Chiyambi: Unansi Wogwirizana Pakati pa Malamulo ndi Lamulo m’Boma

Kuŵerengera mlandu kwa boma kuli pa mizati iŵiri: makhalidwe ndi lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo limapereka malamulo alamulo, osungika a makhalidwe amene amatsogolera makhalidwe kupyola ziyeneretso zalamulo zochepera. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mphamvu ziŵiri zimenezi kumasankha mmene akuluakulu a boma amapangira zosankha, mmene nzika zimadalirira zigwirizano zawo, ndi mmene mademokrase amadzichirikizira okha. Kumvetsetsa kupatuka kumeneku sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro yamaphunziro ya kukhazikitsa dongosolo lamphamvu limene lingalimbane ndi chitsenderezo, kusinthira ku kusintha, ndi kutumikira ubwino wa anthu onse.

Malamulo anatulukira kuti agwirizane ndi ziyembekezo za makhalidwe abwino, koma malamulo sangasamalire mkhalidwe uliwonse. Madera a aimvi amapitirizabe, ndipo popanda mwambo wa makhalidwe abwino, ngakhale dongosolo la malamulo latsatanetsatane kwambiri lingaswedwe.

Kufotokoza Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Kodi Malamulo Amakhalidwe Oyenera M’boma N’ngotani?

Malamulo a nzeru ndi mbali ya mapulinsipulo a makhalidwe abwino ndi oipa, chabwino ndi choipa, ndi chosalungama. M'nkhani za boma, malamulo amatanthauza miyezo ya makhalidwe yoyembekezeredwa kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi mabungwe. Nthaŵi zambiri miyezo imeneyi imafotokozedwa mwa malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, zifuno za udindo, ndi zitsogozo zaukatswiri. Amagogomezera makhalidwe monga kuona mtima, umphumphu, chilungamo, ndi kulemekeza malamulo. Mosiyana ndi malamulo, malamulo, makhalidwe abwino salamulidwa kudzera m’makhoti kapena apolisi koma mwa kutsendereza kwa anzawo, kutchuka, ndi chilango chapakati.

Kulingalira kwa zaumulungu m'boma kumayendera pa miyambo yambiri ya filosofi. Makhalidwe (ogwirizana ndi Immanuel Kant) amasumika maganizo pa ntchito ndi malamulo, akumati ntchito zina nzachibadwa zabwino kapena zolakwika mosasamala kanthu za zotulukapo. Makhalidwe a Utalia (ogwirizana ndi John Stuart Mill) amaweruza zochita zawo ndi zotsatirapo zake, kutsimikiza kukulitsa ubwino wake. Makhalidwe abwino (ozikidwa mwa Aristotle) amagogomezera khalidwe la wopanga zosankha, kufunsa zimene munthu wabwino angachite. M’kachitidwe kake, akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa zimenezi, koma kutsutsana kwawo kungayambitse mavuto.

Kodi Lamulo m’Boma N’chiyani?

Chilamulo ndi njira ya malamulo opangidwa ndi mabungwe a anthu kapena a boma. Chimapereka dongosolo limene khalidwe laumwini ndi la anthu limayendetsedwa. M’madongosolo a demokrase, malamulo amakhazikitsidwa ndi makhoti, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe akuluakulu. Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo malamulo a malamulo, malamulo, malamulo, milandu, ndi milandu. Malamulo amamasulira milandu (monga kupereka ziphuphu kapena chinyengo), kukhazikitsa njira (monga njira yoyenera ndi misonkhano yotseguka), ndi kupanga mankhwala (monga chilango cha upandu kapena mlandu wa anthu).

Lamulo limapatsa mano a makhalidwe abwino: lamulo lamakhalidwe monga "akuluakulu a boma sayenera kugwiritsira ntchito udindo wawo kaamba ka phindu laumwini" limakhala lovomerezeka pamene aikidwa kukhala lamulo lotsutsa kusaona. Komabe, lamulo limayang'ana kumbuyo ndi kuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mavuto amene adawonekera kale. Mfundo, mosiyana, zikhoza kukhala zoyang'ana patsogolo, zotsogolera m'mikhalidwe yatsopano. Maboma ambiri oŵerengera malamulo amasintha malamulo awo ndi zolinga zamphamvu pamene akulolanso malamulo kudzaza mipata kumene lamulo silinamveke kapena lachikale.

