Kufotokoza Kuswa Ufulu wa Anthu m’America Wamakono

Ufulu wa anthu ndiwo zitsimikizo zazikulu za kuchitiridwa mofanana ndi kutetezeredwa ndi lamulo. Pamene ufulu umenewu ukanidwa kapena kuswedwa mwachindunji chifukwa cha kukhala m’kalasi lotetezeredwa, kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe kumachitika. Kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe kumeneku sikumangotanthauza kuchita zinthu mwachisawawa za kulolerana; kuphatikizapo malamulo a dongosolo la zinthu, kukondera, ndi machitidwe a boma amene amavulaza kwambiri magulu opatulidwa. Ku United States, mafotokozedwe alamulo a kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe amaloŵetsamo tsankho, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana (kuphatikizapo malingaliro a kugonana ndi kudziŵika kwa mwamuna m'mayiko ambiri), chiyambi, zaka, kupunduka, kapena kulephera kwa anthu.

Zitsanzo zofala za kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe zimaphatikizapo kulembedwa ntchito kapena kukwezedwa kwa ntchito, kupeza nyumba kapena kubwereketsa ngongole, kusadzisunga kwa apolisi monga kuchirikiza fuko kapena kuchulukitsa kwa anthu, kutsendereza njira zokanira anthu ochepa okhala ndi zilema, ndi kukana malo okhala oyenera kwa anthu opunduka. Kumvetsetsa chimene chimapanga kuswedwa ndiko sitepe loyamba lopezera mankhwala alamulo ndi kuchititsa oswa lamulo kukhala oŵerengera mlandu.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Malamulo Oyenera Achiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo amakono otetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe mu United States ali pa lamulo loikidwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 3520, lowonjezera pa malamulo otsatira amene anawonjezera chitetezo ku magulu ena. Malamulo ofunika kwambiri akuphatikizapo:

  • Lamulo la Chigawo la 1964: Lamulo la mwala wamwala limeneli limaletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu, maprogramu audindo, ndi ntchito. Umutwe VII, makamaka, umaletsa tsankho la ntchito lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu ndipo unachititsa bungwe la Ault Opportunity Commission (EOC).
  • Act ya Zovoting Rights ya 1965: adatsimikiza kuchotsa njira zosankhira mlandu, monga ngati kuyesa kulemba ndi kufunsira, kachitidwe kameneka kakonzedwanso mobwerezabwereza ndipo kakhalabe chida chosuliza kutsendereza wovota.
  • Act ya 1968: Lamulo limeneli limaletsa tsankho m'malonda, pa lendi, kapena ndalama zopezera nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kubadwa kwa dziko, malo apamwamba, kapena kupunduka. Ilo limalamulidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Hospital ndi Urban Development (HUD).
  • A ku America Okhala ndi Chilema Act (ADA) ya 1990: ADA imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu olumala m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo ntchito, malo ogona a anthu onse, zoyendera, ndi za pa telefoni.
  • Title IX of the Educations of the Education Amendments ya 1972: Mutu wa IX umaletsa tsankho la kugonana m’programu iriyonse ya maphunziro kapena ntchito ya kulandira chithandizo cha boma cha ndalama, kuthetsera nkhani za maseŵera kuchokera ku mwaŵi wakuvutitsa ndi kuukira chisembwere.

Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kapena magulu achikuto osaphatikizidwa pansi pa lamulo la boma, monga ngati kachitidwe ka kugonana ndi kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi m’maiko ambiri.

Ntchito ya Lamulolo

Pambali pa lamulo la lamulo, Malamulo a United States amapereka chitetezo chofunika kwambiri pa kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mtengo wa 14th Eclimate Protection Claus umaletsa kukana munthu aliyense wofanana pansi pa lamulo, kutumikira monga maziko a malamulo ndi zochita zotsutsa. Lamulo la First Conformation limatetezera ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa ndi kuchonderera boma kuti libwezetse zidandaulo, zimene zili zofunika pa zoyenera za anthu. Chigawo cha 1983 cha mutu 42 wa U.S. Chikalata cha Zikalata cha U.

