiweruzo chachidule, ndi njira zina zamilandu isanakwane. Oweruza a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amachita machitidwe audindo owonjezereka, kuchititsa misonkhano ya zaudindo ndi kuika malire okhwima kuti apititse milandu patsogolo bwino lomwe.

Makhoti ena ayamba kutsatira njira zofanana ndi makhoti a boma, pamene ena amasamalira njira zina zamwambo ndi kuyang’anira milandu kwamphamvu pang’ono.

Njira Zoweruzira

Makhoti a boma ndi a boma omwe amaweruza ndi mbali zazikulu zofanana: kusankha oweruza, ndemanga zotsegulira, kupereka umboni, kumaliza milandu, malangizo a oweruza, ndi kugamula. Komabe, njira zachindunji zingasiyane. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵerengero cha oweruza, malamulo a kusankha ajuli, ndi miyezo ya kusagwirizana kwa ajuli ingasiyane pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi maboma osiyanasiyana.

Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zambiri amafuna zigamulo zaujuli zogwirizana m’milandu ya apandu, monga momwe zimalamulidwa ndi kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kwa Kusintha kwa Chisanu ndi Chimodzi. Makhoti a boma anali ololera kwambiri m’mbiri yonse, ngakhale kuti zigamulo zaposachedwapa za bwalo lapamwamba lamilandu zawonjezera chiyeneretso cha kusagwirizana kuti aweruze milandu ya upandu. Milandu ya nzika ingakhale ndi ziyeneretso zosiyana malinga ndi ulamuliro.

Njira Yofunira Kukula

Njira ya kufunsira imasiyana pakati pa dongosolo la boma ndi la boma, ngakhale kuti zonse ziŵirizo zimapereka mwaŵi wa kupenda zigamulo za khoti zozengedwa mlandu.

Kukopa kwa Federal

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kuperekedwa kwa mlandu, khoti la apilo la United States likumva zilengezo za milandu ya boma, ndipo milandu imeneyi ingatulukirenso pamaso pa Khoti Lalikulu la United States, khoti lapamwamba koposa m’dzikolo. Khoti la boma likagamula mlandu, mlanduwo ungaikidwe ku khoti la apilo la United States.

Makhoti a boma ayenera kumvetsera zifunsiro kuchokera ku khoti la chigawo kupita ku khoti la chigawo. Makhoti adera ayenera kumvetsera zifunsiro kuchokera ku makhoti a chigawo mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wawo, ngakhale kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba liri ndi chiweruzo pamilandu imene limavomereza. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira pafupifupi mlingo umodzi wa kupenda pamene likulola Bwalo Lapamwamba kusumika pa milandu ya mtundu.

Chikopa cha Boma

M’makhoti a boma, apilo amapita kumakhoti a boma ndipo mwina mwina mwina sangapite ku bwalo lapamwamba la boma, limene limasiyana kuchokera ku boma ndi boma. Maboma okhala ndi makhoti apakati amafuna kuti makhotiwo amve zifuno kuchokera ku makhoti ozenga milandu, pamene khoti lalikulu la boma lili ndi ufulu wogamula milandu imene liyenera kuvomereza. M'maboma opanda makhoti apakati, khoti lalikulu la boma limamva zifunsiro zonse mwachindunji.

Njira za boma zimasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena ali ndi malamulo okakamiza ofunsira milandu ina, monga milandu ya imfa, pamene ena amapereka ufulu wosiyanasiyana m’makhoti. Miyezo yopereka mayeso, zofunika kuibwereza, ndi njira zoperekera zifukwa zolankhulidwa zonsezo zimasiyana pakati pa mayiko.

Kukopa kwa Kampani ya Mtanda

Ngati ufulu wa kuwonjezera mlandu wa kugamula mlandu wa mlandu wa mlandu wa kuperekedwa kwa boma ndi boma, mlanduwo ungatengedwe ku Khoti Lalikulu la boma. Komabe, ngati mlandu ugamulidwe kotheratu pa lamulo la boma lofanana ndi la Oyamba Kusintha, Supreme Court of the United States supremery of the United States surdore.

Kulephera kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti makhoti a boma ndiwo ali ndi ulamuliro womaliza pa mafunso a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lingapendenso zigamulo za khoti lamilandu kokha pamene zikhudza nkhani zalamulo la boma kapena za malamulo.

