Maziko a Ulamuliro ndi Chisonkhezero cha Anthu Ogwirizana

Paphunziro la moyo wa anthu ndi ulamuliro, kusiyana kwa malingaliro kochepa kuli ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito mofanana ndi kusiyanitsa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro. Kutsogoloku kumaphunzitsa za sayansi ya zandale, chikhalidwe cha anthu, khalidwe la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, ndi malamulo . Mawu ameneŵa ali ndi malo apakati, komabe nthaŵi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa ndi nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika, ndi nzika zoloŵetsedwamo, kuzindikira kumene mphamvu zimatha ndi ulamuliro zimayamba; sikumasintha mmene anthu amasulirira ntchito za boma, kutsutsa zigamulo, ndi kutengamo mbali m’malamulo a democracy. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kotheratu, kozikidwa pa mfundo zawo zonse, mzera wawo, ndi ziyambukiro zawo zenizeni za dziko m’kati mwa malamulo a boma.

Kufotokoza Mphamvu m’Malemba a Chiwibic

Mphamvu, pamlingo wake waukulu, ndiyo kukhoza kusonkhezera kapena kulamulira khalidwe la ena, ngakhale motsutsana ndi chifuniro chawo. Ndi gulu lamphamvu losaloŵerera m'zandale . Siliri lachibadwa labwino kapena loipa, koma malongosoledwe a mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mayanjano. M’miyambo ya anthu, mphamvu imagwira ntchito m’njira zambiri ndipo imaonekera m’maluso onse aŵiri ooneka ndi obisika. Katswiri wandale Steven Lukas analongosola motchuka "mawonekedwe" a mphamvu: kupanga mphamvu (kukhoza kulinganiza mapangidwe a zinthu), mphamvu (kukhoza kukhazikitsa (kuyang'anira zimene zimafuna kuyang'aniridwa), ndi mphamvu (kukhoza kuumba malingaliro a anthu ndi zokonda kotero kuti avomereze dongosolo lachilengedwe lomwe lilipo kapena kulephera). Kuzindikira kumeneku ndiko kofunika kwa nzika zawo pamene zikuchita kuvomereza.

Magwero a Mphamvu m’Sosaite

Akatswiri a maphunziro apeza kuti pali zinthu zisanu zikuluzikulu zimene zingatithandize kupeza mphamvu.

  • Mphamvu yachiwonjezeko imakhala pa kukhoza kukhazikitsa zilango, zilango, kapena mphamvu yathupi. M'moyo wa anthu, zimenezi zimawoneka kwambiri m'mphamvu za boma pa chiwawa chovomerezeka, mphamvu zankhondo, ndi kukhoza kwa dongosolo la chiweruzo.
  • Mphamvu yapansi imachokera ku kukhoza kugawira zinthu zamtengo wapatali zonga ntchito, mapangano, zisonkhezero za msonkho, kapena kutchuka kwa anthu. Magulu achisangalalo nthaŵi zambiri amatumiza mphamvu ya mphotho kuti asungitse malamulo abwino.
  • Mphamvu yachikole imachokera ku malo odziŵika kapena ntchito imene ili pakati pa akuluakulu a boma. Gulu limeneli limaloŵana moyenerera ndi ulamuliro, monga momwe tikufuna, koma m'maudindo a mphamvu ilo limaimira ufulu wamwambo umene ukutsagana ndi ofesi ina.
  • Mphamvu ya Expert imatuluka kuchokera ku chidziŵitso chapadera, luso, kapena chidziŵitso. Asayansi, azachuma, ndi ofufuza za malamulo ali ndi mphamvu pamene umboni wawo usintha zosankha za malamulo kapena malingaliro a anthu.
  • Mphamvu yotchuka imachokera ku mphamvu yaumwini, kukhulupirira, kapena kuzindikiritsa. Olinganiza a m'chitaganya, ochirikiza, ndi otchuka a masamu a anthu aulemu akusonyeza mphamvu pamene kuvomereza kwawo otsatira popanda lamulo lirilonse.