Mmene Makhalidwe ndi Chilamulo Zimakhudzirana

Kusiyana kwa makhalidwe ndi malamulo nkwamphamvu. Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, koma si malamulo onse a makhalidwe abwino amene ali oyenera. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu wa boma angakhale ndi thayo lalamulo la kupeŵa mikangano yachikondwerero koma thayo la makhalidwe abwino lakuonetsa mikangano imene ingakhalepo ngakhale pamene lamulo silikufuna kuululidwa.

Kufunika kwa Makhalidwe Abwino M’kuŵerengera Mlandu kwa Boma

Kukhulupirira ndi Kuweruza

Malamulo ndiwo maziko odalirika kwa anthu. Nzika ziyenera kukhulupirira kuti boma lawo limachita zinthu mwachilungamo, moona mtima, ndiponso moonekera. Pamene miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ikwera, chidaliro chimakwera; pamene maupandu abuka, kudalirana kumawonongeka. Kufufuza kwa OECD nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi malamulo okhwima akusangalala ndi ntchito za nzika ndi kufunitsitsa kwambiri kutsata malamulo.

Kuletsa Zinyengo ndi Khalidwe Loipa

Zikhalidwe zamphamvu za makhalidwe abwino zimagwira ntchito monga njira yoyamba yotetezera ziphuphu. Malamulo okha sangaone njira iliyonse yochitira nkhanza. Kuphunzitsa, utsogoleri, ndi makhalidwe abwino zimathandiza akuluakulu kuzindikira ndi kukana zisonkhezero zosayenera. Mwachitsanzo, Ofesi ya Boma ya ku United States imalangiza antchito onse a nthambi, kufotokoza nkhani monga mphatso, ntchito, ndi ndale. Maprogramu otero amachepetsa kuswa malamulo mwadala ndi kuchititsa kuti anthu azizindikira khalidwe loyembekezeredwa.

Kulimbikitsa Kuonana Bwino, Kukhulupirika, ndi Udindo

  • Kulamulira kwapadera kumafunikira kumasuka popanga zosankha. Izi zimatanthauza zifukwa zomveka zosankhira malamulo, zofikira, ndi mipata yopitirizira anthu. Malamulo osonyezana ndi mlingo wa Freedom of Information Acts , ndi zida zalamulo, koma kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo kogwira mtima kumadalira pa kudzipereka kwa makhalidwe kuvumbula osati kubisa.
  • Udindo: Atsogoleri ayenera kuchita moona mtima ndi kuchirikiza kukhulupirika kwa anthu. Umphumphu umangotsatira lamulo; kumatanthauza kupeŵa ngakhale mawonekedwe a kusalemekeza. Malamulo a khalidwe kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna akuluakulu a boma kudzitsutsa okha ndi zosankha zimene angakaikire.
  • Kulephera: Akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mlandu wa zochita zawo ndipo ayenera kulandira chilango cha kulephera. Udindo waudindo umaphatikizapo kulengeza kosalekeza za kulakwa, kugwirizana ndi mabungwe oyang’anira, ndi kufunitsitsa kuwongolera zolakwa.

Kuŵerengera Boma Mwalamulo

Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Malamulo ambiri amakono amaphatikizapo malamulo a maziko a kuŵerengera mlandu, monga ngati kupatukana kwa maulamuliro, kupenda ndi kulinganiza, ndi ufulu waukulu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amapanga dongosolo la makhalidwe ndi malamulo mkati mwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Constitution ya United States imafuna kuti Pulezidenti a "Samalani kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika," kukhazikitsa thayo la kupha kokhulupirika komwe kuli ndi malamulo ndi malamulo. Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amaperekanso kaamba ka kusamvera monga njira yochotsera akuluakulu a boma amene achita "Crimes ndi Midemers" mawu amene amatsegulira chitseko ku chiweruzo cha lamulo.

Malamulo a Malamulo

Malamulo apadera amadzaza tsatanetsatane. Magulu aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • Malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito: Wonga ngati Foreign Corcy Practics Act (FCPA) ndi UK Chiphuphu, amene amaphwanya lamulo la akuluakulu a boma m’nyumba ndi m’mayiko ena.
  • Acts mu Machitidwe a Boma: Malamulo ameneŵa amaika zifuno zodziŵikitsa kaamba ka zikondwerero za ndalama, mphatso, ndi mikangano ya chiwongola dzanja. Malamulo a Boma mu 1978 adakhazikitsa Office of Government Ethics ndi kulamula kuti akuluakulu a nthambi a boma aulule zachuma.
  • Wistleer Provitection Laws: Malamulo onga Wistlever Protection Act mu U.S.S. otetezera antchito amene akusimba kusadziletsa kwa kubwezera, mwakutero akulimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino m’mabungwe.
  • Procedrect: Malamulo ameneŵa amakhazikitsa malamulo a mmene mabungwe amapangira malamulo ndi zosankha, kuchirikiza chilungamo ndi kuonekera bwino m'boma lauyang’aniro.

