Chiyambi

Madongosolo a kuvota a chigawo chimodzi, odziŵika kwambiri monga oyamba kupambana. Njira imeneyi imatamandidwa chifukwa cha kufeŵetsa kwake, kusavuta kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mu mademokrase. M'madongosolo ameneŵa, ovota amaponya pepala limodzi la wofunsira m'chigawo chimodzi, ndi wosankha amene amasankha kwambiri amapambana. Njira imeneyi imatamandidwa chifukwa cha kusavuta kwake, kufeŵetsa, ndi chikhoterero cha kutulutsa maboma opambana ndi osunga chipani chimodzi. Komabe, zotsatira za kuvota kwakukulu zimapitirira kuŵerengera kwa mabowolo. Kugwirizana pakati pa dongosolo la opanga makampani ndi chiwawa chandale zandale kwakhalanso malo ovuta kwambiri pophunzirirapo oletsa kuletsa kuukira ndi kulamulira kwa demokrase. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene zisonkhezerera mphamvu za chiwawa ndi kuyang'anira zitsutso zazikulu.

Kumvetsa Ntchito Zothandiza Akulu

Madongosolo osankha a ntchito pa lamulo lakuti wosankhayo afunikira kuchuluka kwa mlingo wokha . . kuti apeze malo ochitira chisankho, osati unyinji wonse wa ovota olembetsedwa. M'maiko ambiri, zimenezi zimatembenuza anthu a mbali imodzi m'nyumba ya malamulo, ngakhale pamene gulu lopambanalo lilandira bwino lomwe pansi pa 50 peresenti ya voti yotchuka ya dzikolo. United Kingdom, Canada, India, United States (kupangira masankhoti), Nigeria, ndi Kenya ali zitsanzo zazikulu za mitundu imene imagwiritsira ntchito FPT kapena madongosolo aakulu ochitira chisankhoti chawo chachikulu.

Ochirikiza madongosolo a ofufuza amalimbikitsa boma lamphamvu ndi loŵerengera mlandu mwa kutulutsa wopambana wotsimikizirika ndi kupambana kwa osankha. Kugwirizana pakati pa malonjezo a kampeni ndi mbiri yake ya malamulo kuli kolunjika, kumene kungakulitse kuŵerengera kwa ovota. Ndiponso, FPTP imaletsa magulu oukira kapena otsalira mwa kuwapangitsa kukhala kovuta kuti apeze malo okhalapo pokhapokha ngati chichirikizo chawo chapadera. Zimenezi zingayambitse malo andale kumene magulu aakulu andale amapikisana ndi malo apakati.

Komabe, otsutsa amanena za malo angapo opatulidwa. Madongosolo a opaleshoni olinganizidwa motsatira magulu aang'ono ndi ang'ono, makamaka awo amene ali ofalikira m'madera osiyanasiyana. Gulu limene limapanga 10 peresenti ya chivoti cha dzikolo koma kufalitsa kuchirikiza kwake ngakhale kupyola madera onselo, silingapeze malo alionse. Kusintha kumeneku kungayambitse kugwiritsidwa mwala ndi lingaliro la kuchotsa kwa ndale zadziko, makamaka pakati pa mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena madera ena. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kunyalanyaza koteroko kungawonjezere zidandaulo zimene zimagwera m'chiwawa cha osankhidwa. Kuzindikira zimenezi pansi pa ziyambukiro za dongosololo kuli kofunika kuyang'anira chiyambukiro pa kuletsa nkhondo.

Kugwirizana kwa Zigwirizano za Madongosolo a Zachiwawa ndi Chiwawa

Madongosolo a zandale amapanga njira zothandizira anthu andale, njira zochitira malonda, ndi zoonera kuti anthu osankha ndi oyenerera. Ofufuza za chiwawa cha osankhidwa apeza njira zingapo zimene madongosolo a zandale angachepetse kapena kukulitsa upandu pa masankho.