Kukakamiza Malamulo: Mmene Malamulo Osunga Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni Amalimbikitsidwira

Magulu Odzipereka pa Kukakamiza

Mabungwe ambiri a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kufufuza madandaulo, kupereka zitsogozo, ndi kubweretsa malamulo kuti asungitse malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:

  • .Aqualial Opportunity Commission (EOC): Udindo wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa tsankho pantchito. EEOC imafufuza milandu ya tsankho, kuyesa kuithetsa mwa kukhazikitsa, ndi kulembetsa milandu ya ophedwa. Imalongosolanso malangizo amene amasintha mmene olemba ntchito amagwirizanira ndi Thet VII, ADA, ndi Nyengo ya Udindo.
  • Department of Justice (DOJ): Chigamulo cha Chisankho cha Chisungiko cha DOJ chimaletsa tsankho m'kusanthula, nyumba, maphunziro, kusungidwa kwa lamulo, ndi malo ogona a anthu. Chingayambitse kufufuza kochitidwa ndi kuweruza milandu motsutsana ndi makampani opatulana.
  • Malo a Nyumba ndi Urban Development (HUD): [1] Office of Fair House and Aumement Option imakakamiza Fair Home Act mwa kufufuza madandaulo a kusankhana nyumba, kuchititsa kupenda kugonjera, ndi kulondola mankhwala a boma kapena a zamalamulo.
  • Department of the Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR): OCR imakakamiza kuti pakhale mutu IX , Gawo 504 la Lamulo la Rehabilitation, ndi malamulo ena a ufulu wa anthu m'mabungwe a maphunziro amene amalandira ndalama za boma. Imafufuza madandaulo ndi kumanitsa ndalama za boma ku mabungwe osagwirizana ndi boma.

Boma ndi Zoyenera za Boma

Maboma ambiri ndi makampani akhazikitsa makampani awoawo a ufulu wachibadwidwe kapena mabungwe a maunansi a anthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa amayang'anira madandaulo pansi pa lamulo la boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kubisa magulu otetezedwa, monga ngati kukhala m’banja, kugwirizana ndi ndale, kapena magwero a ndalama. Angapereke njira yofulumira, yowonjezereka yopangira chigamulo kuposa mabungwe a boma. M'mayiko ena, mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi “mapangano ogwirizana ndi EEOC, kulola chidandaulo chimodzi kugamulidwa pansi pa malamulo a boma ndi boma panthaŵi imodzi.

Malamulo a Mseri ndi Machitidwe a M’gulu

Anthu amene aphwanya ufulu wa anthu angalembe mlandu wachinsinsi ku khoti la boma kapena m'boma.

  • Kuzenga mlandu kwa anthu: Wovutitsidwayo amatsutsa mwachindunji, kufunafuna chiwombolo ndi chilango, malipiro a loya, ndi kuchepetsa. Malamulo ambiri a ufulu wa anthu, kuchepa kwa mankhwala a kulamulira (m.g., kuphatikiza ndi EEOC) kufunikira asanakonze suti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzenga mlandu kwa kachitidwe: Pamene gulu lalikulu la anthu lavulazidwa ndi kachitidwe kofanana, kachitidwe ka kalasi kalola woimira mmodzi kapena ochulukira kuimbidwa mlandu m'malo mwa kalasi lonse. Njira imeneyi iri yopindulitsa kwambiri m'nkhani za tsankho la dongosolo la zinthu, monga ngati kulembedwa ntchito kapena malo osungiramo anthu, kumene kuvomereza kwa munthu kungakhale kwaching'ono kwambiri kulungamizira mlandu.

