Kusokonezeka kwa Lamulo la Madzi ndi Thanzi la Anthu Onse

Unansi pakati pa malamulo a madzi ndi thanzi la anthu umakhala umodzi wa ulusi wapadera kwambiri m'chigwirizano chamakono. Acception to Threat, madzi abwino si nkhaŵa ya malo okhala komanso kuletsa mwachindunji ubwino wa anthu. Pamene malamulo apambana, kubuka kwa matenda opatsirana ndi anthu, chiŵerengero cha imfa za ana chikutsika, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chuma kuchepa. Pamene kulephera, zotsatira zake zimaloŵa m’zipatala, sukulu, ndi mabanja. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene maphunziro a mbiri, zitsutso, mavuto opitirizabe, ndi njira zamtsogolo zimayenderana pa kudutsa kwa malamulo a madzi ndi thanzi la anthu.

Mbiri ya Madzi ndi Thanzi

Kalekale mabomba asanamvedwe, anthu anazindikira kuti madzi a m’madzi anasonkhezera thanzi. Ku Mesopotamiya wakale, ngalande zamadzi othirira zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito monga njira zolekanitsira madzi otayika ndi zomwa. Aigupto anasunga madzi m'miphika yadothi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito a alum kuipitsa, kachitidwe kamene kanachepetsa zinyalala zooneka ndi, ndipo, mosazindikira, majeremusi ena. Komabe, ufumu wa Roma ndiwo unapanga njira zosinthira madzi amadzi osintha kwambiri a dziko lakale. Mapaipi awo ankanyamula madzi abwino kuchokera ku zitsime zakutali kupita kumizinda, pamene mtole ankawapereka ku akasupe, mada, ndi nyumba zachuma. Ngakhale kuti kukwera kwa madzi abwino, kupezeka kwa madzi abwino kunachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa matenda opaza mitsiro yoipitsa kapena mitsiri.

Kusintha kwa Maindasitale ndi Vuto la Ukhondo

Kusintha kwa Maindasitale kunathetsa kupita patsogolo kumeneku. Kusintha kwa matauni, mafakitale, ndi dongosolo la zonyansa zowonongeka zinasandutsa mitsinje ya Broad Street kukhala yopanda zimbudzi. Ku London, Thames inaipitsidwa ndi zinyalala za anthu ndi kutentha kwa maindasitale kumene kunatulutsa mafunde a m'chilimwe a kutentha kwakukulu "Tchinki” mu 1858, kuyendetsa Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chochitikachi chinachitikira ndi Dr John Snow. Chiyambi cha kuchita upainiya kwa makampani a za makampani a za madzi mkati mwa 184 , chinayamba kusungitsa ntchito yamakono ya kukonza makompyuta, kugaŵa makampani osokoneza madzi oipitsidwa ndi kuchotsapotope, kupereka umboni wosatsutsika wakuti kufalikira kwa kolera. Zochitika zake, pamodzi ndi njira zaumoyo wa anthu ku England zinakhudzana ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zaunika kwaumoyo ku England.

Madzi Amakono Opatsa Thanzi la Anthu Onse

Lerolino, malamulo amadzi amagwira ntchito m'magemu ambiri , malamulo adziko, boma kapena malamulo adziko, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa dziko. Pamlingo wa dziko lonse, World Health Organization (WHO) imafalitsa [[[FLT:]] zitsogozo za kusuntha za kusuntha [[FLT:] za ku Thup , [[FUT]], zimene zimakhazikitsa zilembo za thanzi la zinthu zaching'ono, za mankhwala, ndi zotetezera za wailesi. Zitsogozo sizimatumikira monga maziko a sayansi a miyezo ya dziko m'maiko oposa 190. Ku United States, [FLD:4] Kudalira madzi [makwanidwa kwa zinzake za m'madzi] [FUP] [FF], ndi kutetezera kwachigwirizano chachikulu cha madzi [190,000] mu .