Mmene Madongosolo Aakulu Angachepetsere Chiwawa

Chimodzi cha zigomeko zolimba zochirikiza madongosolo aakulu ndi chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amatulutsa zotulukapo zowonekera bwino. Mwakuimira dongosolo la osankho (PR), masankho otsatizana kwambiri angatulukepo kutsutsana kwa mapangano omwe milungu kapena miyezi yapita, kupanga nyengo ya kusatsimikizira kumene kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi olanda kapena kugwiritsira ntchito monga chodzikhululukira cha chiwawa. M'gulu la FPTP, gulu limodzi kaŵirikaŵiri limapambana ambiri, ndipo zotsatira zake zimadziŵika mwamsanga. Kumasulira kumeneku kungachepetse mikangano yapambuyo pa kupikisana ndi mtundu wa kupikisana kumene kumachititsa chiwawa. Mwachitsanzo, mu United Kingdom ndi Canada, chiwawa chosankhidwa nchamuna, chifukwa chakuti wopambanayo amavomerezedwa popanda kuvuta kulinganiza.

Kuwonjezerapo, madongosolo aakulu angaletse kufalikira kwa magulu andale a zida. Chifukwa chakuti kokha wosankha wopambana ndi maphwando otchuka ndiwo amasankha opikisana ndi otchuka aŵiri kapena atatu aakulu, kuchepetsa kugaŵikana kumene kungatsogolere ku mpikisano wa zida. Chitsenderezo chimenechi “chapanthaŵi yapakati” chingakhale mphamvu yokhazikika m'zitaganya zogaŵanika kwambiri, malinga ngati magulu aakulu andale ali ofunitsitsa kuseŵera ndi malamulo a demokrase.

Mmene Madongosolo Aakulu Angawonjezerere Chiwawa

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, madongosolo a masankho angakulitse chiwawa cha opaleshoni mwa kupanga maluso onse opambana. Pamene ulamuliro wa boma . Ndi kupezeka kwa chuma cha boma, wochirikiza, ndi zipangizo zachitetezo . Zimenezi n’zoopsa makamaka m'magulu amodzi, ziwongolero za masankho alionse . Olephera amatsekedwa kotheratu ndi mphamvu, zimene zingapangitse njira zothetsa nzeru, kuphatikizapo chinyengo, kuopseza, ndi chiwawa. Zimenezi n’zoopsa makamaka m’mafuko a mafuko akuya, achipembedzo, kapena chigawo cha cleavage, kumene zizindikiro zandale zimayenderana ndi chizindikiro cha gulu la anthu.

Kulephera kwa madongosolo apamwamba kumatanthauzanso kuti ngakhale kupambana kochepa kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'mipando yambiri. Pa chisankho cha ku Kenya 2007, Pulezidenti Mwai Kibiki anakopedwa ndi kavoti yochepa koma ananyamula anthu ambiri omasuka m'nyumba ya malamulo. Zotsatirapo za kutsutsa Raila Odinga, zingachititse kuti zitsutso zitsogoleredwe ndi Raila Odinga, zomwe zionedwa kukhala zapansi. Chiwawa chapambuyo pake chopatula chinasiyapo 1,100 ndi zikwi zambiri za anthu othaŵa kwawo. Momwemo, m'masankhozetsa chivoti cha ku Nigeria, wopambana ndi wolandira zinenezo zonse zosonkhezera zitsutso za kutsutsana kwamphamvu kwa kumbuyo kwa gulu lankhondo, makamaka m'madera akumpoto cha kumpoto kumene otsutsa anadzimva kukhala opoto.

Ndiponso, madongosolo aakulu amapanga zisonkhezero zamphamvu kaamba ka kusintha ndi kulephera, zimene zingathetseretu anthu ochepa. Pamene malire aikidwa kuchepetsa mphamvu yosankha ya magulu ena, malingaliro a kusalungama angayambitse zitsutso zachiwawa. Kusintha kwa njira zosandutsa zinthu. Kusintha kwa malamulo mwa kusanthula, kusintha kwa kulembetsa, kapena kutsatsa chipoloti, ndi chinthu champhamvu cha chiwawa, ndipo nkosavuta kukwaniritsa ntchito yachiwawa pamene chipani chimodzi chilamulira makina osandutsa magetsi.

Kufufuza za Madongosolo a Anthu Otchuka ndi Chiwawa Chochuluka

Kuti tidziŵe kugwirizana kwa mavoti ndi kukangana kwa akuluakulu, n’kothandiza kupenda nkhani zina zimene zachitikapo chiwawa chosankhidwa ndi voti.

