Mbiri Yokhudza Kupatsana Ufulu

Kulimbana kwa ufulu wosankha kumaloŵa m’mitundu ya demokrase, yokhala ndi mbiri yolemera ndi yotsutsidwa kwambiri mu United States. Demokrase ya ku America yoyambirira inali ndi malire aakulu: kuvota kunali mwaŵi wosungidwa kwa amuna oyera, okhala ndi katundu. Kupatuka kumeneku kunazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti awo okha okhala ndi mtengo wowoneka m’zachuma ndiwo angadaliridwe kupanga zosankha zandale zadziko. Mkati mwa zaka mazana otsatira, mpambo wa magulu osintha zinthu anachotsedwa pa malire ameneŵa, kufutukulidwa pang’onopang’ono ndi kuphatikizapo nzika zambiri.

Kufutukuka kwakukulu koyamba kunachitika ndi kutha kwa ziyeneretso za katundu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, koma fuko ndi ukazi zinakhalabe zopinga. Mpambo wa 15 ndi kuwonjezera, unavomerezedwa mu 1870, unaletsa kukana kuyenera kwa kuvota pa fuko, komabe Southern State inakhazikitsa mofulumira zoletsa mwa kufunsira, mayeso a kuŵerengera, mayeso a kuwerenga, ndi kuopseza kwachiwawa. Jim Conrow ameneyu anachotsadictive otchuka ku Aamereka a ku Africa kwa zaka zana limodzi. Akaziwo analetsa kugawana nawo ntchito yawo, kumaliza kukhazikitsa ku Demendementmentment ya 19 mu 1920, pomalizira pake anasunga voti akazi pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za ntchito, mautumiki, matola, ndi kutsutsa. Anthu a ku America anapezadipo ndi kulanditsa ufulu kutuluka kwa ufulu wa ku Indiana kwa zaka za 1924, ngakhale kuti maboma ambiri anapitirizabe kuletsa kutenga nawo mbali yawo kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo kwa boma mu 1920, kukhazikitsa malamulo otsutsa ndi kuukira malamulo posachedwapa, kugawa kwa otsutsa, kutsutsa, .

Padziko lonse, chivomerezo chakhala chofanana. Kumvetsa chigawo chonse cha anthu achikulire kumathandiza kukonza nkhondo zimene zikuchitika ku United States, kumene ufulu wosankha udakali wosiyana. Akazi ku Switzerland sanapeze ufulu wosankha masankho mpaka 1971; ku Saudi Arabia, akazi, choyamba anavota mu 2015. Kumvetsa chigawo cha padziko lonse kumathandiza kukonza nkhondo zimene zikuchitika ku United States, kumene ufulu wosankha umakhalabe wogwira ntchito ndiponso wopikisana.

Gulu Losonkhezera: Kuphunzira Kulimbana ndi Anthu

Gulu la Suffgela linapanga zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi aŵiri. Atsogoleri oyambirira onga Elizabeth Cady Stanton ndi Susan B. Anthony analinganiza Seneca Falls Convention mu 1848, kutulutsa Chikalata cha Seneca Falls chomwe chinafuna ufulu wosankha akazi. Gululo linayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chowopsa, otsutsa akutsutsa kuti akazi anali otengeka maganizo kwambiri kapena osazindikira kuvota. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, gulu logaŵidwa kaya kuti likhale ndi kulinganiza amuna Akuda pa masuffin. Kuchoka kwa Malamulo 19 kunali chotulukapo cha kulinganiza udzu wosalekeka, mabwalo, kuukira, njala, ndi kusonkhezera. Atsogoleri onga Alice ndi a National Wodwala anagwiritsiridwa ntchito ntchito, kuphatikizapo kuchotsa nyumba ya White, imene inatsogolera ndi kumanga nkhondo yamwazikulu m'ka ndi kutumiza njala mu August 1920.

Komabe, ku South America, akazi ambiri a ku America anachotsedwa mpaka mu 1924, ndipo akazi ambiri analetsedwa kukhala nzika mpaka m’ma 1950. Akazi akuda ku South anapitirizabe kuyang’anizana ndi misonkho ya kufunsira ndi mayeso a kuŵerengera. Motero choloŵa cha bungwe la asuffice ndicho chachipambano ndi chosakwanira, chikumbutso chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri kupambana kwa lamulo kumafuna kukhala odikira.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Lamulo Lopereka Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Kugwirizana kwa ufulu wa anthu kwa m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 kunapanga ufulu wovota kukhala chinthu chachikulu. Chitsutso chankhanza cha wovota B B [1] Chikuwonjezera ndi kuphedwa kwa ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu monga Medgar Evers ndi “Londolo” lachiwawa la pa Sande ku Selma, Alabama . Anazemba dziko ndi malingaliro a anthu. Lyntondon B. Johnson anavomera mwa kukakamiza Voting Rights Act ya 1965 kudzera m'chigawo cha Congress. Lamulo la malamulo la malamulo oletsa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, lopereka uyang'aniro wa boma ndi mbiri ya tsankho, ndipo anafuna kuti boma livomereze anthu asanasinthe malamulo osankha.