Kulimbana Kosiyana Kothetsa Vuto (ADR)

Mabungwe ambiri amalimbikitsa kuti mabungwe apereke chilolezo kapena kugamulidwa monga njira ina yovomerezeka. ADR ingakhale yofulumira, yosasinthasintha, ndiponso yosinthasintha kwambiri pokonza njira zopangira mankhwala. Nthaŵi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa milandu ya tsankho la ntchito ndiponso ndi AUD podandaula za kusoŵa pokhala. Pamene kuli kwakuti ADR siingakhale yoyenerera pa zochitika zonse (m’maganizo, nkhani zokhudza khalidwe loipa loopsa kumene anthu akufunika), imapereka njira yabwino yothetsera mavuto a anthu ambiri.

Njira Zothetsera Mavuto Mwalamulo Zilipo kwa Ovutika

Pamene kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe kwavomerezedwa, makhoti angapereke mphotho ya mankhwala osiyanasiyana opangitsa wochitiridwa zoipayo kukhala wathunthu, kulanga wolakwayo, ndi kuletsa kuswa malamulo mtsogolo.

Kuwononga Kwauchigaŵenga

Cholinga cha kubwezera wovulazidwayo patawonongeka zenizeni.

  • Malipiro ndi mapindu otayika (zakale ndi zamtsogolo)
  • Ndalama zowonongedwa, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ndi uphungu
  • Kupweteka ndi kuvutika, kuvutika maganizo
  • Kuwonongeka kwa Mbiri
  • Kuchotsapo ndalama zowonongedwa chifukwa cha kuswa lamulolo (m’njira yachidule, kusamuka kwa ndalama kukakakamiza kusamuka chifukwa cha tsankho)

Kuvulazidwa

Ziwombolo za chilango zimaperekedwa m'nkhani zimene wophwanyayo anachita ndi njiru, mphwayi, kapena kukondera kwadala. Zowawa zowonjezereka zimenezi siziyenera kubwezera wozikwiyitsayo koma kukhaulitsa wolakwayo ndi kuletsa khalidwe lofanana ndi la ena. Pansi pa lamulo la boma, ziwombolo zimaperekedwa mu Thet VII ndi ADA milandu yozikidwa pa ukulu wa bwana (m’jere, kwa mabwana 500+ antchito, kabatiyo ndi $300,000). M'chaka cha 1983 kuweruza kwa akuluakulu a boma, chilango chingaperekedwe ngati nduna ichita ndi zolinga zoipa kapena kusasamala.

Chithandizo Chofooketsa

Kuthetsa vutoli ndi lamulo la khoti loletsa munthu kuphwanya lamulo, kuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse vutolo, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kuti munthu asabwererenso. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Lamulo lolemba kapena kuchirikiza wovutitsidwayo
  • Anapempha bwana wake kuti atsatire malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana ndi ena ndiponso kuti aphunzire
  • Analamula mwininyumba kuti abwereke nyumba kwa munthu amene wadwalayo kapena kuti apeze malo ogona
  • Kusankha boma kuti likhale lalamulo

Kuchepetsako nkhaŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ndiko mankhwala amphamvu koposa m’zochitika za dongosolo la zinthu chifukwa chakuti kumasintha khalidwe limene linapangitsa kuswa lamulolo.

Chithandizo cha Kulengeza

Chigamulo chopereka chiweruzo ndi chigamulo cha khoti cha ufulu walamulo ndi mathayo a zipanizo. Pamene kuli kwakuti sichimapereka chiwombolo kapena lamulo, chingamveketse lamulolo ndi kukhala maziko a chithandizo chotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, khoti lingalengeze kuti lamulo la polisi loletsa lagand îfrisk limaswa Lamulo la Fourth Amendment, likumatsegula khomo la kuvulaza kapena lamulo lovulaza pambuyo pake.