Magulu ameneŵa si osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, meya panthaŵi imodzi amasunga mphamvu zoyenerera mwa ntchito, kufupa mphamvu kupyolera mwa kulamulira mapangano a m'makampani, ndi mphamvu zokhoza kutchulidwa ngati iye ali wofanana bwino. Kuzindikira kuseŵeredwa pakati pa mitu imeneyi kuli kofunika kusanthula mmene chisonkhezero chimagwirira ntchito m’chitaganya.

Kuzindikira Ulamuliro Kukhala Mphamvu Yoyenera

Ulamuliro ndi mtundu wapamwamba wa ulamuliro wosiyana ndi mkhalidwe umodzi wofunika kwambiri: kuyenera. Pamene tinena kuti munthu wina "ali ndi ulamuliro," sitikutanthauza kuti iwo angakakamize kumvera koma kuti iwo amaonedwa kukhala ndi kuyenera kwa kuchita tero. Kulingalira kumeneku kwa kulungama kumasintha mphamvu yosadziŵika kukhala mtundu wovomerezeka wa chisonkhezero cha anthu, ndipo ndiko chimene chimalekanitsa wolamulira ndi woweruza, woweruza ndi watcheru, mkulu wa apolisi wa gulu loumiriza. Katswiri wa za chikhalidwe Max Weber anapereka ulamuliro wapamwamba wa ulamuliro umene umakhalabe wozikidwa pa kusanthula kwamakono kwa ndale zadziko.

Mitundu Itatu ya Ulamuliro wa Weber

  • Wolamulira wa m'makwalala ali pa chikhulupiriro chokhazikitsidwa cha kupatulika kwa miyambo yakale ndi kuyenera kwa awo amene analoŵa mphamvu kupyolera mwa miyambo imeneyi. mafumu, mafumu a mafuko, ndi atsogoleri ena achipembedzo amapeza ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku zitsanzo zimene zimasintha mibadwo. M'nkhani za m'malamulo, ulamuliro wa mwambo umawonekera m'mabungwe onga nyumba zapamwamba zolandiramo chuma (mzera, Nyumba ya British ya Ambuye) kapena ntchito zamwambo zonga maufumu a malamulo.
  • Wolamulira wa Chikomyunizimu [[FLT: 1] amachokera ku mikhalidwe yapadera ya munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magazi a mphamvu yamphamvu yozizwitsa imene inapambana maofesi awo alamulo. Komabe, Weber adawona kuti mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ndi yozizwitsa imadetsedwa chifukwa imadalira pa chipambano ndi mphamvu ya mtsogoleri; pamene mtsogoleriyo afa kapena kulephera, ulamuliro uyenera "kuchitidwa kwamphamvu" m'maluso lowonjezereka.
  • . Ulamuliro wa bungwe loimira . Mphamvu imagwiritsiridwa ntchito osati chifukwa cha amene ali ndi udindo koma chifukwa cha ntchito yeniyeniyo ndi malamulo amene amalongosola mphamvu zake. Anthu amamvera mkulu wa za pamsewu osati chifukwa cha mantha kapena kukhulupirika koma chifukwa chakuti amalandira kuyenera kwa dongosolo la malamulo limene limaloleza oyendetsa galimoto.

Kusiyana Kokulira pakati pa Mphamvu ndi Ulamuliro

Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza nzika kukhala ndi zinthu zofunika pofufuza ndale ndiponso zochita.

Magwero a Malamulo

Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli m'lamulo. Ulamuliro nthaŵi zonse umapereka lingaliro la kuyenerera . Ndi mphamvu imene yavomerezedwa mwa anthu kupyolera mwa malamulo, miyambo, kapena chivomerezo chotchuka. Mphamvu, mosiyana ndi , ingakhale popanda kuvomerezedwa kulikonse. Wopereka ndalama zambiri wa ndale zadziko angasonkhezere kwambiri pa malamulo, koma kuti chisonkhezerocho sichikhala ndi kuvomerezedwa kwalamulo kwa wopanga malamulo. Zimenezi sizimapanga mphamvu ya woperekayo kukhala yosayenerera m’lingaliro la makhalidwe abwino, koma zimatanthauza kuti imakhala ndi mphamvu kuchokera ku ziŵiya mmalo mwa chivoti.