Kuchiritsa Madzi ndi Malamulo Oyeretsa

Mafakitale amakono osamalira madzi amagwiritsira ntchito njira zambiri: kulumikiza, kugwetsa, kugwetsa, kuchotsa, ndi kutulutsa (makamaka chlorine, chlorinamine, kapena kuwala kwa ultraviole). Malamulo a mphamvu ya nthaŵi zolankhulana, milingo yophera tizilombo, ndi kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi zonse kwa zamoyo monga [[FLT:], kuchotsa zonyansa m’madzi, kuchotsa zinyalala kuti zigwirizane ndi njira zapamwamba za kuchiritsa 85 . Malamulo a Santigalamulitis , kuphatikizapo EPA’s [[FLT:] Act , kulamulira kutayitsa zonyansa m'madzi, zofunikira kuchotsa zonyansa kuti zigwirizane ndi njira zochiritsira zochiritsira zolimbazo. Zitso zamphamvu zochiritsira ndi zolimba zimenezi zimateteza njira zolimba ngati: [FGOT] Fot.[5]

Kufufuza ndi Kuyesa Maprogramu

Kuyesa kwa EPA kuli maziko a chitsimikiziro cha madzi. Madongosolo a madzi a anthu ayenera kuyesa madzi pa malo ambiri m'dongosolo logaŵira ndi kusimba zotsatira za maulamuliro a zaumoyo. Ku United States, EPA’s yopanda ulamuliro wa Kulinganiza kwa Lamulo [[[FLT:]] [FLT]] nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi yoyesa kufika 30 zotulutsira za m'dziko zimene zilibe miyezo ya boma, monga perāl ne polyfluoralky ziŵing (PFAS). CDC ] [[FLT]] imasunganso mayeso [FL:] A matenda otulutsira ndi Outut Survetic System system , zimene zimagwirizanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi kukonzanso, kulengeza kwa Ksososo.

Kusunga Ndalama

Kuloŵa m’malo mwa mapaipi a Chikulire, mafakitale, ndi malo osungiramo amafunikira ndalama zowonjezereka. United States akuyang'anizana ndi $625 biliyoni m'mafashoni a madzi akumwa mkati mwa zaka 20 zotsatira, malinga ndi American Society of Civil Enginers . Kumwa madzi a Boma Revolution Fund kumawongopetsa ndalama zochepetsetsa ntchito zimene zimawongolera kugonjera ndi kusamala anthu. Maprogramumboni ofanana ndi zimenezi zilipo ku Canada, Australia, ndi ku Yuropu. Opereka zopereka zotero za World Bank ndi [FLD:] United Nations Children Fund Fund (UNFFF], ndalama za ku madera akumidzipitira ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zaungwe lapakati pa dziko lonse lapansi, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo wapakati pa mayiko 2030 (kumwa madzi).

Mkupiti wa Maphunziro a Onse

Kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kamathandiza kwambiri monga mmene anthu amafunira kutsata. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo amayendetsa mauthenga osavuta, osaiwalika monga akuti “Madzi a Boole" pa zochitika zoipitsa,“ Madzi akumwa omasuka [1] m'madera amene ali ndi mizere ya ntchito, ndi “Kutsuka ndi madzi oyera m'masukulu. CDC’S C Cooc Count [[[FLM:1] ] ndi kutsogolera ndi Mafuta a Ubwino ndi Ubwino wa Madzi a Chaka cha Zakudya amathandiza odziŵa madzi awo ndi kuchita kachitidwe kachitidwe kakedwe kake. M’madera kumene madzi ali ndi vuto, 065] Kachipang'kasupeto (make, kachilombo koso, kosowetsa).

Mavuto Ochuluka pa Ntchito Yokhazikitsa Madzi ndi Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zayamba kuyenda bwino zaka 100 zapitazo, zinthu zatsopano zimene zayamba kuvuta, kusintha kwa nyengo, kuipitsa, kusiyana kwa zinthu, ndi zinthu zina zimene zayamba kupangidwa, zimafuna kuti malamulowo apitirizebe kusintha.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Ndiponso Kutentha kwa Madzi

Kutentha kwa dziko lonse kumasintha madzi a mvula, kuwonjezera kusefukira kwa mvula. Kutentha kumachepetsa madzi abwino opezeka ku Pakistan ochepetsa mphamvu, zoipitsa ndi kuwonjezera ululu wa poizoni wa maluwa a maalgal amene amatulutsa tizilombo tating'ono. Madzi asefukira ndi masitepe a mchere, kuchotsa zonyansa m'nyanja, mitsinje, ndi madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 20222, magumula otchuka ku Pakistan ku Pakistan oipitsidwa ndi madzi akumwa, amene amachititsa kuchuluka kwa kolera ndi matenda otsegula m’mimba. Magulu a zachikhalidwe a dzikolo amaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa nyengo ya kukonzanso maluwa, maluwa obiriŵira, ndi maluwa osinthasinthasintha.