Kenya (2007): Kukopana kwa Mafuko ndi Zotulukapo Zokayikitsa

Kenya akugwiritsira ntchito njira yapamwamba ya kapita yapambuyo pa nyumba ya malamulo kaamba ka chisankho chake cha masankho. Chisankho cha 2007 chinaipitsidwa ndi kusagwirizana kofalikira, kuphatikizapo masinthidwe ochedwa a kuvota ndi chilengezo cha Prezidenti Kibiaki monga wopambana. Lingaliro la chitsutso la kusankhidwa linakukulitsidwa ndi chidziŵitso chakuti iwo adzatsekeratu mphamvu pa dongosolo la malamulo apamwamba. Athrencrinic kutembenuza gulu limodzi ndi Kikuyu-Luo zigalo zinatembenuza zidandaulo zandale kukhala chiwawa cha onse. Mlandu wa 2007.2008 wa mavuto akusonyeza mmene dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kumangidwa kwa mafuko, kungapange malo oonetsera kuti asakhale ndi nkhondo yaikulu. Pambuyo pa chivomerezo, mphamvu zamphamvu zinapangidwa chigwirizano chogwirizanitsa boma, kukhazikitsa chigwirizano chopambana cha boma cha kugonjetsa chigawando.

Nigeria (2011): Kusagwirizana kwa Magawo ndi Chiwawa cha Pambuyo pa Chisankho

Kunja kwa Nigeria kwa bungwe la National Assembly ndi pulezidenti kwakhala kukuyambitsa mpikisano waukulu pakati pa anthu ambiri a Chisilamu kumpoto ndi Akristu omwe ali kumwera. Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2011 chinaona Goodluck Jonathan, Mkristu wa kumwera , akupambana ndi Muhammapu Buharari, Msilamu wa kumpoto. Zotsatira zake zinakanidwa ndi anthu ambiri a kumpoto, omwe analingalira kuti dongosolo la FPPP lalola kummwera kulamulira mosasamala kanthu za anthu ambiri a m’deralo. Chiwawa chinaphulika ndi chiwawa, chikusiya anthu oposa 800 akufa. Chiwa chinaperekedwa ndi msanganizo wa kunyenga kwa mafuko, ndi kutchuka kwa zenero, ndi kusankhidwa kwa zivomerezetsa, kusankhidwa kwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa kwa zigawa za nkhondo.

India: Kuvomereza mu Demokrase Yaikulu Koposa ya Dziko

India amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya demokrase ya Azandale ya ku India yochirikizidwa ndi masankho ake a ku Lok Sabba (nyumba yapansi ya nyumba ya malamulo) ndipo akumana ndi chiwawa cha osankhidwa panthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, makamaka m'magulu monga Gujarat ndi Uttar Pradesh. Komabe, maufumu a democracy a India atsimikizira kukhala okhazikika, ndi masankhoti ochitidwa nthaŵi zonse mosasamala kanthu za kusiyanasiyana ndi umphaŵi. Zinthu zingapo zimachepetsa mphamvu yamphamvu ya FTPPPPP system: Khoma yamphamvu ndi yodziimira paokha, yotchuka, youlutsira mawu, nyumba ya boma imene imalola magulu a madera a m'dzikolo, ndi zitetezero za malamulo kaamba ka anthu apamwamba. Chitsanzo cha India chiperekero chiperekezo chikalata chamtendere pamene zigwirizano chochirikizidwa ndi zitukulidwa ndi zikhalidwe zandale zandale. Komabe, zaka zaposachedwapa, zimaonekabe, zigamu zachigamu zachi, ndi ziyambukiro zachiŵalo, makamaka ziwo, zomwe sizikutsimikizira kuti chikwani chikwane kuti chikwa

Zimene Zimachititsa Chiwawa M’madongosolo Aakulu

Pojambula kuchokera ku kufufuza kwa mlanduwo ndi kufufuza koyerekezera, pali zinthu zambiri zimene nthaŵi zonse zimawonekera monga oyendetsa chiwawa cha opaleshoni m’mabwalo aakulu:

  • Kusintha kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono: Pamene mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena madera aang'ono amaletsedwa kupambana mipando chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa malo kapena kufalikira kwa malo, iwo angagwiritsire ntchito njira zina zowonjezereka kuti apeze zofunika zawo.
  • Mpikisano wa zilembo-zipu: Kupambana-kutenga mtundu wonse wa FPP kumatanthauza kuti makampani otayika alibe mtengo mu boma ndipo alibe kukhoza kuchirikiza. Zonsezi kapena palibe chimene chimalimbikitsa ndawala yachiwawa, udani, ndi kusonkhanitsa magawa.
  • Kugwirizanitsa ntchito za magetsi: Madongosolo aakulu ali osavuta kuponderezedwa, kupotoledwa, ndi kuikidwa m'zipangizo chifukwa kulamulira zigawo zazikulu zingapo kungatsimikizire zotsatira zake. Kusintha kumeneku kumawononga chidaliro ndi kuyambitsa chiwawa.
  • Zidandaulo zamwambo ndi kusagwirizana kwa mafuko: m'zitaganya zokhala ndi choloŵa cha nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni kapena tsankho lozikidwa pa gulu, masankho amakhala poyambira kukhazikitsa mapangano akale. Madongosolo a akulu amene amasumika mphamvu m’manja a gulu limodzi angayambitsenso kupsinjika maganizo ndi kulungamitsa chiwawa monga njira yodzitetezera.
  • Malo otetezera a Weak: Kumene mabungwe osankha samakhala odziimira okha kapena samaonedwa kukhala okondera, kudalirika kwa zotulukapo za akuluakulu kukuwonongeka. Popanda mabungwe odalirika oletsa mikangano, chiwawa chimakhala chiŵiya chosonyezera kusakhutira.
  • Chichirikizo chachikulu cha moyo wa chitsutso: Mu FP, magulu otsutsa amene ali otanganitsidwa kwambiri m'madera oŵerengeka angapambane mipando yambiri kumaloko koma osapezeka kukhala otsekedwa, kupangitsa kugwiritsidwa mwala ndi kudziona kukhala wosayenera.

Machenjera Oletsa Kulimbana

Kuletsa chiwawa cha ofufuza m’madongosolo aakulu sikumafuna kusiya dongosolo la osankhidwa kotheratu.

Kusintha kwa Dongosolo

Njira imodzi ndiyo kukonzanso madongosolo a mipando kuti agwirizane ndi mbali za FPP. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko monga Germany, New Zealand, ndi Lesotho angagwiritse ntchito madongosolo ophatikizana (MMP), kumene mbali ya mipando imaikidwa molingana kubwezera masinthidwe a FPPP. Pankhondo yosiyana, njira yopanga zinthu ingachititse kuti anthu ochepa ndi magulu apeze zizindikiro zina, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kutsendereza. Kusintha kwina ndiko kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa voti (IV) kapena kusanthula kwa malo amodzi m'zigawo, kumene kumafuna kuti anthu apeze malo ovota (akazi enieni) m’malo mwa kuchuluka. Kusintha kwa mitunduyi kungachepetse kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kumanganso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makampani ena. [A.]

Kulamulira Kokwanira ndi Kuchirikiza Mphamvu

Ngakhale pansi pa dongosolo la malamulo, maboma angatengere njira zolamulira zodzipatsira kuchepetsa. Makonzedwe a mphamvu ya fomu, monga maulamuliro a mabwana kapena malo autumiki otsimikiziridwa kwa magulu ochepa, angapatse opangika chidwi m'masankho amtendere. Malamulo a Kenya 2010 anayambitsa kuchotsa chisinthiko ndi mapulinsipulo aŵiri a kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha kuti awonjezere kuimira, ndipo pambuyo pa tsoka la 2007, mphamvu yomangira boma inakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, mphamvu zolamulira ziyenera kuikidwa m’malo mwa kuletsa hoc kuti chisawawawa chapamwamba pamtengo woŵerengera mlandu. United Nations Development Programme (UNP) yafalitsa malangizo osankha ndi oletsa kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana. [$PT:] //0]

Kulimbitsa Magulu a Anthu Ochita Zamalonda

Bungwe loyang'anira pulogalamu ya ofufuza (EMB) lodziimira lokha, lodalirika, ndi lokhala ndi zifuno zabwino, nlofunika kwambiri kuletsa chiwawa m'madongosolo aakulu. EMB iyenera kutetezedwa ku mphamvu ya gulu ndi kupatsidwa mphamvu yopanga zosankha zogwirizana pa kulembetsa kwa voti, malire, ndi chigamulo. Akuluakulu osankha, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoonera zoonera, ndi kulola oonerera a m'nyumba ndi a mitundu yonse kulimbikitsa anthu. M'mayiko onga Ghana ndi Botswanaya, EMBs akhala mfungulo yaikulu yosungitsa mtendere mu FPTP. Mabungwe a Africa ndi madera akupereka masankho amene angaletse njira zochitira masankhiritsira zimene zingale mavoti ndi chiwawa pamene zitsatira.