Kupanga ndi Kumanga Malo

Ulamuliro umaikidwa m'malamulo otsimikizirika. Malamulo, malamulo, malamulo a gulu, ndi malongosoledwe a ntchito amapanga malire owonekera kwa amene ali ndi ulamuliro pa zinthu ndi mikhalidwe. Mphamvu ndiyo madzi ambiri. Madongosolo amwambo, maunansi aumwini, kupanikiza kwa zachuma, ndi likulu la anthu zonse zimayambitsa mphamvu zimene zimatsogolera kunja kwa njira zovomerezeka. Chiŵalo cha chigawo chachiŵiri chikhoza kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zazikulu kupyolera m'kufikira chidziŵitso kapena kugwirizana kwaumwini, ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wake walamulo ngwauchepa.

Kukhazikika ndi Kukhalitsa

Ulamuliro wa anthu ambiri umakhazikika kuposa mphamvu chifukwa chakuti umakhazikika m'mabungwe amene amaposa anthu ena onse. Utsogoleri wa United States wakhala wamphamvu kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, mosasamala kanthu za amene ali nawo. Mphamvu, makamaka ngati imadalira pa maunansi a munthu kapena chuma, ingaphwe mwamsanga. Wofuna kuchirikiza akakhala kuti wowalemba ndalama asiya kugwiritsa ntchito; gulu lotsutsa limataya mphamvu pamene anthu asinthana ndi ena.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kutsendereza

Ulamuliro umakhala ndi njira zalamulo zoŵerengera mlandu. Akuluakulu oikidwawo amayang'anizana ndi masankho, oweruza amayang'anizana ndi kupenda, ndi oweruza akugwira ntchito m'maunyolo a lamulo. Mphamvu, makamaka pamene igwiritsiridwa ntchito mwamwaŵi, kaŵirikaŵiri imalephera kuletsa zimenezo. Chigwirizano cha ofalitsa nkhani chimene chimaumba lingaliro la anthu kupyolera mwa kufalitsa nkhani chimapereka mphamvu yaikulu ya kuŵerengera kwa lamulo ndi mphamvu yeniyeni. Kuzindikira mipata imeneyi pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulemu nkofunika kwa anthu onse.

Mphamvu Zochuluka za Ulamuliro wa Ulamuliro wa Demokalase

Madongosolo a democracy amazikidwa pa lamulo lakuti ulamuliro uyenera kuperekedwa mwa masankho aulere ndi abwino, ndi mphamvu zogaŵiridwa m’magulu ambiri kuletsa katswiri aliyense kulamulira. Komabe ngakhale m’mademokrase achikulire, unansi pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro uli wocholoŵana ndi wotsutsidwa.

Kusemphana Maganizo Pakati pa Ulamuliro ndi Ulamuliro Wosasankhidwa

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zazikulu za ulamuliro wamakono ndicho mkangano pakati pa ulamuliro walamulo wa akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi mphamvu yamwaŵi ya oseŵera osasankhidwa. Oweruza, oweruza, a mabanki apakati, ndi akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu wopanga zosankha, komabe iwo samakhala ndi mlandu mwachindunji kwa ovota. Panthaŵi ino, magulu achifuniro otchuka, ochirikiza makampani, ndi opereka ndalama zambiri angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zimene zimapikisana kapena kupitirira zimene za osankhidwa. Kusemphana kumeneku pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi chisonkhezero chenicheni kumachititsa kuukira boma ndi kukakamiza kuti anthu apangenso kampeni, kuonetsa kuonekera kwapadera, ndi kulimbitsa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino.

Pamene Ulamuliro Ukhala Mphamvu: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Ofesi Molakwa

Chifukwa chakuti ulamuliro uli woyenerera, awo amene amausunga amayang'anizana ndi chiyeso chosalekeza cha kufikitsa pamlingo wake woyenera. Kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ulamuliro kumachitika pamene woyang’anira waudindo agwiritsira ntchito malo awo oyenera kusonyeza ulamuliro m’njira zimene sizikuloledwa ndi lamulo kapena malamulo a chikhalidwe. Zitsanzo zamitundumitundu kuchokera ku ku kuchenjera kwapang'ono kwa kachitidwe kachinyengo. Chotero nzika ziyenera kukhalabe zatcheru, zikuyang’anira kaya anthu aulamuliro akugwirira ntchito m’malo awo oyenera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malo awo kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zosaŵerengeka.