Kulangidwa ndi Kulangidwa

Makhoti a boma ndi a boma amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoperekera chilango, zikumatsogolera ku zotulukapo zosiyana za milandu yofananayo.

Kupereka Mlandu wa Federal

Makhoti a Federal Sendensing Guideline amagwiritsira ntchito mabwalo a milandu, amene amapanga chilango choyenera chozikidwa pa kuphwanya malamulo ndi mbiri ya upandu, ndipo pamene kuli kwakuti zitsogozo zimenezi nzongopeka osati zolamulidwa, oweruza a boma amazilingalirabe pamene akupereka zigamulo zazikulu, ndipo zigamulo za boma zimakhala zazitali ndi zotsimikizirika kwambiri kuposa zigamulo za boma.

Dongosolo la boma limafunanso kuti oimbidwa mlandu apereke chifupifupi 85% cha chigamulo chawo asanakhale oyenerera kumasulidwa, kumene kumasiyana kwambiri ndi madongosolo a boma, amene angapereke mwaŵi wochuluka wa kumasulidwa mwamsanga. Chiyeneretso cha kuvomereza chowonadi chimenechi chikutanthauza kuti akaidi a boma atumikira mokulirapo zigamulo zawo kuposa akaidi ambiri a boma.

Kupereka Mlandu wa Boma

Madongosolo a kuweruza a boma amasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena atsatira malangizo ofanana ndi a boma, pamene ena amagamula oweruza mosiyanasiyana m'mizera ya malamulo.

Kusiyana kumeneku kungatulukepo zigamulo zosiyana kwambiri za mkhalidwe wofananawo malinga ndi kaya mlandu umachitika m’khoti la boma kapena la boma. Mwachitsanzo, milandu ya mankhwala ogodomalitsa ingakhale ndi zigamulo zocheperapo zokakamiza m’khoti la boma zimene zimaposa zigamulo za boma, kapena zosiyana, zikumadalira pa mlandu weniweni ndi boma lophatikizidwa.

Unansi Pakati pa Makhoti Ausilikali ndi Boma

Mabwalo amilandu a boma ndi aboma amagwira ntchito monga njira zosiyana, koma amagwirizana m’njira zofunika kwambiri zimene zimayambukira mmene milandu imathetsedwera ndi mmene lamulo limayambira.

Ulamuliro Wogwirizana

Uchifumu wa mbali imodzi umatanthauza kuti wolamulira aliyense ali ndi dongosolo lakelake la bwalo lamilandu: mabomawo ali ndi makhoti ndipo United States ali ndi makhoti, amene amatchedwa makhoti a boma, ndipo mabwalo amilandu a boma ali m’United States yense. Dongosolo la aŵiri limeneli likusonyeza kakonzedwe ka boma la America, mmene ponse paŵiri boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za ulamuliro m’mabwalo awo osiyanasiyana.

Lamulo la ngozi ziŵiri . kuti munthu sangaweruzidwe kaamba ka upandu umodzimodzi kaŵiri , silimagwira ntchito pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa khoti la boma, ndipo ngati mlandu unazengedwa m'khoti la boma ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo amasulidwa, boma lingaike mlandu wofananawo m’khoti la boma ngati mchitidwe umodzimodziwo uswa malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chopatula chilolezo cha boma ndi boma la boma kaamba ka khalidwe limodzimodzilo pamene chiswa lamulo la boma ndi la boma, ngakhale kuti milandu yofananayo njosachitika kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kupenda Zosankha za Boma

Khoti Lalikulu la United States lingapendenso zigamulo za khoti lalikulu zimene zimaphatikizapo nkhani za boma kapena za malamulo. Makhoti a boma angapendenso zigamulo za milandu ya boma mwa nkhani za apolisi za apolisi, zimene akaidi a boma amatsutsa zikhulupiriro zawo zozikidwa pa kuswa lamulo.

Kupenda zimenezi kumatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa boma walamulo umatetezeredwa m’zigawo zonse pamene umalemekeza ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani za lamulo la boma.

Makhoti a Boma Ogwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo Aunyinji

Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zonse amagwiritsira ntchito ndi kumasulira lamulo la boma. Pamene mlandu wa m’khoti uloŵetsamo nkhani za boma kapena malamulo a boma, khoti liyenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma monga momwe linalongosoledwera ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States ndipo, m’mikhalidwe ina, ndi makhoti adera. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma likugwira ntchito mosasintha mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi dongosolo liti limene liyenera kuweruza mlandu.

