Mbiri Yake: Eugenics, Chiletso cha Ukwati, ndi Nkhondo ya Bodily Autonom

Nkhondo ya ufulu wa ukwati kwa anthu opunduka imazikidwa kwambiri pa mbiri ya tsankho. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 20, magulu a eugenics analandira kugaŵikana mu United States, Yuropu, ndi madera ena. Mabungwe ameneŵa anachirikiza lingaliro lakuti anthu angawongoleredwe mwa kuletsa anthu kukhala ndi "osabereka". Anthu okhala ndi thupi, luntha, ndi kupunduka kwa maganizo anali zikhoterero zazikulu. Malamulo anaikidwa omwe anatsekereza anthu opunduka kukwatira, kaŵirikaŵiri amanenedwa ndi sayansi kuti adzapitirira "kululuza" mikhalidwe. M'malamulo ambiri a US, kumanga banja linatsagana ndi kusoŵa kwa anthu ena. Iwo analephera kukwaniritsa chigamuwembu, ngakhale kulephera kwa anthu ambiri. Malamulowo anathandizidwa ndi kulephera kwa anthu a mpikisano kwa kulephera kulephera kulephera kulera ana. Malamulo a m'banja: [F.FFFFFFFFF: [Flse, Frome, Omafulse, Omafulverse, omwe ali ovomerezedwa ndi kulephera kwa anthu osoŵa

Kupita Patsogolo Mwalamulo: Kuchokera pa Mabungwe Kufika ku ADA

Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20 panakhala kutha pang'onopang'ono kwa malamulo olunjika. Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe linayala maziko, koma sizinachitike mpaka m'ma 1970 ndi 1980 pamene mavuto alamulo olemala anakula. Chochitika cha dziko la America ndi Algans (ADA) ndi kupunduka kwa mapangano (ADA) [[FLD:1] mu 1990 chinali nthaŵi yotayikiridwa ndi madzi. Nkhani ya II ya ADA imaletsa tsankho ndi mabungwe a anthu onse, kuphatikizapo maofesi a boma ogwirira ntchito. Zipatso za II zimafuna malo ogonapo anthu onse (mo monga malo a ukwati, hotela, ndi mahotela, ndipo n’zokwanidwa. Pamene ADA sanapatule , inapereka chigamu chalamulo chalamulo kutsutsa madesiki. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wopunduka ngati akanakhala bwino kulowa ntchito kwa anthu olemba ntchito m'boma, iwonso amapezamo chilo cha kulowa m'malamulo chakugona. [194]

Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa lamulo sikunayende bwino. Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo a mabuku kapena makhoti amene amalola oteteza munthu kuchepetsa ufulu wake wokwatira ngati woweruza akuwayesa kuti sangathe kumvetsa mkhalidwe wa ukwati. Zigamulo zimenezi zimadalira pa kupenda kwa mankhwala kapena kusiyanitsa. M’nkhani zina, anthu opunduka maganizo amakakamizidwa kufunafuna chiyanjo choyang’anira, pokhala ndi ufulu wawo wakukwatira ndi kugonjera kwa gulu lina. [[FLT: 0]] [Baby Veronica mlandu wachikale [FL:] (20.3]) anagogomezeranso mfundo ina yokhudza: atate wachiba ndi chilema (kulephera kwa) amene akuyesa kuchirikiza ufulu wa makolo awo pambuyo pa kulera ana. Khoti lovomerezedwa ndi lovomerezedwa ndi mlandu wokhudza kulakwa. Khoti lopatulalo lina lokhudzana lolephera kulephera kutsutsa mlandu.

