Kuyenera kwa kuvota kuli maziko a demokrase ya ku America, kugwirizanitsa ndi njira ya boma lakumaloko, la boma, ndi la boma. Komabe, ponena za ntchito yapamwamba koposa m’dzikolo — denation — ulendo wa kampani ya nzika ya kampani si mzera wachindunji ku Nyumba ya White. Mmalomwake, imadutsa pa nkhokwe ya Electoral College. Gulu limeneli lapadera ndi losamvetsetseka lili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa mmene masankhoti a prezidenti akumenyedwa, kupata, ndi kutayika. Kumvetsetsa mmene Electoral College imayambukirira mphamvu yanu ya kusanthula kuli kofunika kwa wovota aliyense amene akufuna kuyendetsa malo andale ndi kuyang'anira nawo ntchito yawo m'sankhoti ya pulezinti.

Kodi Kholiji ya Electoral Nchiyani?

Electoral College ndi njira, osati malo enieni, okhazikitsidwa mu Mfundo II, Chigawo 1 cha Malamulo a U.S. Malinga ndi National Archives [[FLT 1:1], imaphatikizapo 538 osankhira. Wosankha ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti apeze mavoti 270 osankhidwa kuti apambane. Boma lililonse limalandira chiŵerengero cha osankha olingana ndi chiŵerengero chake cha Senators (nthaŵi zonse ziŵiri) ndi Oimira Nyumba (zosiyana pa anthu). Chigawo cha Columbia chaikidwa atatu osankhidwa pansi pa 23 demestmergement. Dongo limeneli linakonzedwa mosamala kuti lilinganitse mphamvu ya mayiko aang'ono ndi aakulu, monga ngati oimira otchuka.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kulolera Zolakwika Kumene Kunatanthauza Dongosolo

Kuti amvetse bwino Electoral College, munthu ayenera kuyang'ana pa zolinga za Kupezedwa kwa Abambo pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa mu 1787. Nthumwizo zinayang'anizana ndi vuto lalikulu: mmene zingasankhire mkulu wa dziko. Voti yotchuka inaonedwa kukhala yosatheka chifukwa cha mtunda waukulu ndi kusoŵa kwa kulankhulana kwa mtundu. Kuwonjezera apo, maboma a kummwera, omwe anali ndi anthu ambiri a ukapolo amene sanathe kuvota, anada nkhaŵa kuti kayendetsedwe ka voti ka mavoti kawonekedwe kawo kanga kanga kanga kawonetse mphamvu yawo. Ofeta atatu analolera kulolera, amene anaŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala atatu aukapolo kaamba ka zifuno za munthu, mfundo yomwe inawachititsa mwachindunji kulengedwa kwa Elmeal College, akupatsa akapolo mayiko amene asankha maulamuliro a pulezidenti.

AFramers anaopanso "anzawo a anthu ambiri". Iwo analingalira Electoral College kukhala sefa, kumene osankhidwa apamwamba, odziŵa bwino angagwiritsire ntchito chiweruzo chawo kusankha pulezidenti woyeneretsedwa. Iwo sanayembekezere kubuka kwa zipani za ndale zadziko kapena lingaliro lakuti osankha adzalonjezedwa kwa ofunsira. M’zaka mazana ambiri, dongosololi lakhala lokhala mchitidwe wa chipani chachikulu, koma maziko ake — pamene chisonkhezero chimakhazikitsidwa ndi malire a boma mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa anthu a dzikolo — chimakhalabe chokhazikika.

Mmene Dongosololi Limagwirira Ntchito

Ntchito yosankha pulezidenti mu United States imatseguka m’magulu angapo, uliwonse ukumayendera mfundo zakezake kuti ukhudze wovotayo.

Mfundo 1: Kusankha ndi Kuimba Kotchuka

Pamene muponya chikalata cha pulezidenti mu November, inu mukusankha mwapadera chikalata cha osankha amene analonjeza kuchirikiza wosankhidwayo. Maina a osankhidwa ameneŵa ali pa pepala losankhira, ngakhale kuti ovota ambiri sakudziŵa kuti alipo. Chiyambukiro cha voti yotchuka m'boma lililonse chisankha kuti ndi chikalata cha osankhidwa ati.

Sitepe 2: Wopambana Alanda Ulamuliro Wonse

Mu 48 studic ndi District ya Columbia, wopambana wa voti yotchuka amalandira mavoti onse a boma limenelo. Izi zimadziŵika monga "winner-tables-all" kapena "ulamuliro wa gulu". Maine ndi Nebraska amasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yachigawo kumene wopambana wa chigawo chilichonse cha kouniongalion amalandira voti imodzi yosankhidwa, ndipo wopambana wa boma walandira osankhidwa aŵiri a bungwe la osankhidwa. Lamulo limeneli ndilo mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri popotoza mphamvu ya munthu aliyense, monga momwe imachitira kubwezera mavoti a gulu la osokera kumbali ya dziko lotetezeka.