Maphunziro Aumodzi ndi Kumanga Mtendere

Kuletsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kumafuna kukulitsa chikhalidwe cha demokalase m’mene nzika zimalingalira masankho kukhala njira yosankhira atsogoleri mmalo mwa nkhondo yosadziŵika. Maprogramu a maphunziro a Covic ayenera kuphunzitsa ovota ponena za ufulu wawo, njira zosankhira, ndi njira zamtendere zosonyezera zigawenga. Mabungwe a anthu, timagulu ta chikhulupiriro, ndi atsogoleri a mwambo angaloŵetsemo m'kulankhula kwa mtendere asanakwane, mkati mwa chisankho, ndi pambuyo pa chisankho. Mwachitsanzo, Mtendere ndi Chitukuko ku Kenya chimagwira ntchito ndi anthu a m'dera lawo kuti akhazikitse makomiti ochenjeza ndi olankhulira zinthu asanachite masankho, kuthandizira kuti pakhale mtendere. United States Institute of Peace (USPP) yafalitsa nkhani yopanga chisankhotiko ([FL:0] www.10.

Malamulo Othetsera Nkhani

Kukhazikitsa njira zololeka za lamulo kaamba ka ziyambukiro zovuta za voti kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha kutembenukira ku chiwawa . Mapempho a chisankho ayenera kumvedwa mofulumira ndi oweruza aufulu okhala ndi mphamvu ya kuthetsa zotulukapo ndi kuyendetsanso dongosolo. Kuwonjezerapo, maupandu osankhidwa monga kudana, kuvota, ndi kusokoneza kuyenera kuchitidwa mwaupandu ndi kutsutsidwa mwamphamvu. Madongosolo apamwamba, kumene zipilalazo zili zazikulu, kutsimikizira kuti lamulo limagwira ntchito kwa oyembekezera onse ndi zipani. Foundation ya Electoral Systems (IFES) imapereka chithandizo cha zasayansi pa malamulo ndi kuletsa ([FLD:0] . HTTPPT. / www.FFF.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo ovota aakulu samachita chiwawa mwachibadwa kapena kukhala amtendere. Chiyambukiro chawo pa chiwawa cha voti ndi kuletsa nkhondo zimadalira pa kuchuluka kwa bungwe, chikhalidwe, ndi mbiri yakale imene amagwira. Zotsatira za sankho ndi kuŵerengera kwamphamvu kwa boma ndizo mapindu enieni omwe angachepetse kusatsimikizirika ndi kupikisana kopitirizabe kumene nthaŵi zina kumayambitsa chiwawa. Komabe, kupambana kwamphamvu kwa FPPP, kukhoza kuwonjezera, kuchepetsa, ndi kupanga zisonkhezero za kupikisana kwachiwawa pamene mitengo ili yokwera. Umboni wa ku Kenya, Nigeria, ndi maiko ena aakulu umasonyeza kuti dongosolo la opanga chiwawa nthaŵi zina nlo limakhala losavuta makamaka pamene lisanganizidwa ndi zigaŵenga zofooka, magaŵano a mafuko, ndi kusoŵa kwa machitidwe olamulira.

Kuletsa mademokrase aakulu sikuli nkhani ya kusiya dongosololi koma kulimbikitsa ndi kusintha kogwirizana. Kusintha kwa dongosolo la Electora, mphamvu zophatikiza, makampani osankha okha, maphunziro a anthu, ndi malamulo alamulo onse amachita mbali zofunika. Njira yapamwamba imene imafotokoza zonse ziŵiri za maluso a masankho ndi mphamvu za mayanjano a anthu opatuka ndi kudandaula kungasinthe dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu lamphamvu la kutsendereza kuchokera ku magwero a kusankhana kwamtendere. Pamene dziko likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto a kuchita masankhoti odalirika m'magawa m'magawa, kuzindikira unansi wovomerezeka pakati pa malamulo osankhidwa ndi chiwawa ndi ziwawa zikukhalabe chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa ofufuza, opanga madongosolo, opanga malamulo, ndi okhazikitsa mtendere mofanana.