Makhoti a boma angafotokoze malamulo a boma mokulirapo kuposa makhoti a boma m’mikhalidwe ina, makamaka pamene malamulo a boma amapereka chitetezo chokulirapo kuposa cha boma. Komabe, makhoti a boma sangafotokoze malamulo a boma mocheperapo kuposa makhoti a boma kapena m’njira zimene zimawombana ndi matanthauzo a khoti.

Kusamalira Odwala

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa makhoti a boma ndi aboma kuli ndi zotulukapo zothandiza kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwamo m’zembe za lamulo.

Kusankha Mlatho Woyenera

Pamene ulamuliro wa dongosolo ukhalapo, kusankha pakati pa khoti la boma ndi la boma kumafuna kulingalira mosamalitsa za nsonga zambiri. Makhoti a Federal angapereke mapindu onga njira zodziŵikiratu, zofunikira zambiri, ndi oweruza okhala ndi ukatswiri m’lamulo la boma. Mabwalo a boma angapereke mapindu onga ngati chigamulo cha mwamsanga, njira zosinthika kwambiri, ndi oweruza ozoloŵerana ndi malamulo a boma.

Makhoti a boma amatengedwa kuchokera kumadera akuluakulu, ndipo akhoza kupereka malingaliro osiyana kusiyana ndi makhoti a khoti a m’chigawo chimodzi. Kusiyana kumeneku kungakhudze njira yothetsera mavutowo.

Kumvetsetsa Lamulo Lovuta

Kudziŵa khoti limene lidzamva mlandu kumathandiza kudziŵa malamulo amene adzawagwiritsira ntchito. Makhoti a boma amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma pa mafunso a boma koma angagwiritsirenso ntchito lamulo la boma m’nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Makhoti a boma amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma ku mafunso a boma koma ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma ku mafunso a boma. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika popenda mphamvu ya mlanduwo ndi kuyambitsa mikangano yogwira mtima yalamulo.

Kutsatira Zofunika za Malingaliro

Khoti lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, zofunika zoikika, ndi masiku oikidwiratu. Kulephera kutsatira ziyeneretso zimenezi kungatulukepo kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu kapena kuchotseredwa zoyenera zofunika. A Attorney ochitira m'khoti la boma ayenera kuloledwa ku mgodi wa bwalo la boma, lomwe kwenikweni limafuna kuloledwa kutali ndi ziŵalo za boma.

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa malamulo kumathandizanso anthu amene akumana ndi vutoli kuyembekezera nthaŵi ndi ndalama zimene angawononge. Nkhani za Federal zingafunikire kutulukira zinthu zambiri ndi kuchita zinthu zina, zokwera mtengo komanso zopereka chidziŵitso chochuluka chokhudza kukambirana. Njira za khoti zimasiyanasiyana, ndipo kuzoloŵera malamulo ndi zochita za kumaloko n’kofunika kuti zikhale zogwira mtima.

Ntchito ya Chiyambi

Makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi aboma akugwira ntchito pansi pa chiphunzitso cha kuyang’ana, chimene chimafuna kuti makhoti atsatire zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa ndi makhoti aakulu.

Kuyerekezera kwa Magulu

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la United States zimamanga makhoti onse a boma ndi makhoti onse a boma pankhani za lamulo la boma. Zigamulo za khoti la Federal zimamanga makhoti a boma mkati mwa deralo koma sizimamanga makhoti a chigawo m’madera ena kapena makhoti a boma. Dongosolo limeneli lingatsogolere ku "kugawidwa kwa zigaŵenga," kumene madera osiyanasiyana amamasulira lamulo la boma mosiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera kupenda Supreme Court kuthetsera mkanganowo.

Kuyamba kwa Boma

Zigamulo za khoti lalikulu za boma zimamanga makhoti onse aang'ono m’bomalo koma sizimamanga makhoti m'maboma ena kapena m'makhoti a boma. Zigamulo za khoti zimamanga makhoti aang'ono moyenderana ndi ulamuliro wawo koma sizingamange makhoti m'zigawo zina m’boma limodzimodzilo, malinga ndi kakonzedwe ka bomalo.