Sitepe 3: Kholiji Igwirizana ndi Mabungwe

Mu December, opanga masankho amakumana m'malikulu awo a boma kuti aike mavoti awo. Zotulukapo zimenezi zimatumizidwa ku Congress, kumene amaŵerengedwa mwalamulo m'chigawo chimodzi mu January, kuyang'aniridwa ndi Pulezidenti. Ndi panthaŵi ino pamene chisankho cha pulezidenti chavomerezedwa mwalamulo. M’zochitika zosaŵerengeka, kutsutsa kungakwezedwe ku mavoti a boma, kutsogolera ku mkangano ndi kuvota m'zi za khoti zonse ziŵiri za Congress, monga momwe kunawonedwa pambuyo pa masankhoti 2020.

Mmene Kholiji ya Electoral Imayambukirira Mphamvu Yanu Yokonda Kulankhula

Kumeneko kumakhala ndi mphamvu yovota yosiyana ndi ya munthu wina m’dziko lina, makamaka chifukwa cha mpikisano ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu a m’dziko limene mumakhala.

Ntchito Yabwino Kwambiri pa Kupalasa Mabungwe

Wopambanayo amapanga chisonkhezero cha "maboma akung'ana" kapena "Attlebreatge" — akunena kumene osankhidwa amagawidwa kwambiri pakati pa magulu aŵiri aakulu. Magulu a ndale zadziko amawononga unyinji wa chuma chawo, nthaŵi, ndi kutsatsa ndalama m'maiko ochepa monga Pennsylvania, Michigan, Continel, Arizona, Georgia, ndi Nevada. Mavoter m'maboma ameneŵa amagawidwa ndi maina, malamulo, ndi kupeza zoyesayesa. Ngati mukhala m'dziko la projekiti, voti yanu imakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wosonkhezera chivoti chonse. Kuyang'anira kumeneku kumatanthauza njira za opanga mapangano kuti ayendere, mapangano akwane ogwirizana pa zikondwerero za dziko lonse.

Zenizeni za Maboma Otetezereka ndi Opita Opsinjika Maganizo

Mosiyana, Aamereka ambiri amakhala mu "maboma otetezereka" — amanena kuti nthaŵi zonse amavota chigamulo cha chiŵalo chimodzi kapena chinzake. Ngati ndinu wosankha ku California kapena Democrat ku Alabama, voti yanu ya prezidenti imatsutsidwa ndi mapangano onse opambana. Khoti lanu limathandiza kuvota kwa dziko, koma silina mwayi weniweni wa kugawana mavoti a voti. Dongosolo limeneli lingatsogolere ku ku ku kukana ndi kuipidwa, monga momwe nzika zambiri zimaonera mavoti awo "alephera kuwerenga. [[FT: 0] Gulu la dziko la . [FLT:] Lili silinavotanti ya dziko la Fairotarto Fairotate . [[FLT]

Kulemera Koipa kwa Maboma Ang’onoang’ono

Chifukwa chakuti boma lililonse limalandira mavoti ocheperapo a anthu atatu (Oimira aŵiri + Woimira mmodzi), mosasamala kanthu za chiŵerengero cha anthu, maboma aang'ono amaikidwa m'chigawo cha Electoral College . Mwachitsanzo, Whoming ali ndi woimira mmodzi ndi anthu pafupifupi 600,000, akuisankha kamodzi kwa anthu 200,000. California ali ndi oimira 52 ndi anthu pafupifupi 40 miliyoni, akuipatsa voti imodzi yosankhidwa kwa anthu 70,000 alionse. Malamulo ameneŵa amatanthauza kuti wovota mu Wyoming ali ndi mphamvu ya masamu yosonkhezera Elctoral College depage mu California. Zimenezi zinali mbali yapadera ya dongosolo la kutetezera maboma aang'ono, koma zimatsutsana ndi lamulo lamakono la democracy ya munthu mmodzi.

Mikangano Yokangana ndi Kholiji ya Electoral

Kwa nthaŵi yaitalibe, Electoral College yakhala ili magwero a mkangano waukulu.