Milandu Yaikulu ndi Malamulo

  • Olmstead v. L.C. (1999): adatsimikizira kuti kukhazikitsa kosafunikira kumaswa ADA, kukulitsa kugwirizana kwa chitaganya ndi kuyenera kwa kupanga maunansi kunja kwa mabungwe.
  • ADA (1990): Yopereka maziko alamulo kutokosa mautumiki a ukwati ovuta ndi kutumiza upandu.
  • Winssor v. Arkansas (2014:[FL:1] Mlandu wa boma kumene munthu wopunduka maganizo anaimbidwa mlandu atakana laisensi ya ukwati; woweruzayo analamulira mokomera, koma mlanduwo unavumbula mmene ziyeso zamphamvu zingagwiritsidwire ntchito mwadala.
  • Medicaid "Manda pansi" Malamulo: Anthu ambiri olumala amadalira pa Medicaid kaamba ka nyumba ndi mautumiki ozikidwa pa chitaganya. Ukwati umayambitsa "kusoŵa ulemu" upandu pamene ndalama za mnzawo zingaŵerengedwe, kukhoza kulepheretsa munthu wopunduka ndi ntchito zofunika .

Kudziloŵetsa m’Magulu Olemala Ofuna Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Kuwononga zoyenera zakhala patsogolo pa kutsutsa zopinga zimenezi. Magulu onga Council on Disactivity (NCD [1], Odzidalira Wekha Pa Intaneti (ASATAN) [[FLT:]] [AFLT]] Ndinu ndi Aspect Network [ASLT]] [ALT]] [ANUNILT] [Malo a Ufulu la Ufulu wa Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyambitsa maphunziro a anthu kuti akwati akhalenso ndi ufulu waukulu, osati ufulu wokhoza kukhoza. [''''kugogomezera kuti nkhondo ya ufulu wa anthu ndi kulephera kwa maukwati. [FLTFFFFFFFF] [FF] yagwiritsidwa ntchito m’nkhani zambiri za kukambirana kwa anthu ogwirizana ndi kumanga maukwati "osewera] kuti aloŵe kumanga ku ku kulephera kwa anthu atatu. Avictivesssssssss, "activey a "aset] kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi

Mapale Ovuta Kuwagwiritsa Ntchito

Chimodzi cha zopinga zachinyengo kwambiri ndicho lingaliro lakuti anthu opunduka (makamaka anzeru kapena amaganizo) sangavomereze moyenerera ukwati kapena kumvetsetsa mathayo ake. Ochita mwambo amatsutsa kuti munthu aliyense payekha ayenera kupenda udindo, akugwiritsira ntchito njira yogwirira ntchito, osati chizindikiro chotheratu. Anthu ambiri opunduka maganizo, mwachitsanzo, anganene zimene amakonda za amene amawakonda ndi kukhumba kukwatirana ndi ochirikiza. Mabungwe a a akhama amapanga chuma chonga "kuchirikiza zosankha zoyenerera zalamulo" zimene zimalola munthu kukhala ndi ufulu walamulo pamene akulandira chithandizo chakulingalira bwino.

Kulimbana ndi Ukwati Wopanda Malamulo

Kwa anthu ambiri opunduka, ukwati umachititsa kutayikiridwa kwa mapindu onga ngati Someral Security Infige (SSI), Medicaid, kapena Chigawo 8 zotsimikizira nyumba chifukwa cha ndalama za mnzawo wa muukwati zikuŵerengedwa. Izi zimapangitsa chosankha chopweteka: kukwatira munthu amene mumakonda kapena kusunga mautumiki ofunika amene mufunikira kukhala ndi moyo wodziimira. Magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe afuna kusintha zinthu monga kuwonjezeka kwa malire a chuma, kulola kuŵerengera kwa mapindu kwa mabanja, ndi kulola ukwati kukhala chinthu chosayenerera. Mayiko ena atengera "Medicaid programu zogulira zinthu zimene zimalola anthu kugwira ntchito ndi kupindula pamene ali okwatirana, koma boma likupitirizabe kulephera.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Makolo ndi wa Banja