Zofunika ndi Zotayika za Attorney

Malamulo ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Thetwe VII, Fair House Act, ndi Chigawo 1983, amalola ofufuza kupeza ndalama zoyenerera za loya ndi ndalama zolipiridwa kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa ngofunika kwambiri chifukwa amatheketsa mikhole kupeza chizindikiro chalamulo ngakhale pamene mphotho yothekerayo iri yochepetseka, podziŵa kuti loyayo angalipidwe ndi wolakwayo.

Ntchito ya Mabungwe a Uphunzitsi

Mabungwe a boma amene sali a boma amathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuimira ufulu wa anthu, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo, ndiponso kuphunzitsa anthu kuti asinthe malamulo. Zitsanzo zina zapamwamba ndi izi:

  • American Liberties Union (ACLU): Kupyolera mu ofesi yake ya dziko ndi mamembala a kumaloko, ACLU abweretsa milandu kuti asungitse ufulu walamulo ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi kusumika maganizo pa kulankhula mwaufulu, zachinsinsi, chilungamo cha fuko, ndi LGBTQ+ zoyenera.
  • [[FLT: 0] NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF): LDF ndi gulu lotchuka lalamulo lolimbana ndi chisalungamo chaufuko, makamaka m’maphunziro, kuvota, chilungamo cha upandu, ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma. Ilo linali chida m'nkhani zowonekera monga Brown v. Board of Education .
  • National Fair House Alliance (NFHA): gulu limeneli limagwira ntchito kuchotsa tsankho la kumanga nyumba kupyolera mwa kudyerera, maphunziro, ndi kusungitsa, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwirizana ndi HUD ndi malo osungirako a kumalo akwawo.
  • Lambda Malamulo: Gulu la dziko lodzipereka kufikitsa kuyenera kwachibadwidwe kwa LGBTQ+ anthu, kugwiritsira ntchito kuvomereza, malamulo a boma, ndi maphunziro.

Magulu ameneŵa samaimira mikhole yokha komanso amachita “kuyesa” ofufuza a mafuko osiyanasiyana kapena akazi kuti aone ngati akuchitiridwa mosiyana ndi ena [“ kuvumbula tsankho ndi kubweretsa nkhani.

Mavuto Opitirizabe

Mosasamala kanthu za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo kwamphamvu, zopinga zambiri zimadodometsa kusungidwa kwa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Kupimidwa kwa Zinthu

Mabungwe a boma monga EEOC ndi DOJ’s Civil Rights Division akhala akuyang'anizana ndi kusoŵeka kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kusoŵa kwa antchito. Mwachitsanzo, EEOC, ili ndi zinenezo zikwi zambiri, ndipo madandaulo ambiri samafufuzidwa. Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ndalama zocheperapo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kuswa malamulo ambiri sikumachitidwa, ndipo mikhole ingadikire zaka zambiri kaamba ka chigamulo.

Mabakiya Opangidwa ndi Makompyuta ndi Okwanira

Tsankho limakhazikika m'malamulo ndi machitachita amene amawonekera kukhala auchete koma osatetezereka. Mwachitsanzo, ziyeneretso za ntchito zimene sizigwirizana ndi kugwira ntchito zingachotseretu anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana; malamulo ochepera opanga ndalama zokwanira pa 769asize tions omwe ali aang'ono kwambiri. Kuchotsa lamulo limachititsa chiyambukiro choipa kwambiri pa gulu lotetezedwa ndi umboni waluso, zimene zingakhale zokwera mtengo ndi zopereka nthaŵi.

Kuopa Kubwezera

Opatulidwa ambiri amaopa kudandaula m’makalata chifukwa cha mantha oopsa obwezera. Kubwezera akunena kuti . "kumene munthu amalangidwa chifukwa cha kukondera kapena kutenga nawo mbali m’zoyenera za anthu zomwe zikuchitika / ndi mtundu wofala wa mlandu woperekedwa ndi EEOC. Ogwira ntchito angaike pangozi ya kuwomberedwa, kuchotsedwa, kapena kuvutitsidwa; ongidwa angakumane ndi kuchotsedwa kapena kuwonjezereka kwa lendi; ophunzira angayang'ane ndi ntchito yopereka chilango. Popanda kutetezera kwamphamvu kwa oimba ndi chikhalidwe chimene chimalimbikitsa kusimba, kuswa malamulo ambiri kumakhala kobisika.