Mlandu Wosungidwa

  • Kugwirizanitsa: Dongosolo limalimbitsa ntchito ya maboma monga oseŵera ofunika kwambiri m'zochitika za ndale zadziko. Kumafuna oyembekezera kumanga mapangano aakulu, osiyanasiyana mmalo mwa kungokwera mipambo yaikulu m'malo angapo a m'mizinda yambiri.
  • Kutha ndi Kuwinda : system yopambana kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa wopambana wowonekera (wosankha amene amafika 270), akumapeŵa kuthekera kwa kuthamanga kwa dziko lonse kapena dongosolo lamitundumitundu yogaŵikana kwambiri. Imathandiza kusungitsa dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri, limene ena amatsutsa kukhazikitsa bata landale.
  • Zitetezero za Zigawo zazing'ono: mwa kupereka boma lirilonse ndandanda ya mavoti atatu osankhidwa, dongosolo la oyembekezera kukhala prezidenti lilingalira zosoŵa za maiko osachuluka kwambiri, kuletsa chochitika kumene madera akumidzi okhala ndi anthu ambiri amanyalanyazidwa kotheratu kuchirikiza malo a m'tauni aakulu.
  • Confectes Disputes: M'chitsutso chakuya cha chisankho, mikangano kaŵirikaŵiri imaikidwa ku maiko aakulu angapo, kupanga ndandanda kapena chitokoso cha lamulo chokhoza kuyang'anizana kwambiri ndi kuŵerengera kwa dziko lonse kwa makumi mamiliyoni a mavoti.

Kukanidwa Kapena Kusintha

  • Zilembo zokhala ndi chimodzi-Imodzi: Dongosolo limapanga kusalingana kumene mavoti m'maiko aang'ono ndi maiko asintha ali ofunika kwambiri kuposa mavoti m'maiko aakulu, otetezereka. Zimenezi zimatsutsana ndi lingaliro la democracy lakuti nzika iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi mawu ofanana posankha mtsogoleri wake.
  • Plippes Voter Turnout : M'maboma ambiri amene samalingaliridwa kukhala "mabomba," ovota angamve kukhala ogwiritsidwa mwala, kuchititsa kuchepera pa kugawana kwa masankho a pulezidenti ndi kutomerana ndi ndale zadziko.
  • Kuwoneka kwa "Wrong Wine" Kusuliza kowonekera kwambiri nkwakuti Electoral College ingasankhe wosankha amene wataya voti yotchuka ya dzikolo. Zimenezi zachitika kasanu m'mbiri ya U.S., posachedwapa mu 2000 (George W. Bush anataya chivoti chotchuka ku Al Gore) ndi 2016 (Wosankhidwa Trump anataya chivoti chotchuka kwa Hillary Clinton).
  • Diprotione Stok on Swing States: Atsata anyalanyaza mbali zazikulu za dziko. Nkhani zofunikira ku maiko otetezereka (m’chitsanzo, malamulo achilengedwe ku Florida kapena California, zoyenera za madzi ku West) zingawonjezedwe ku mbali ya nkhaŵa za madera ankhondo angapo.

Zofunika Zosintha

Polingalira za mikanganoyo, malingaliro angapo abuka kuti asinthe kapena kuti agwire ntchito kuzungulira dongosololo popanda kuletsa Electoral College.

Chigwirizano cha Boma Lotchuka la Vote Interstate (NPVIC)

Kuyesayesa kwamakono kotchuka kwambiri kwa kukonzanso dongosololo ndi National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Uku ndi kugwirizana pakati pa maboma otengamo mbali kuti apereke mphoto zonse za mavoti awo osankhidwa kwa wosankhidwa amene apambana [[FLT: 0]] , kuvota kofala kwa mitundu yonse [1], mosasamala kanthu za zotsatirapo zake m'boma lawo. Kugwirizanako kudzakhalako kokha kukavomerezedwa ndi maboma kulamulira unyinji wa mavoti a osankhidwa (270). Monga momwe za lerolino, kuimira mavoti oposa 1909 osankhidwa agwirizana ndi mgwirizano. Brenan Center ya Justice ya [FFOLD:3] yotchuka ndi kuyang'anira mavoti a NPC. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyang'anira kopeti yapadera kwa dziko la zandale, kuyang'anira kutsimikizira kopetolera kope la ku kampani yotchuka nthaŵi zonse.

Kusintha Malamulo

Ochirikiza ovota otchuka kwambiri kaamba ka kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi lamulo kuti athetse Electoral College . Imeneyi ndi njira yolunjika kwambiri komanso yovuta kwambiri pandale, yomwe ikufuna kuti anthu ambiri aike nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi ndi kugwedezeka ndi magawo atatu mwa anayi a maiko. Mayiko ang'onoang'ono, amene akupindula ndi dongosolo lamakonoli, sangakhale okhoza kuvota kuti athetse, kupangitsa njirayi kukhala yovuta kwambiri m'malo amakono.

Njira ya Chigawo ya Msonkhano

Maine ndi Nebraska amapereka njira yapakati ya nthaka. Mwa mavoti osankhidwa ozikidwa pa wopambana wa chigawo chilichonse cha chigawo cha chigawo, mmalo mwa wopambana wapata maziko onse a dziko, dongosololo limasintha kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti mwachiwonekere, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti ikhoza kutsogolera ku gerrymaning , kumene malamulo a boma amajambulanso mizere yachigawo kuti apange chipambano cha chigawo m'kugaŵira mavoti a osankhidwa.