Uyang’aniro ndi Kukakamiza

Makhoti amachita mbali yaikulu m'kupangitsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu. Kupenda zachiweruzo kumalola anthu ndi mabungwe kutsutsa machitidwe oletsedwa. M'mayiko ambiri, makhoti odziŵa bwino za ziphuphu kapena makhoti alamulo amaweruza milandu yokhudza kuswa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, khoti Lapamwamba la Indian khoti lagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zonyoza kukhazikitsa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino m’moyo wa anthu. Komabe, lamulo limadalira pa oweruza odziimira paokha, zinthu zokwanira, ndi miyezo yomveka bwino ya zamalamulo. Pamene makhoti apatsidwa mlandu kapena kupondedwa, kulangidwa.

Kufufuza Malamulo ndi Malamulo Oyenera

Zimene Boma Limachita

Chiseŵereŵero chamwadzidzidzi cha Watergate (192-1974) chidakali nthaŵi yosokonezeka m'kusiyana kwa malamulo ndi malamulo. Kuloŵa m'malikulu a Democratic National Committee kunali upandu, koma chivumbulutso chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa makhalidwe abwino pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Chochititsa manyazichi chinasonkhezera Nyumba za Malamulo kupitirira pa lamulo la Boma mu 1978, limene linayambitsa Office of Government Ethictics ndi kutulukira kwa zachuma. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene kulephera kwa makhalidwe abwino kunatsogolera mwachindunji ku kusintha kwalamulo, kukwaniritsa ziyembekezo za makhalidwe abwino m'lamulo lovomerezeka. Popanda kulakwa, zambiri za kuonekera kumeneku sizikanavomerezedwa.

Wotchi Yoteteza Anthu ndi Nkhani ya Dokotala Jeffrey Wigand

Dr. Jeffrey Wigand, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa fodya, anavumbula kugwiritsa ntchito bwino masamu a chikonga [1] chivumbulutso chimene chinakhudza kwambiri thanzi la anthu. Nkhani yake, yomwe inasonyezedwa m'filimuyi The Insider , ikusonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa makhalidwe abwino (abwino a makhalidwe abwino kuvumbula choonadi chovulaza) ndi lamulo (zitetezero zoperekedwa kwa oimba maliridwe). Wigad adayang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zalamulo ndi kuvutidwa ndi kuvutidwa, koma pomalizira pake malamulo otetezera anamthandiza kubwezera. Chitsanzochi chikusonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angalimbikitsire kuchita zinthu zimene zimathandizira anthu onse kuchitapo kanthu, ngakhale pamene akutonza mabungwe amphamvu.

Ziphuphu ndi Ziphuphu: Zowazira Zochitidwa pagalimoto (Lava Jato) ku Brazil

Operation Car Shash inali kufufuza kwakukulu kolimbana ndi ziphuphu ku Brazil kumene kunavumbula ziphuphu zadongosolo pa kampani ya mafuta Petrobras ndi andale okhudzidwa kuchokera ku zipani zambiri. Kufufuzako kunadzutsa mafunso a makhalidwe abwino ponena za ozembeza mlandu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zochonderera. Komabe kunasonyezanso mphamvu ya kusungitsa lamulo la kuchititsa oseŵera kukhala otchuka pamene andale zadziko akhalapo. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza kufunika kwa zida zamphamvu zalamulo , mapangano ovomerezeka, kugwirizana ndi malire . . Pamapeto pake, kuperekedwa kwa lamulo la lamulo lachilungamo ndi chipwindi cha ndalensinsi ya . Malamulo akusonyezanso kulimba kwa oweruza mlandu wotero pamene malamulo ayamba kukhala ovomerezeka.

Malamulo Olangiza ndi Mitembo Yodziimira

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa mabungwe a makhalidwe abwino oyendera kugonjera ndi kufufuza kuswa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Ofesi ya Boma la United States imapereka malingaliro ndi maphunziro osonkhezera. Pamene makampani a boma alephera kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ntchito. Mabungwe ameneŵa amathandiza pa kulinganiza malamulo a malamulo komanso kuchirikiza chikhalidwe mwa kutsogolera ndi kulangiza. Kudziimira kwawo pa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko kumavuta. Pamene mabungwe ameneŵa alephera kuyang'anira ntchito zawo.