Mphamvu ndi Ulamuliro m’Kutenga Mbali kwa Ntchito ya Chipatso

Kwa anthu ndi anthu amene akufuna kusintha moyo wawo, kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro si chinthu chofunika kwambiri chamaphunziro, n’kothandiza. Kulonjezana kwa anthu kuti akhale ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zina kumafunikira kuti nzika zidziŵe kumene kuli chisonkhezero chenicheni ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zonse ziŵiri ulamuliro ndi mphamvu zamwaŵi.

Kumanga Mphamvu ya Anthu Ogwirizana Kudzera mwa Magesroot

Kugwirizana kwa bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndiponso ntchito za anthu, zimasonyeza mmene anthu onse angasinthire maganizo awo, kukakamiza akuluakulu a boma, ndiponso kusintha kwa malamulo.

  • Mphamvu ya chisankho [ [1] kukhoza kukonza nkhani m’njira zimene zimakhudza anthu ambiri ndi kutsutsa malingaliro apamwamba
  • Mphamvu yachidziŵikire [[FLT:] [1] (chipatso chimene chimachokera m'kugwirizanitsa magulu osiyanasiyana kuzungulira zolinga zofanana
  • Mphamvu yopunduka [1] [1] kukhoza kusokoneza machitidwe achibadwa kupyolera m'zitsutso, zigaŵenga, kapena kupotoza, kuyambitsa chitsenderezo cha kulola
  • Mphamvu ya kupambana [

Kaŵirikaŵiri magulu a magrosot amayamba ndi ulamuliro wochepa koma amawonjezera mphamvu pamene akukula, potsirizira pake akumatembenuza ulamuliro umenewo kukhala ulamuliro wodziŵika mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, kusintha kwa mabungwe, kapena kupambana pa masankho.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ulamuliro Mosamala

Awo amene ali ndi malo aulamuliro . "audindo] osankhidwa, oweruza, oweruza, mamembala a makomiti a sukulu, akuluakulu apolisi . Ulamuliro wopanda nzeru kapena kuletsa umaloŵa mosavuta m'ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Ulamuliro wathayo umafuna:

  • Tractive yokhudza ntchito yopanga zosankha ndi zifukwa zimene zinasankhira
  • University mwa kupereka lipoti lanthaŵi zonse, uyang'aniro wodziimira, ndi kulabadira kwa ogwirizana
  • Kulephera kwa munthu kudziŵa zinthu ndi kusiyanitsa kwake koyenera
  • Kutsimikizira kulungamo ya chibadwa , kutsimikizira kuti malamulo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosalekeza ndi kuti oyambukiridwa ali ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa

Maphunziro a bungwe la Covic amene amagogomezera mfundo zimenezi amathandiza ophunzira osati kungofuna ufulu wawo komanso kukhala ndi ulamuliro ngati pambuyo pake atenga maudindo a utsogoleri.

Maphunziro a Case of World

Nkhani zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene mphamvu ndi ulamuliro zimagwirira ntchito m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Chochitika 1: Sukulu Ili ndi Mgwirizano Wa aphunzitsi

Mkulu wa sukulu wa pasukulu ya sekondale ali ndi ulamuliro walamulo pa machitidwe a sukulu, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa ndandanda, zopereka, ndi kusungitsa malamulo olangiza. Komabe, mgwirizano wa aphunzitsi uli ndi mphamvu yaikulu mwa kukambirana mapangano onse, kukhoza kukonza milandu, ndi kugwirizana kwa mamembala ake. Ulamuliro wa mkulu umatsenderezedwa ndi mphamvu za bungwe, ndipo utsogoleri wogwira ntchito bwino amafuna kukambirana, kulolera, ndi kulemekeza udindo woyenera wa bungwelo. Mkulu amene amasamalira ulamuliro wawo monga ngati kuti ndi wotsimikizirika adzapeza mwamsanga kuti zosankha zawo zikutsutsana ndi chisonkhezero chawo chikutsutsidwa.