Chiyambukiro chinakhalapo mwamsanga. Mkati mwa zaka zoŵerengeka, kulembetsa kwa Black wovota ku South anawonjezeka. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mississippi, kulembetsa kwakuda kunakwera kuchokera pa 7.% mu 1964 kufika pa 60% podzafika mu 1968. Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act chimaonedwa kukhala limodzi la malamulo apamwamba kwambiri a ufulu wa anthu amene anakhazikitsidwapo. Komabe, mu 2013, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Shelby County v. Khoti la m'manja lachita pulogalamu yodziŵira malamulo ofunikira kuyambirira kulowa m'dziko, kukhazikitsa lamulo lachinsinsi. Mabungwe alephera kwambiri kupitirira lamulo lokhudza ufulu wosankha, kusiya zosankha zambiri zokhudza kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Malamulo Aakulu Oletsa Kulandira Ufulu Wamakono

Pambuyo pa Lamulo la Kusankha Ufulu wa Anthu, malamulo ena angapo afotokoza za malo ovota ku United States.

Chikalata cha National Voter Britage Act (1993)

Chikalata chotchuka chotchedwa “Motor Voter Act,” lamulo limeneli linafuna kuti anthu apereke mwayi wovota pamene nzika za kampani zifunsira kapena kubwezeretsa laisensi yawo ya dalaivala, ndi makalata, ndi ku mabungwe othandiza anthu. Cholinga chinali chakuti apange kulembetsa koyenera ndi kosavuta. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti kalemberako kawonjezereka makamaka pakati pa ndalama zotsika ndi anthu ochepa. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakhala kosiyana, ndi maboma ena amene amatsutsa kuvomereza kotheratu.

Thandizo la America Vote Act (2002)

Atapatsidwa ntchito yoyankha pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2000 chosokonezeka . . Ndi mawilo opachika, madoko a gulugunda, ndi kutsutsana nawo Florida . HAVA adakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera ya oyang'anira masankho. Inapereka ndalama zothandizira ziwiya zatsopano zovota, inachititsa bungwe la Ecommotion Aption Commission , ndipo inafuna maboma kukhazikitsa mathekishoni a voti ya boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti HaVA anawongolera luso lopanga mavoti ndi kupezeka, inachititsanso kukangana pa ndandanda yosungira ovota, nthaŵi zinatulukapo zochotsa zolakwika zolondola zovomerezedwa ndi boma.

Zoyesayesa Zaposachedwapa za Gulu la Maboma: Chikalata cha Anthu ndi Chikalata cha John Lewis Chopititsa Patsogolo Ufulu Wawo

Poyankha chiletso cha kuvota chapamwamba pa dziko pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2020, Congress inalinganiza kusintha kokulira. kwa People Act (H.R. 1) akadafutukulira kuvota koyambirira, kufuna kulembetsa kodzifunira, ndi kuchepetsa kochepa kwa chisankho. John Lewis Voting Agreement Act cholinga cha kubwezeretsa makonzedwe a kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo lapasadale ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. Mapepala onse aŵiri anapatula Nyumba koma anaikidwa m'bwalo la malamulo chifukwa cha Divicebuster. Kulephera kwawo kumagogomezera kuyenera kwa boma kwa kuvota, kusiya nkhani yaikulu ku boma ndi makhoti.

Zopinga Zopitirizabe ndi Mavuto Obwera M’tsogolo

Despite legal advances, substantial barriers to voting remain. These obstacles often disproportionately affect communities of color, low-income individuals, young people, and the elderly.

Muzikhala ndi Malamulo a Chikalata

Kufikira 2024, maboma 36 ali ndi malamulo ofuna kapena kupempha mtundu wina wa kuvota. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti ma ID amaletsa chinyengo cha kuyerekezera (ngakhale kuti chinyengo chotero nchachilendo kwambiri). Osuliza amatsutsa malamulo opanga mtolo wosayenerera kwa awo amene alibe ma chithunzi a boma, monga ngati nzika zaumphaŵi, ophunzira, ndi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti ofufuza sangakhale ndi maidi ofunikira, ndipo mtengo ndi ndalama za kupezera munthu mmodzi zingaletsedwe. Maboma onga Texas ndi North Dakota ali ndi zikalata zolumbiro zokhwima; makhoti agonjetsa kapena kusintha malamulo angapo kaamba ka kuyambukira kwa wailesi.