Mavuto pa Kulinganiza Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Madera Aimvi ndi Mavuto Odetsa Nkhaŵa

Malamulo sangaone zinthu zonse. Mavuto a zamwambo amabuka pamene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino aŵiri oyenera akutsutsana mwachitsanzo, pakati pa ntchito ya kusunga chinsinsi ndi ntchito yolengeza tchimo. M’nkhani zotero, chitsogozo chalamulo chingakhale chosakwanira. Akuluakulu a boma ayenera kuchita chiweruzo, ndi kuti chiweruzo chingasonkhezeredwe ndi makhalidwe a munthu mwini, chikhalidwe cha gulu, ndi kutsenderezedwa ndi akuluakulu. Popanda maphunziro amphamvu a makhalidwe abwino, akuluakulu angasochereze kumbali ya kudzitetezera kwawo mmalo mwa kuchirikiza anthu onse.

Kukakamiza Kosintha

Malamulo amathandiza kwambiri monga mmene amachitira. Ngati malamulo oletsa ziphuphu alipo koma sawalanga kaŵirikaŵiri, amalephera. Kukakamiza kungakhale kosiyana chifukwa cha kutsekereza zinthu, kuloŵerera kwa ndale, kapena kusoŵa ufulu m'mabungwe achiweruzo ndi a oweruza. M'mayiko ena, malamulo a makhalidwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosankha motsutsana ndi adani andale pamene ogwirizanawo akutetezedwa. Zimenezi zimawononga chidaliro cha anthu ndipo zimapangitsa anthu kuganiza kuti lamulolo ndi chida champhamvu mmalo mwa kuyang’anira chilungamo.

Miyambo ya Kubisa ndi Maganizo Ogwirizana

Nthaŵi zina njira ya "check-book" ya kugonjera ku makhalidwe imawonekera: akuluakulu a boma amatsatira kalata ya lamulo koma osasamala mzimu. Mwachitsanzo, iwo angafunikire kuvumbulidwa koma kubisa zinthu zoikiridwa modabwitsa. Kugonjera kwa lamulo popanda kudzipereka kwa lamulo kungaphimbe kusadziletsa kopitirizabe. Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha gulu n’kovuta. Malamulo achinsinsi, kuopa kubwezera, ndi kukhulupirika kwa anzawo kungasokoneze malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Malamulo amene amalamula kulira foni kapena kupenda kwaumwini angathandize, koma kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kumafunikira utsogoleri ndi khama.

Mavuto a Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kugaŵanika kwa Malo

M'dziko logwirizana, katangale kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mapangano a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mabungwe apadziko lonse onga OECD ndi Transparency International apanga miyezo (m’chitsanzo, OECD Anti-Bribery Convention) kugwirizanitsa malamulo ndi kuchirikiza mgwirizano. Komabe, kusiyana kwa malamulo, kuyang'anira, ndi malingaliro a chikhalidwe kulinga ku mphatso kapena ndalama zolipidwa kumapangitsa mavuto. Mabungwe a maiko ambiri akunja akunja kuyang'anizana ndi malamulo a malo. Kulimbikitsa kuswa malamulo ndi lamulo pamlingo wa dziko lonse kumafuna mapangano alamulo, kugwirizanitsa mathebulo, ndi kudzipereka ku malamulo a makhalidwe abwino apadziko lonse.

Maluso Otsimikizira Kuŵerengeredwa kwa Boma

Kuphunzitsa Malamulo Oyenera

Nthaŵi zonse, kuphunzitsa kwa lamulo la makhalidwe kwa akuluakulu onse kuli njira ya maziko. Kuphunzitsa sikuyenera kukwaniritsa malamulo okha komanso kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kuchita ntchito zolingalira za makhalidwe abwino . Amaphunzira, kukambirana za mbali, kukambirana za mavuto. Cholinga ndicho kumanga minofu ya makhalidwe imene ingawoneke pamene malo a cheza ayamba. Maphunziro ayenera kukonzedwa kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana (m’m’mag., maofesala, oika apamwamba, malamulo) ndi kukonzanso zinthu zatsopano monga nzeru kapena chinsinsi cha masamu. Ofesi ya Groma imapereka zinthu zambiri zophunzitsira zimene zingatumikire monga chitsanzo.

Kulimbikitsa Mafomu a Malamulo

Malamulo ayenera kusintha kuti athetse ngozi zimene zikubuka. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutsekera m'makhoti a ndawala, kusonkhezera molimbika, ndi kufunsitsa. Malamulo amakhalidwe angafunikire kupenda malamulo a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kutsimikizira kuti adakali ofunika. Ndiponso, malamulo ayenera kuphatikizapo kusungitsa ndalama zothandizira kuyang'anira matupi, kuteteza ofufuza, ndi chilango chatanthauzo cha kuswa malamulo. [[FLT]] Transpactives Foigtions Index [1] amasonyeza kulimba pakati pa malamulo amphamvu ndi ziphuphu zodziŵika bwino, kutsimikizira kufunika kwa kuwongolera kwa lamulo.