Kuipitsa Ulimi ndi Maindasitale

Chakudya chochokera ku feteleza .nitrogen ndi phosphorus . Kumadyetsa maluŵa ovulaza m'nyanja za madzi abwino ndi madamu . 2014 Toledo vuto la madzi, kumene chiboliboli cha madzi, kunyanja ya Erie chotulutsidwa microcystin, chinakakamiza mzinda kutseka madzi ake kwa masiku atatu, kukhudza anthu 500,000 okhalamo. Zoipitsa zolemera, kuphatikizapo zitsulo zolemera (Galedia, mercury, arsineic) ndi maatomu (magazi), zopitirizabe m'madzi a pansi pa nyanja kwa zaka makumi ambiri. [[FFOL:] pulogalamu ya Superst [FLD [5] [FFF] [FUFOS] yosanjika ndi yosanjikiza magazi, za anthu ambiri a ku America, mpaka kulephera kwake kwa kuteteza kwa anthu ambiri.

Kusiyana Kopezeka

Padziko lonse, anthu 2.2 biliyoni alibe madzi akumwa abwino, ndipo 3.6 biliyoni sakukhala ndi ukhondo, malinga ndi WHO /UNICEF Joint Monifiling Programme . Mtolowu ukukwera kwambiri kumidzi, anthu a m’madera akumidzi, ndipo madera a m’madera a m’matauni. Ku United States, Navajo . Nat] Nat National imakhala ndi nyumba zikwi zambiri zopanda madzi opindika, zodalira madzi osungidwa amene amasungidwa mosavuta. M'mipata wambiri wa ku United States, wawononga zosankha zotsogolera kukalamba, kuvumbula anthu amtunduwu. Zotsatira zimenezi sizikulephera kuyendetsa bwino ntchito zaumoyo; iwo amalephera kunyamula njira zaumoyo. Ana ambiri amavutika ndi mavuto owonjezereka.

Majeremusi Omakula Mochititsa Chidwi

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumafutukutsanso mipata ya malo ya majeremusi oyenda ndi madzi. Vibrio volfitus , kachilombo kamene kamafalikira m'madzi ofunda a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kuchititsa matenda aakulu ndi zilonda za m'matenda, kakutidwa kumpoto kwa Cape Cod, USA. [FLT:] Naegleria [[FL:3] Mbalatia [maba], “brain dwarma amoba," tsopano imafika ku madongosolo amadzi kumpoto kwa U. S. Kachiŵiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo m'zirombo m’malo otetezeka m’madzi. Zitsamba zinachita kupangidwa kuti zichotse tizilombo tosagwirizana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena kuti tichotsere tizilombo towononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo madzi akumwa.

Malangizo ndi Ntchito Zoloŵetsedwamo

Kukwaniritsa malamulo a madzi oloŵera m’misewu ndi a zaumoyo wa anthu kumafuna kuwonjezera pa malamulo a paokha oloŵera m’zaumoyo wa anthu.

Kulimbikitsa Chigwirizano cha Padziko Lonse

Madzi samadziŵa malire. Mitsinje ya madera ndi ma aquifer amapereka madzi akumwa kwa mamiliyoni, komabe madongosolo ogwirizana amakhalabe ofooka m'madera ambiri. United Nations Assembly ya Madzi ndi [[FLT:] ndi International International Waroundwater Resourcess Assesment Center [[[FLL:3]] imagaŵira mapulatifomu a kuyang'anira, kuipitsa kwa mgwirizano, ndi chigamulo. Kulimbitsa mabungwe ameneŵa . Kulimbitsa kuti akatswiri a zaumoyo a anthu akakhala patebulo, kudzateteza midzi kuti isatengere ndalama za kuipitsako. Makampani apadziko onse, monga [FLD: FFFFF]