Ntchito ya Opeka Mawu Opanda Chikhulupiriro

Osankha opanda chikhulupiriro ndi ziŵalo za Electoral College amene sasankha wobatizidwa amene adalonjeza kuchirikiza. Ngakhale kuti m'mbiri sapezeka ndiponso sadziŵika, iwo adzutsa mafunso onena za umphumphu wa dongosolo. Mu 2016, osankhidwa asanu ndi aŵiri anapunduka kuchoka ku oyembekezera awo olonjezedwa. Mu 2020, Khoti Lalikulu linalamulira mu Chiafalo v. Washington ] amene amanena kuti ali ndi ufulu wosankha osankhidwa kuti atsatire chisankhoti chawo chotchuka ndi kulanga kapena kuchotsa amene sakuchita zimenezo. Zimenezi zinachepetsa kwambiri ngozi ya osankhidwa osakhulupirira opanga chisankhoti, zikutsimikizira lingaliro lakuti Eleal College ilier, yosanja, yosadziimira munthu mmodzi.

Kumvetsa Mawu Anu m’Madongosolo Amakono

Ngakhale kuti sukuluyi imaoneka ngati malo akutali, siichititsa kuti anthu asamavote, chifukwa kudziwa bwino mmene zinthu zilili kumathandiza kuti muzichita zimenezi motsatira mfundo za m’Baibulo ndiponso mwadongosolo.

  • Kudziwitsa m'Zosankha Zonse: Ngakhale ngati boma lanu liri "mkhalidwe wotetezereka," kutsika kwa mafuko a nyumba, Nyumba, Kazembe, ndi kampando ka boma kamakhudza mwachindunji moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Malamulo a boma, makamaka, ali ndi mphamvu ya kujambula madera osankhidwa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a masankho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusunga m'malamulo: M'maboma ambiri, masankho aakulu ndi matola ali kumene kachitidwe ka ndale zadziko kapikisana kopambana kamachitika. Chifukwa chakuti zigamulo zachisawawa kaŵirikaŵiri zimaikidwiratu m'maiko otetezereka, kachitidwe kachiyambi kamakhala malo aakulu opangira pulatifomu ndi kusankha oyembekezera kuwonekera pa chisankho.
  • Paricipate mu National Consease: Kaya muli m'dziko lomasintha kapena mumkhalidwe wachisungiko, mawu anu m’magulu a boma, pa mawailesi, ndi m'maholo a tauni amathandiza kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko. Mapulatifomu andale amasonkhezeredwa ndi makambitsirano ameneŵa.
  • Ganizirani za Broader Impact:[FLT ] Kholiji ya Electoral imawonjezera mphamvu ya timagulu tating'ono tolinganizidwa m'maboma. Alimi ku Iowa, antchito a bungwe ku Michigan, ndi Amereka a Cuba-America osankhidwa ku Florida amapatsidwa chisamaliro. Ngati gulu lanu la anthu lili mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mgwirizano wa boma la protection, mphamvu yanu njapamwamba kwambiri.

Kumaliza: Kusintha kwa Chilengedwe cha Demokrase

Electoral College ndi mbali yaikulu ya masankho a pulezidenti wa ku America. Inakonzedwa kuti ikhale ya mabwalo a milandu, dziko lapasadakhale ndipo yasintha kwambiri mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutsata malamulo. Imapitirizabe kukonza njira za ndawala, katchulidwe ka mkangano wa dziko, ndi zotsatira zake zooneka kuti ndizo zolondola.

Pomalizira pake, funso la mmene Electoral College imakhudzira mawu anu limayankhidwa mwa kuyang'ana kudziko lanu landale. Ngati mukukhala m'dziko la mpikisano, muli ndi mphamvu zambiri. Ngati mukukhala m'dziko lotetezereka, voti yanu ya pulezidenti ndi njira yosonyezera zimene mumakonda kuposa njira yokhudzana ndi zotsatira. Komabe, mbali yanu iŵiri, kuchita nawo ntchito yanu nkofunika kwambiri. Democracy imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene nzika zake zauzidwa ndi kufunsira. Kuzindikira mamepu ya Electoral College imakupatsani mphamvu zomveka bwino — kaya kupyolera chivoti, kuchirikiza mphamvu zanu za kusintha zinthu, kapena kuyang'anizira mphamvu zanu pa mafuko akwanu kumene mumadzi amakutengani. Kufufuza za mbiri yakale ndi kulinganiza mayereti a ndalama zoyendetse [Formeto:]