Luso Lopanga Malo Oyera

Malo otsegulirako zinthu, makompyuta olemba mphatso ndi kusagwirizana kwa anthu, ndi makompyuta opezera zinthu zofunikira, amachepetsa mipata ya khalidwe loipa lobisika. Zipangizo zamakono zingathekenso kuyang'anira: makampani oyendera boma alola kuti ayendetseretu nthawi yeniyeni yoyendera zosankha za boma. Mwachitsanzo, njira za Estonia zoyendera zimapereka njira zoonekera bwino zopezera machitidwe ndi zosankha. Komabe, tekinoloji imawonjezeranso mavuto achinsinsi ndi kusadalirana kwa anthu. Zitsogozo za boma ziyenera kumangidwa m'malamulo kuyambira pachiyambi.

Mitembo Yodziimira Imodzi yokhala ndi Mphamvu Zenizeni

Makomiti a mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, ombudsmen, ndi oyang'anira wamkulu ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu . Zonse ziŵiri de jure ndi de metho . Izi zimatanthauza kusungidwa kwa ndalama, mapangano amene amawatetezera ku kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko, ndi ulamuliro kukakamiza umboni ndi zikalata zopezeka. Ayeneranso kukhala ndi mphamvu zovomereza kulangidwa kapena kutchula milandu ya kuweruza. Zolangiza za OECD pa kukhulupirika kwa anthu onse [ zikugogomezera kufunika kwa kuyang'anira matupilo amene amayang'anira dongosolo lonse la umphumphu, osati mabungwe amodzi okha.

Kulimbikitsa Kutenga Nawo Mbali kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kutenga Nawo Mbali

Kuŵerengera si udindo wa boma lokha. Nzika, manyuzipepala, ndi mabungwe a anthu amayang'anira. Malamulo amene amathandiza ufulu wa chidziŵitso, kuteteza atolankhani, ndi kutsegula misonkhano amatheketsa anthu kuŵerengera akuluakulu a boma. Kugawana ndalama, kugawana, kuyang'anira, ndi kuulutsa mawu kumalimbikitsa kwambiri kuŵerengera. Pamene nzika za m'dziko zakhala zikutomerana, sizimangoona makhalidwe oipa komanso zimathandiza kuwongolera miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino kudzera m'kukambitsirana. Mabungwe a maphunziro, monga momwe nkhani yoyamba inanenera, ali ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri polimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha atsogoleri a m’tsogolo.

Kumaliza

Kusiyana kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi malamulo a boma sikuli kuyang'anira kwachikhalire koma mbali yaikulu ya mavuto ndi kuchirikizana. Lamulo limapereka malamulo okhwima . Malamulo otsimikizirika, njira zosungitsira, ndi mankhwala. Malamulo amapereka moyo . Makhalidwe amene amasonkhezera kukhulupirira, kutsogolera, ndi kuchirikiza kudzipereka kwa anthu pa zabwino. Boma limene limadalira pa malamulo lingakhale lolimba ndi lolimba; limene limadalira pa makhalidwe abwino lingakhale lopanda kuŵerengeredwa ndi kusungidwa. Maboma ambiri amapanga mapangano alamulo, amatsimikizira kuti malamulo ali olimba, ali oyenera, ndiponso okonzedwa bwino, ngakhale kuti likukulitsanso mwambo wa makhalidwe abwino mwa kuphunzira, utsogoleri, ndi kuonekera bwino.

Pamene mavuto amene maboma amayang'anizana nawo akusintha / kuchokera pa foni ndi ziphuphu za dziko lonse mpaka ku ulamuliro wa nyengo. Aphunzitsi, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zonse ziyenera kuthandizira kuyesayesa kumeneku. Mwakumvetsa ndi kukambirana kugwirizana kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi lamulo, tingalimbikitse kuonekeratu, kudalirika, ndi kudalirika kwa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse. Cholingacho si kukhala ndi ungwiro koma kupita patsogolo popita ku dongosolo limene akuluakulu a boma amazindikira kuti khalidwe labwino si chinthu chalamulo chokha koma ndi ntchito ya makhalidwe abwino, ndiponso kuti nzika iliyonse ikhale ndi mphamvu yofuna kuyankha mlandu.