Kupeza Zinthu Zothandiza

“Iri [1] nyumba zapamwamba (mapaipi a m'mafakitale, zomera zapakati) zikuwonjezeredwa ndi“ green , malo opangira madzi achilengedwe . Malo a mvula, bioswales, madambo, ndi misewu yokhoza kuwonongeka, ndi masitepe otetezera. Madongosolo ameneŵa amachepetsa mtolo pa zimbudzi zosanganiza madzi, kuchepetsa mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pochiritsa, ndi kupereka malo obiriwira a m’tauni amene amawongolera thanzi la maganizo. Madongosolo othandizira kukonza zinthu zamagetsi a dzuŵa a [1] Kuwonjezedwa kwa masuntcherenti a m'madera 76grid . Chithandizo chimapereka madzi otetezereka pamene mipaipi ya ziŵiro si ya zachuma, monga ndalama za chimphepo chokongola, monga ndalama za mphepo, ziyenera kukwera.

Kufufuza Njira Zopimira Madzi

Kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo zothandiza kudziwa nthaŵi yeniyeni, kujambula kwa masetilaiti, ndi kuphunzira mamakina kukusintha kuyang'ana kwa madzi. Mu hyperpiter zingathe kuzindikira pH, turbidity, chlorine, ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi maselo apadera pa masekondi angapo alionse, kutumiza tcheru kwa oyendetsa zinthu zisanachitike. Zithunzi za stellitery zimayang'ana maluwa a maluwa ndi kuipitsa kwa mpweya pa zinthu zonse zowonongeka. Makampani apamwamba amaneneratu zochitika za kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zakuthambo, kugwiritsira ntchito malo, ndi mbiri yakale.

Kupititsa Patsogolo Kugwirizana ndi Maphunziro a M’chitaganya

Kuyang'anira kwa chitaganya, kumene anthu akusonkhanitsa ndi kusimba mikhalidwe ya mafoni, kwatsimikizira kukhala kothandiza ku ma Honduras, India, ndi chigawo cha African Great Lakes. Programu zonga Water Rangers [1] ku Canada amaloŵetsamo nzika kuyesa njira zawo za madzi akum'maŵa ndi kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa malamulo. Masewera a zaumoyo ofotokoza za madzi m’chinenero chofeŵa ndi kupereka njira zogwira ntchito (mphiri, madzi akuya m’mapiko, kugwiritsa ntchito zoperekera zotsogolera anthu kuti adziteteze pamene malamulo alephera. Mandasirete , kukonza mapulogalamu ovomerezedwa m’mizinda ngati Newark, New Jersey, kuonetsa kuti kutsende chitseko cha ndale cha ndale.

Kutenga Njira Imodzi ya Zaumoyo

Makina a Umoyo Amodzi amazindikira kuti thanzi la munthu, thanzi la nyama, ndi thanzi la malo okhala n’zogwirizana. Magazi amene amatsatira lens imeneyi amalingalira mmene kuyendetsa kwa ulimi kumayambukirira matenda onse aŵiri a ziŵeto ndi matenda a anthu, mmene kukanikira kwa mankhwala opha tizilombo pakati pa nyama ndi anthu kudzera m’madzi, ndi mmene nyengo imasinthira m'thupi mwa maselo a thupi. Mwachitsanzo, CDC ya Ofesi imodzi ya Umoyo imathandizirana ndi madzi ndi ziungwe za kutetezera moyo wa anthu, koma osatetezera .

Kumaliza

Malamulo a madzi ndi thanzi la anthu akugwirizanitsidwabe, monga momwe zakhalira zaka zikwi zambiri. Kayendetsedwe ka mbiri ka zinthu ka dala, sayansi kangachepetse kwambiri matenda, kutalikitsa moyo, ndi kulimbitsa chuma. Komabe mavuto a kusintha kwa nyengo, kuipitsa, kusalingana, ndi kuopsa kobuka kakufuna kuti tifulumize kukonza zinthu zatsopano ndi kugwirizana. Mwa kulimbitsa ulamuliro wa padziko lonse, kusungitsa malo okhazikika, kukhazikitsa malo otsogola, kulimbikitsa anthu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi ya zaumoyo. Timatha kuteteza zofunika zofunika kwambiri pa moyo. Kusoŵa kwa ntchito kumayesedwa m’matenda, kusoŵa phindu, ndi kufupikitsa miyoyo. Mwakulimbitsa dongosolo lothandiza ndilo n’lo labwino, ndilo labwino kwambiri padziko lonse.