Chochitika 2: Boma la Kumeneko ndi Kulinganiza Thupi

M’mizinda yambiri, mayanjano a m'mudzi ndi mabungwe a anthu ali ndi mphamvu zimene zimaposa ulamuliro wawo wokha. Gulu la nzika limene limalinganiza bwino lingalepheretse ntchito yokonza, kusungitsa ndalama za paki, kapena kukakamiza bungwe la mzinda kusintha malamulo. Mphamvu yawo imachokera pa kudziŵa nkhani za m'deralo, kugwirizana ndi antchito a m'mizinda, chisamaliro cha oulutsa nkhani, ndi kukhoza kusonkhanitsa osankhidwa. Bungwe la mzindalo lili ndi ulamuliro woyenerera kupanga zosankha zomalizira, koma gulu la anthu a Savvy lingaumbe zosankha zimenezo asanapeze chisankho.

Nkhani 3: Chisonkhezero cha Apolisi m’Malonda a Mkupiti

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la United States mu Citizens United FEC (2010), makampani ndi opereka olemera anapeza mphamvu yotha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosaŵerengeka pa ndale zadziko kupyolera mwa Super PCs. Chigamulo chimenechi sichinapereke kwa oseŵera ameneŵa ulamuliro uliwonse walamulo pa ulamuliro; iwo sangavotere kapena kukhala ndi udindo. Komabe, mphamvu imene amagwiritsira ntchito mwa ndawala, zowonongedwa, ndi ntchito za machitachita a ndawala. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza bwino kuti ulamuliro wolinganizidwa ndi mphamvu yeniyeni zingatsike modabwitsa, kudzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za kuimira kwa demokrase ndi kulingana.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Kusiyanitsa Zinthu N’kosiyana

Kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro sikuli mfundo yaing’ono. Nzika zimazindikira kuti ndani kwenikweni amalamulira, mmene zosankha zimachitidwira, ndi kumene kuŵerengera mlandu kumalakwika. Mu demokrase yogwira ntchito, ulamuliro uyenera kupatsidwa ndi anthu ndi kulamulidwa ndi lamulo, pamene mphamvu imayenera kufalitsidwa m'malo ambiri kuti iletsere ulamuliro wankhanza. Komabe chenicheni nchoipa: mphamvu zimachuluka m’ngokhazokha, ndipo ulamuliro ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito mopanda pake.

Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza ophunzira kukhala ofufuza nkhani zandale ndi olimbikira ntchito m’moyo wa anthu. Ophunzira amene angadziŵe kumene kuli mphamvu zolamulira, kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa ulamuliro walamulo ndi mphamvu zankhanza, ndi kuzindikira mmene kuyendetsa udzu kumapangira mphamvu kuchokera ku nthaka kuli kokonzekeretsedwa bwino kuti apange demokalase. Sangakhale osavuta kuwagwiritsira ntchito molakwa, akhoza kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu, ndipo angakhale othekera kwambiri kuchita ntchito yovuta koma yofunika ya kudzilamulira okha.

Pomalizira pake, mphamvu ndi ulamuliro sizili zabwino kapena zoipa. Zidazo ndizo zida , ndipo mtengo wake umadalira pa amene amazigwiritsira ntchito, pazifuno zotani, ndi kuletsa kotani. Nzika zimene zimazindikira zida zimenezi zingafulumize kuti ulamuliro ugwiritsiridwe ntchito mwathayo ndi kuti mphamvuyo igawidwe molungama. Kuzindikira ndiko maziko a moyo wathanzi, wopirira.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy’s kulowa pa thayo la ndale zadziko , Oxford Handbook ya Political Theory's kusanthula kwa mphamvu ndi ulamuliro [, ndi malemba otchuka [[FLT:] mphamvu: Malingaliro otsatirika [[FLT:] ndi Steven Lukas. Kuwonjezerapo, U.S. Mabwalo amilandu amapereka kupendedwa kopindulitsa kwa [[FLT:] lamulo monga magwero a ulamuliro [[FLT:]