Kucholoŵana kwa Malamulo

Kuyenera kwa nzika kumafuna maluso. Malamulo a kulephera kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala masiku 180 kapena 300 kwa milandu ya EEOC, ndipo zofunika zachibadwa zonga ngati mankhwala otopetsa a boma asanasunge nkhonya zopanda chidziŵitso. Ndiponso, akatswiri ambiri alamulo ayenera kuyendetsa malamulo popanda loya; ngakhale kuti malamulo ena amasintha ndalama, kupeza loya wofunitsitsa kuchita cholakwa kungakhale kovuta, makamaka m’malo osapereka phindu monga kumanga nyumba kapena kuyenera kwa kupunduka.

Kusintha kwa Zandale ndi Zachiweruzo

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe kwasintha kwambiri malinga ndi zofunika za ndale zadziko za boma lililonse. Maulamuliro ena angachepetse malamulo, kufotokoza mopepuka za magulu otetezeredwa, kapena kukhazikitsa oweruza amene amakayikira ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Shelby County v. Baker . (2013) anaswa lamulo lalikulu la Vong Rights Act, kulola maulamuliro a mbiri ya tsankho kusintha malamulo a kusanthula popanda kugamula kwa boma. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa mavoti a voti.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Njira Yopita Patsogolo

Lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe likupitiriza kusintha. Mu 2020, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula Bostock v. Clayton County kuti tsankho la ntchito pamaziko a kugonana kapena chisembwere ndi mtundu wa tsankho la kugonana loletsedwa ndi Thetter VII . Malamulo a boma akhala okangalika, ndi maboma angapo amene amakhazikitsa malamulo oyenera a nyumba, kuŵerengera mlandu kwa apolisi, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa kusanthula.

Luso la zopangapanga limabutsanso mavuto atsopano: Maajensi ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kulemba ntchito, mapulogalamu a nyumba, ndi ma ngongole angawonjezere tsankho popanda kukondera kwa anthu. EEOC ndi mabungwe ena akufufuza mmene angagwiritsire ntchito malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ku luntha lopanga ndi kupanga zosankha za kampani. Panthaŵi ino, kuwonjezeka kwa mawailesi akanema kwapangitsa kulemba ndi kuswa malamulo, komanso kuchititsa ngozi za kuvutitsa ndi kuvutitsa anthu amene akulankhula.

Kwa anthu amene avutika ndi ochirikiza boma, njira yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri nthaŵi zambiri imaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zosungitsira lamulo: kukambirana ndi bungwe la boma, kuweruza mlandu wachinsinsi, kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a zauchigawenga, ndi kukakamiza opanga malamulo kuti asinthe. Mphamvu zimachokera m’kulimbikira ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu m’mbali zonse za chitaganya.

Kumaliza

Kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu kumapitirizabe m’moyo wa ku America, koma malamulo amathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu asinthe. Kumvetsa njira zowasungitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaudindozo ndi zochita za anthu pagulu, ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe alipo kumathandiza anthu ndi anthu kukhazikitsa ufulu wawo. Kulimbana kuti afanane ndi anthu onse kukupitirizabe, koma kumangidwa kwa malamulo ndi mabungwe omangidwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo kumapereka maziko olimba. Kuyang’anira, kuyang’anira, ndi kufunitsitsa kuchititsa ophwanya malamulowo kupitirizabe, kupitirizabe kuyang’anira chilungamo.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za kukonza chilolezo cha tsankho la ntchito ndi EEOC [1] → → .U.S. Dipatimenti ya Chigamulo cha Chigamulo Chachikulu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .