Chiyambi cha mfundo za malamulo a United States si kutchuka chabe. Ndi mawu oyambirira a dala, okonzedwa bwino amene amakhazikitsa maziko a nzeru za dziko la America. Kuyambira ndi mawu akuti "Ife Anthu," opanga zigaŵenga anasintha kwambiri m'ziyambi za ulamuliro wandale(kuchokera kwa mafumu ndi apamwamba kwa nzika zokha. Mawu oyamba ameneŵa, ndi zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zimene zikutsatira, zikupitirizabe kuumba chizindikiritso mwa kupereka mawu amodzi a cholinga cha dziko. Pregeing sapatsa mphamvu; mmalo mwake, amalongosola bwino mfundo zimene zimalungamitsa kapangidwe ka malamulo ndi maudindo a boma. Kumvetsa mmene zisonkhezero za anthu zimafunikira kupenda mbiri yake, zotchuka, za filosofi, zamakono, ndi ntchito yamakono ya moyo.

Mbiri ya Kuyambika kwa Nkhaniyi

Convention ya Constitution ya 1787 inasonkhana ku Philadelphia pakati pa kusakhutira ndi Nkhani za Confederation . Boma la dziko pansi pa Nkhanizo silinakhale ndi ulamuliro wa msonkho, kuyang'anira zamalonda, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuchititsa kusakhazikika kwa chuma ndi kusakhazikika kwa mkati mwa dziko. Omanga mapanganowo anazindikira kuti mgwirizano wamphamvu kwambiri sunafunikire kokha dongosolo latsopano lolamulira komanso maziko osonkhezera kaamba ka kuyenera kwake. Preging inali yankho lawo: chilengezo chachidule cha matsinde a matsindedwe amene Malamulowo analinganizidwa kukwaniritsa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha malamulo a boma ndi Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha, Komiti ya Mtundu , yomwe inakonzedwa ndi Gouverneur Morris . Morris amapatsidwa ulemu wochuluka ndi ndandanda yochititsa chidwi yomwe inasintha ndandanda ya malamulo kukhala mawu osinthasintha a cholinga cha cholinga cha anthu onse. Mawu akuti "Ife Anthu" anali achilendo kwambiri; inaloŵa mmalo mwa maufumu osiyanasiyana, motero inagogomezera umodzi wa dziko pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Zolembedwa za mbiri yakale kuchokera ku Federal Convention zikuvumbula kuti Preggee inakonzedwanso kangapo. Zolemba zoyambirira zinaphatikizapo kutchula "anthu a m'maiko," koma matembenuzidwe omalizira sanatchule za boma lililonse. National Archives [ imatchula kuti kusintha kumeneku kunasonyeza chikhumbo cha opanga dziko limodzi. Motero Pregge inakhala chisonyezero choyamba chalamulo la American lodziŵikitsa dzikolo.

Maziko Ogwirizana: Kugwirizana kwa Makhalidwe ndi Ukoma

Zisonkhezero za ku Lockea ndi Republican

Kugogomezera kwa Pregedge pa zonulirapo zonse. Chiyambi chimasonyeza chisonkhezero cha nthanthi za kuunikiridwa kwa ndale zadziko, makamaka nthanthi za mayanjano a John Locke ndi zolinga za republica ya Montesquie. Locke anatsutsa kuti boma lovomerezeka limakhala pa chivomerezo cha kulamulidwa ndi kukhalako kutetezera zoyenera zachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma. Chiyambi chimasonyeza lingaliro limeneli mwa kuika "Ife Anthu" monga magwero a ulamuliro ndi mwa kuchirikiza "kusunga Madalitso a Ufulu. Komabe oimira a bomawo anapitirira pa kutchula mathayo otsimikizirika a boma: chilungamo, kusungika, kutetezedwa, ndi kusungidwa. Zolinga zimenezi zimayendera pamodzi ndi mwambo wa dziko umene unagogomezera ubwino wa anthu onse.

Mawu Oyambirira Monga Pangano la Chipangano cha Chipatso

Pa pangano la mayanjano, ntchito ya mawu oyamba a panganolo, kufotokoza zolinga zimene nzika zimavomereza kulamulidwa. Kumapanga mgwirizano wa makhalidwe ndi wandale umene umapanga chizindikiritso. Nzika zimene zimagwirizanitsa zolinga zimenezi ndi chilungamo, mtendere, chitetezo, ufulu, ufulu . Uku ndiko kupangidwa kwa anthu: Kutseguka kwa pulogalamu ya zandale kumapereka nkhani imene imagwirizanitsa anthu aubwenzi ndi pulogalamu yaumwini.

Chiphunzitso cha e pluribus unum [FLT :1] (kuchokera kwa ambiri, mmodzi) n’chomveka m'kuitana kwa Pregesad "kukonzanso Union wangwiro kwambiri . Mwa kutchula mfundo imeneyi, Pregnation imalimbikitsa nzika kudziona monga mbali ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana koma yogwirizana. Akatswiri andale monga Jürgen Habbermas atsutsa kuti kumenyera dziko lako kwa malamulo a dzikolo m’malo mwa kuzindikiritsa chikhalidwe cha fuko kapena chikhalidwe cha democracy. Lemba la Pregiodry limapereka maziko okonzekera a mtundu umenewu wa kukonda dziko la dziko, lozikidwa pa kusiyana kwa m'madera kapena m'madera.