Malo Opusitsa ndi Mizere Yaitali

Pakati pa 2012 ndi 2018, mayiko amene anali ndi mbiri ya tsankho anatseka malo ambiri ofufuza, kaŵirikaŵiri m'madera ambiri a anthu akuda kapena a ku Spain. Kutsekedwa kumeneku kuchititsa ovota kuyenda ulendo wautali, kudikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuphonya ntchito kapena maudindo ena. Msonkhano wa Leadership on Civil and Human Rights of Human Rights unasimba kuti mu 2020, madera ena a Black Counters ku Georgia anayang'anizana ndi maora angapo, pamene magawo a a azungu anali ndi mizere yaifupi. Malamulo oterewa anapeputsa lamulo la ufulu wolowamo.

Kuchotsa Matanthwe a Voter

Maboma nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi amayeretsa mavoti awo kuti achotse anthu akufa, anthu amene asamuka, kapena ogwidwa ndi mlandu wa mafea. Komabe, kuchotsa koopsa nthaŵi zina kumachotsa osankha popanda chidziŵitso chokwanira. Mlandu wodziŵika unachitika mu Georgia mu 2018, pamene kulembetsa kokwanira pafupifupi 300,000 kunachotsedwa kaamba ka “insati, . ambiri ochokera kumadera ochepa. Mabungwe Apamwamba 2018 a mu [FLT: 0]. A. Philip Randolph Institute [1] adachirikiza njira yoyeretsa ya Ohio, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chingalimbikitse mapangano ofanana ndi amene alipo. Magulu onga [FLT:] Brankiti a Justice [FF:]

Kukhumudwa Kochititsa Chidwi

M'mayiko ambiri, anthu omangidwa chifukwa cha mabwinja amataya ufulu wawo wovota, nthaŵi zambiri kosatha. Zimenezi zimayambukira anthu akuda, amene amaikidwa m’ndende pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Ku Florida, ntchito yopanga ndalama 2018 inabwezeretsa ufulu wosankha anthu ambiri amene anali m’ndende, koma lamulo lina linafuna kuti iwowo apereke ndalama zonse ndi ndalama asanalembe , ndipo kwenikweni kuchotsanso malamulo kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pafupifupi 4,6 miliyoni a ku America akuletsedwa kuvota chifukwa cha chigamulo cha mlandu wa ndalama. Momentum ya kusintha kwa zinthu ikukula: monga Virginia ndi New York yabwezeretsa ufulu wake mwa ntchito yaudindo, koma ntchito ya malamulo ikupangitsa chisokosokosokoso.

Kudziŵa Chinenero ndi Zopinga

Voting Rights Act ikufuna malamulo ena othandizira ndi zipangizo. Komabe, anthu ambiri a ku America alibe mavoti omasulira kapena ofufuza amene amalankhula zinenero za anthu. Anthu ovutika amakumananso ndi mavuto: pafupifupi 17% ya malo ofunsirako ndi opezeka kotheratu, malinga ndi lipoti la 2020 la Boma la Authority Augness. Ngakhale kuti malamulo ambiri sathandiza kuvota ndi kusankha zinthu zofunikira, mayiko ambiri amalepherabe kukwaniritsa miyezo yofunika.

Kuphunzira ndi Kudya Moŵa

Kumenyera ufulu wosankha lerolino kumachitidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, akumagwiritsira ntchito njira zonse ziŵiri zamwambo ndi zamakono.

Mabungwe Aakulu Ophunzitsa Udindo

  • CP: Gulu lakale kwambiri la ufulu wachibadwidwe la dzikolo likupitirizabe kutsutsa ndi kusonkhezera kupondereza ovota, ndi kusumika maganizo pa South. “Iyi Ndi ndawala Yanga” imaphunzitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa ovota.
  • Chivomezi chachiniŵeni cha American Liberties Union (ACLU): A ACLU’s Voting Rights Project yatototo yatsutsa malamulo ambiri m’khoti, kuyambira pa ziyeneretso za wovota kuti alembe mapu olembedwa. Imaperekanso ziŵiya zalamulo kwa osankha oyang'anizana ndi zopinga.
  • Liague of Women Voters: Odzipereka ku maphunziro a otola, League imachititsa kulembera, olandira malo, ndi malamulo okhudza kuloŵa m'chosankha.
  • Fair Fight Action: [[FLT: 1] adapezedwa ndi Stacey Abramas pambuyo pa kutaikiridwa kwake ndi 2018 ku Georgia, gulu limeneli limasumika pa chitetezo cha wovota, kulembetsa, ndi kulimbana ndi kutsenderezedwa mwa zoyesayesa za lamulo ndi udzu.

Mizu ya Maluwa ndi Zoyesayesa Zozikidwa pa Chikhalidwe

Magulu a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi chidaliro chachikulu m'midzi. Amalinganiza kuyang'anira khomo ndi khomo, mabanki a telefoni, ndi zochitika m'matchalitchi ndi malo a anthu. M'malo a Native America, magulu onga Native American Rights Fund ntchito kutsimikizira malo ofunsira kuti ali opezeka pa malo ozembera ndi kuti chithandizo cha chinenero chikuperekedwa. Sukulu za koleji zimaona magalimoto odzisankhira otchuka a ophunzira monga Andrew Goodman Foundation “Vote Hoverse".

Mavuto a Malamulo Ndiponso Malamulo Abwino

Magulu auphunzitsi kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira ku makhoti kutsekereza malamulo oletsa. Mu 2023, NAACP Legal Defense Fund inatsutsa mwachipambano lamulo la North Carolina limene linakhazikitsa zofunika za kutsata kokhwima za mapikica, kutsutsana nalo ndi cholinga cha kutembenuza. Mabungwe a Malamulo a Malamulo a Umphaŵi [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] Kummwera kwa Lamulo la Umphaŵi nso] milandu ya m'mabuluzi kuti aletse kuyeretsa, kusamukwanidwa kwa lamulo, ndi kusocheretsa. Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri, osunga malamulo a judia judia judia amachirikiza, kupanga malamulo a boma a m'bungwe la malamulo ndi lomabwalo la osintha njira zina.

Mikhalidwe Yamakono ndi Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo

Ufulu wovota ukupitirizabe kusintha mofulumira chifukwa cha luso la zopangapanga, anthu okhala ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndiponso chifukwa cha kugaŵikana kwa ndale.

Kukula kwa Kutulutsa ndi Kutumiza Makalata Koyambirira

Maboma oposa 40 tsopano akupereka mtundu wina wa kuvota koyambirira kwa ovota, kulola ovota kuponya mavoti a ku Option Day . Maboma ambiri awonjezeranso kusatulutsa kosankha kwa opasa kapena kusanthula kwa onse. Chisankho cha 2020 chinawonjezedwa kwambiri m'kusanthula makalata chifukwa cha mliriwo, ndipo osankha ambiri avomereza kufeŵetsa. Komabe, mofanana ndi Texas ndi Georgia aika ziletso zatsopano pa kusanthula makalata, zonga kuchepetsa mabokosi ndi kufunikira kwa ovota. Mka wa pa maposi umakhalabe Dimotass , ndi Republicans .

Kulemba Malo Opanga Matambula Mwachibadwa

Maboma oposa 20 ndi District ya Columbia agwiritsira ntchito kulembetsa kodzisankhira kwa voti (AVR), kumene nzika zoyenerera zimalembetsedwa pamene zigwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma pokhapokha zitasankha. AVR yawonjezera mlingo wa kulembetsa, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi timagulu tating'ono. Brennan Center kuyerekezera AVR [2 miliyoni] angawonjezere osankhidwa ku ma ndandanda a dziko lonse ngati avomerezedwa.

Kugwirizana kwa Zipangizo za Teknoloji ndi Kupangana ndi ADR.

Apps ndi mawebusaiti onga TurboVote [FT:1] ndi Headriciation [1] Kutseguka kopepuka, kupereka zikumbutso, ndi kuthandiza ofufuza kupeza malo ofufuza. Mapulatifomu a za mayanjano amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kufalitsa chidziŵitso ndi zotsutsana. Komabe, zida zimodzimodzizo zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kufalitsa zida zonyenga ponena za chinyengo kapena akuluakulu a masankhoti, kuwonjezera kusakhulupirira. Apolisi ndi ochirikiza ayesa kulinganiza njira zoyendera kulinganiza ndi chisungiko ndi kulondola.