Makhoti a boma angayang’ane ku zigamulo za maboma ena kaamba ka ulamuliro wokopa poyankha mafunso achilendo, koma samamangidwa ndi mamasuliridwe a maboma ena a malamulo awo. Kudziimira kumeneku kumalola maboma kukulitsa ziphunzitso zawo zalamulo pamene akuphunzira kuchokera ku zokumana nazo zina.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo

Ubwenzi pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi boma ukusintha pamene nkhani zatsopano za milandu zibuka ndipo pafunikira kusintha kwa chigwirizano.

Kulimbana ndi Boma

Nkhani zopitirizabe zokhudza ufulu wa boma zimayambukira kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Mafunso onena za ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma, ukulu wa kupenda zigamulo za boma, ndi kulinganiza pakati pa kugwirizana kwa dziko ndi kusiyana kwa boma kudakali otsutsana. mikangano imeneyi imakhalapo m’zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, malamulo a msonkhano, ndi nkhani ya maphunziro.

Kufikira ku Chiweruzo Cholungama

Makhoti a boma ndi a boma omwe amayang’anizana ndi mavuto m’kutsimikizira kupezeka kwa chiweruzo kwa nzika zonse. Makhoti a Federal amasamalira ziŵerengero zochepa koma amayang’anizana ndi zitsenderezo za ndalama ndi milandu yolemera m’madera ena. Mabwalo amilandu a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri koma kaŵirikaŵiri amayang’anizana ndi kupereŵera kwa ndalama kokulirapo, kukumayambukira kukhoza kwawo kupereka chilungamo cha panthaŵi yake ndi chogwira mtima.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kusintha

Makhoti onsewa akusintha mogwirizana ndi luso la zopangapanga, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi zofufuzira nkhani, ndiponso zipangizo zoyendetsera milandu.

Ziŵiya Zodziŵira Nkhani Yowonjezereka

Nzika zofuna kudziŵa zambiri ponena za makhoti a boma ndi a boma zingapeze zinthu zambiri. Webusaiti ya khoti la United States imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za dongosolo la khoti la boma, kuphatikizapo dongosolo la khoti, njira, ndi zinthu zophunzitsira. Boma lililonse limasunga webusaiti yake ya khoti ndi chidziŵitso chonena za dongosolo la khoti, malamulo, ndi njira.

Mabungwe othandizira anthu ovutika a boma, mabungwe a m'mabungwe, ndi malaibulale a malamulo amapereka zinthu kwa anthu amene akuyenda m’makhoti. Makhoti ambiri amapereka malo odzithandizira okha ndi zinthu zodziwitsa anthu amene akuimira popanda maloya. Kumvetsa mfundo zazikulu za malamulo ndi ulamuliro kumathandiza nzika kukhala ndi mphamvu zokhalira mbali mwalamulo ndiponso kuchirikiza ufulu wawo.

Kumaliza

Kusiyana pakati pa mabwalo a boma ndi boma kumasonyeza malamulo alamulo a boma la America: ulamuliro wa boma, kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, ndi kulinganiza pakati pa umodzi wa dziko ndi kusiyana kwa maboma. Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa pa nkhani za mtundu, kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo, ndi mikangano yodutsa m’miyambo ya boma. Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa mikangano yaikulu yalamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo pa nkhani zokhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akugwira ntchito m’malamulo monga m’gulu, loya, woweruza milandu, kapena waudindo.

Makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma amachita mbali zofunika kwambiri popereka chilungamo, kuteteza ufulu, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Ntchito zawo zapadera koma zogwirizana zimasonyeza kucholoŵana ndi kudabwitsa kwa dongosolo la malamulo la America, kugaŵira mabwalo ambiri othetsera mikangano ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa mafunso alamulo. Mwa kuzindikira mmene madongosolo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi kusiyana kwawo, nzika zingayende bwinopo pa zopinga za lamulo, zimachita nawo mbali m’moyo wa anthu, ndi kuyamikira kulinganizika kocholoŵana kwa mphamvu zimene zimazindikiritsa ulamuliro wa demokrase wa Amereka.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri zokhudza khoti la boma, pitani pawebusaiti yalamulo ya U.S. kuti mudziwe za khoti lanu, fufuzani pawebusaiti ya boma lanu kapena lankhulani ndi bungwe lakwanu la m'bawa kuti mupeze malangizo ndi zinthu zina.