Ngakhale pamene munthu wopunduka wakwatiwa, angayang'anizane ndi kusankhidwa ngati asankha kukhala ndi ana. Nkhani za mabungwe a zaumoyo wa ana amene akuyesa kukhala ndi kholo lopunduka n’zosayenerera kwenikweni chifukwa cha kupezedwa kwawo. National Council on Disability [Ufulu wa 2020] Lipoti la "Kulera ndi Kulephera" kupeza kuti makolo okhala ndi zolemala ali othekera kwambiri kuchotsedwa ndi ana awo ndi kusungidwa ndi ana awo ndipo ali osavuta kulandira chichirikizo kuwathandiza mwachipambano. Magulu a ana a Advocacy amagwira ntchito yolera ndi mphamvu monga mphamvu ya kupunduka kwa kuzoloŵera ndi kukonza zinthu ndi kukonza zinthu monga [FL: M.Active Active Active Active Active ): kutsimikizira kuti ana ali okhoza kupambana.

Kusiyana: Kusagwirizana, Fuko, Kugonana kwa Amuna ndi Akazi

Anthu amene ali ndi vutoli amasalidwanso kwambiri chifukwa cha anthu ena.

  • LBTQ+ anthu olumala: Iwo anamenya nkhondo ya ukwati wa kugonana (umene unali wovomerezedwa ndi boma mu US mu 2015) ndi zopinga zina zogwirizana. Ambiri amayang'anizana ndi tsankho lamitundu iŵiri, ndipo opereka chithandizo amakana kutumikira okwatirana kumene mwamuna kapena mkazi ali wopunduka ndi LGBTQ+.
  • Akazi opunduka: [[FLT :1] m'mbiri, akazi olumala anatsutsidwa mopambanitsa popanda chilolezo. Lerolino, angakakamizidwe kusakwatira kapena kukhala ndi ana, kaŵirikaŵiri amauzidwa kuti mimba ikakhala "harm" mkhalidwe wawo. Matenda a Maynard [Magazine] (mkazi wa kansa ya ubongo yosachiritsika amene anasamukira ku Oregon kuti adziphe) anakulitsa kuzindikira ponena za mmene IMPUFORF pa thupi la munthu. [Kuphatikizapo chigamulo cha kukwatira kapena kusakwatira kupunduka.]
  • Anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana opunduka: Gulu la eugenic linalimbana mwachindunji ndi madera a ku Africa ndi Eni America, okhala ndi kutsekedwa kokakamiza kopitirizabe mpaka m'ma 1970. Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi kusadalira kwakukulu kwa njira zamankhwala ndi zamalamulo zimene zimasiyanitsa zopunduka, kupanga zoyenera za ukwati zogwirizana ndi chilungamo cha fuko.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse: Malamulo a Maukwati ndi Kulephera kwa Dziko Lonse

Ngakhale kuti nkhani ino ikukhudza kwambiri dziko la United States, mfundo yakuti ufulu wa anthu a m’banja ndi kupunduka ndi yokhudzana ndi mavuto a m’mayiko ambiri.

  • Chachina chimaletsa ukwati wa anthu odwala matenda ena a maganizo kufikira 2021, pamene Lamulo latsopano la Chiŵeniŵeni linachotsa chiletso cha chitamba, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kumakhala kosagwirizana.
  • Japan imalola makhoti abanja kukana ukwati kwa munthu wopunduka ngati chinthu chotetezera, kutchula nkhaŵa za udindo.
  • Maiko ambiri mu Afirika ndi Middle East ali ndi malamulo osonkhezera amene amaletsa anthu opunduka maganizo kukwatira popanda chilolezo kuchokera ku bungwe la zamankhwala.

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a mitundu yonse, monga ngati Msonkhano wa United Nations pa Ufulu wa Anthu Opunduka (CRPD) , kuzindikira bwino kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndi kupeza banja (Article 23). Komabe, kusungitsa kuli kofooka, ndipo maiko ambiri osatsata malamulo awo a m'dziko kuti agwirizane. Activits kuzungulira dziko lapansi amagwiritsira ntchito CRPD monga chiŵiya chopimira, koma kupita patsogolo nkochedwa.

Nkhani Zamakono ndi Malangizo Am’tsogolo

Ngakhale kuti kwatha zaka zambiri akudzivutitsa, anthu opunduka amapitirizabe kuyang’anizana ndi zopinga zapadera za ukwati.

Kupeza Luso Lothandiza Kubalanso (ART)

Anthu ambiri opunduka amafunikira ART , monga ngati IVF, surrogbeas, kapena ma sperm / egg akupereka chopereka cha mwana wobadwa ndi . Komabe, machipatala akubala nthaŵi zina amakana chithandizo kwa anthu opunduka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kwa makolo. Malamulo ena a inshuwalansi amaletsa kutetezera mabanja amene mwamuna kapena mkazi ali ndi chilema, kuuza kuti "opanga magetsi. Activis amaitana kuti atetezere mankhwala otetezera ku kubala.

Laisensi ya Ukwati Ipezeka

Ngakhale kuti makhoti ayamba kupezeka bwino, palinso zinthu zina zimene zimafunika. Mwachitsanzo, anthu osamva angafunikire omasulira chinenero cha manja pa mwambo wa ukwati . Ndipo alembi ena amakana kuwapatsa, kunena kuti si zofunikira. Anthu ovutika maganizo angafunikire kufotokoza mosavuta malamulo a ukwati; ochirikiza mfundo za malamulo a dziko lonse.

Chilungamo Chobalanso

Kugwetsedwa kwaposachedwapa kwa Roe v. Wade (2022]) kwayambukira modabwitsa anthu ndi kulumala, amene ali kale othekera kukhala osauka, amadalira pa mapindu a anthu onse, ndi zopinga za kuwonana kuti apeze chisamaliro cha kuchotsa mimba. Kwa ena, kulephera kuchotsa mimba ngati mimba iumitsa chilema angawakakamize kusankha zochita pa ukwati. Ochirikiza chilungamo akuyesayesa kutsimikizira kuti kuchotsa mimba kudakali mbali ya nkhondo ya kubadwa kwa thupi, imene imayenderana ndi munthu woyenerera kuti akwatirane.

Chuma Chitatha

Ngakhale anthu opunduka atakwatira kapena kukwatiwa, nthawi zambiri amalangidwa pa zandalama. Ukwati "ndalama" mu SSI ndi Medicaid ungasiye okwatirana omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa ndiponso othandizidwa pang'ono kuposa anthu aŵiri osakwatira. Anthu ena amasankha kusakwatirana mwalamulo kuti asunge mapindu . Ndi kusankha kumene mabanja osapunduka, osapunduka safuna kuyang'anizana. Okonza malamulo akuganizira kwambiri za kuchepetsa mapindu a ukwati, kulola anthu opunduka kuti akwatirane popanda kuopa kutaya chithandizo cha moyo.

Kumaliza: Kupitirizabe Kumenyera Ufulu Wosalingana

Ukwati si ufulu walamulo ayi; ndi chisonyezero chachikulu cha chikondi, kudzipereka, ndi kudzilamulira. Gulu lomenyera ufulu wachilema lamenya nkhondo kutsimikizira kuti anthu opunduka sachotsedwa m'bungwe limeneli chifukwa cha tsankho, malamulo achikale, kapena kupindula ndi mabwalo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo odziŵika monga ADA ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana monga CRPD akupereka ziŵiya zofunika, mfundo yeniyeni nzakuti pali zopinga zambiri. Kulimbana ndi ufulu wa ukwati . Kulimbana ndi kupunduka kumeneku nkofunika kutsutsa malingaliro a makolo, kuteteza ufulu wa makolo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za luso lawo, angasankhe kukwatira, kupanga mabanja, ndi kupanga miyoyo yawo. Kusintha kwa ufulu wa ukwati ndi ufulu wa kumachita zinthu kumatikumbutsa kuti kuyenera kuwona, koma kusasintha kwalamulo, amene ali ndi malingaliro abwino a kutha, ndi chikondi.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Mboni:1]