Kukonzanso Malo ndi Majeremanijani

Pambuyo pa 2020 Census, ikutero chigawo cha Redrew cornion ndi cha malamulo. M'mayiko ambiri, ogaŵa anatsogolera mapu kuti athandize chipani chimodzi, kuchepetsa mphamvu yosankha ya anthu ochepa ndi odziimira okha. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ena ali ndi makomiti odziimira okha, ena amalola okhazikitsa malamulo kujambula mapu popanda kuwayang'anira kwambiri. Malamulo amalemba mapu otsutsa ku Alabama, Georgia, ndi South Carolina akupitirizabe, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2023 lolamulira kuti Alabama ayenera kupanga chigawo chachiŵiri cha chigawo cha Arama cha Malamulo a chigawo cha Black Courage.

Kusintha kwa Achinyamata

Ovota achichepere (anapanga 18-29) anapanga ziŵerengero zolembedwa mu 2020, kupanga 17% ya sankho. Nkhani zofanana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ngongole ya ophunzira, ndi chiweruzo chaufuko zinasonkhezera kutengamo mbali kwakukulu. Komabe, achichepere amapasa miyeso ya m'nthaŵi ya masankho a pulezidenti ndi kugwa pakati pa nyengo. Zoyesayesa zonga Rock Vote ndi Vate. org amayang'alira kukwera kwa kalembera ndi maphunziro. Kuvota kwa zaka 16 m'masankhoti zina za kumaloko zapangidwanso, ndi maprogramungwe akusonyeza chipambano kuchiyambiyambiyambi kwa zoyendetsa ndege.

Kupeza Malo Ochitiramo Nsanja Apakati pa Eni America ndi Kumidzi

Ovota a kumidzi ndi Eni America kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi mavuto apadera: mitunda yaitali yokafufuza malo, intaneti yochepa, ndi kusoŵa zoyendera za anthu. Chikalata cha Indian Cintuityshiship cha 1924 chinapatsa Eni America ufulu wa kuvota, koma maboma ambiri anapitiriza kukhazikitsa zopinga kufikira m'ma 1970. Lerolino, mafuko ku Arizona, Montana, ndi South Dakota adagwirizana mwachipambano kufuna malo opatulirako ndi kupereka chithandizo cha chinenero. [FLT: 0] American Voting Rights Act , yoyambitsidwa mu Congress Congress , koma yosapitirira, inapereka chitetezo chimenechi.

Mfundo Zake za Padziko Lonse Ndiponso Miyezo ya Padziko Lonse

Kupatsa ufulu kumaonedwa monga ufulu waukulu wa munthu m’malamulo a dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Chilengezo cha University of Human Rights (katswiri 21) ndi International Pangano la Mapangano pa Chivomezi ndi zandale zachikhalidwe [. Mitundu ya United Nations imayang'anira masankhoswe ndi kuchirikiza machitachita abwino koposa. Pamene kuli kwakuti U.S. ndi mtsogoleri wa zolinga za democracy, dongosolo lake la kuvota lakhala ndi zopereŵereŵera zazikulu poyerekezera ndi mademocracy ena okhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, maiko onga Australia ndi Belgium ali ndi ufulu wosankha, kukwaniritsa mlingo pamwamba pa 80%. Maiko ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito kuimira kulinganiza ndandanda kwa . U.

Kumaliza: Kulimbana Kopitirizabe kaamba ka Demokrase Yosagawanika

Kupereka ufulu ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa demokalase. Nkhani ya ufulu wovota ku United States ndi imodzi ya kupita patsogolo kowonjezereka koikidwa ndi nthaŵi ya kumbuyo. Kuyambira pa nyengo yoyambika ya zinthu kufikira pa kutha kwa Jim Crow kwa dongosolo la kutha kwa nyengo, kuyambira pa kupambana kwa magulu a kuvota ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu ku nkhondo zamakono za ovota, kuchotsa, ndi kuchotsa, kumanga ndodo kutsogolo kwa chigawo cha Jim [1] koma chifukwa chakuti nzika zakhala zikuchisintha. Ntchito siichitika konse.

Kumvetsa mbiri, malamulo ofunika, ndi zopinga zamakono n’kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kutengamo mbali mokwanira. Pamene luso latsopano la zopangapanga liyamba ndi kusintha kwa anthu, nkhondo yofuna kukhala ndi anthu ofanana ikufuna kukhala yatcheru, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa pangano la udzu. Umoyo wa demokrase umadalira kutsimikizira kuti wosankha aliyense woyenerera angaike pepala lovomerezeka mwaufulu ndiponso mosakondera. Mwa kuphunzira zinthu zakale ndi kuchita ndi mavuto amene alipo, tingathandize kupanga tsogolo limene anthu onse angafunedi kuvota.