Malemba Ofunika Kwambiri ndi Udindo Wake

Kupenda mawu ameneŵa mwatsatanetsatane kumasonyeza njira zimene mawu a Presegnary amasonyezera kuti anthu onse aŵiriwo ndi a ku America.

"Anthufe"

Mawuwa ndi amene amayambitsa mfundo zamphamvu kwambiri. Mwa kunena kuti "Anthu" ndi olemba ake amene "ordain ndi kukhazikitsa" Malamulo, amapanga nzika monga ulamuliro wandale. Zimenezi zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa chidziŵitso cha anthu. Zimasonkhezera kudziona kukhala mwini ndi udindo. Nzika sizingokhala nzika za lamulo. Zili zolemba chabe. Mawuwo atchulidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba pa milandu yokhudza ulamuliro wotchuka, monga [[FLT:]. Chomakedzana cha Georgia v [FL:] [17] [17] [17] [7] [7] ndi chosonkhezera chofalitsa chofala. [[FLT:]

"Form a Ugwirizano wangwiro kwambiri"

Cholinga chimenechi chikuvomereza kuti mgwirizano wa mu nkhani za Confederation unali wopanda ungwiro ndipo umafuna kuti zinthu zipite patsogolo. Mawu akuti "M’malowo" amatanthauza kuti ungwiro ndi njira, osati malo. Kuti anthu adziwike, mawuwa amalimbikitsa nzika kuona mtunduwo monga ntchito yopita patsogolo, kufunikila pangano. Imalimbikitsa kuyang'ana patsogolo kuti kukonzanso ndi kutengera kukhulupirika. Mawuwa agwiritsidwa ntchito potsutsana mfundo za boma, ufulu wa anthu, ndi mgwirizano wa dziko, kulimbikitsa mfundo yakuti kudziwika ndi boma n’kothandiza ndiponso n’kusangalatsa.

"Chilungamo cha ku Estabrique"

Chilungamo ndi chiphunzitso cha maziko chimene chimagwirizanitsa dongosolo lalamulo ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino. Pregesage imaika chilungamo kukhala chonulirapo choyamba chaching'ono, kusonyeza ukulu wake. Kwa nzika, "Chilungamo chokhazikitsidwa" kumatanthauza kuti lamulo liyenera kukhala lolungama, losakondera, ndi lofikirika. Mawuwa amalimbikitsa chizindikiritso cha nzika chimene chimasunga lamulo lalamulo ndipo chimawona dongosolo lachiweruzo kukhala lotetezera ufulu. Nkhondo za mbiri kaamba ka kufanana kwa fuko ndi kugonana zakhala zozikidwa pa chinenero chimenechi; Martin Luther King Jr. Analozera lamulo la chilungamo mu "Leter kuchokera ku Birming Jail" mawuwo akukumbutsa nzika kuti chiweruzo sichili chabe ntchito ya boma koma thayo la gulu.

"Innitseni Kubala kwa Pabanja"

Mtendere wa m’banja umatanthauza mtendere wa mkati ndi dongosolo. M'nkhani ya m'ma 1780, zimenezi zinatanthauza kuletsa zipanduko zonga za Shays Chipanduko ndi kuyendetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma. Kudziŵana kwa anthu, cholinga chimenechi chimagogomezera kufunika kwa kutsutsana kwamtendere ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Nzika zimalimbikitsidwa kutengamo mbali m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi kukana chiwawa monga njira ya kusintha kwa ndale zadziko. Mawuwo amatanthauzanso kuti boma lili ndi thayo la kusunga dongosolo, limene m'nthaŵi zamakono lakhala likugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’makambitsirano a zapolisi, mphamvu za zadzitetezeo a dziko, ndi chitetezo cha dziko.

"Kukonzekera chitetezo chofala"

Mawuwa akugogomezera chitetezo cha gulu limodzi ndi kugawana thayo la kutetezera dziko. Amalimbikitsa kufunitsitsa kutumikira . "ngakhale mwa utumiki wankhondo, kukhoma misonkho, kapena kuchirikiza lamulo lotetezera. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa "amhom'am'ono" kumachirikiza lingaliro lakuti kudzitetezera kuli kwabwino kwa anthu onse, osati kwaumwini. Mbali imeneyi ya chidziŵitso cha anthu yakhala yosadziŵika makamaka m'nthaŵi za nkhondo ndipo yatchulidwa m'malamulo pa mkangano wokhudza mbali ya ulamuliro wa dziko la dziko lankhondo ndi kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha dziko.

"Khalani ndi Chitukuko cha Onse"

Chiganizo chachisawawa cha zaubwino chakhala chogwirizanitsidwa ndi kumasulira kokulira, koma kuphatikizidwa kwake m'mawu ake oyambitsira kuti boma lilipo kuti liwongolere miyoyo ya nzika zonse. Kaamba ka chizindikiritso cha anthu onse, mawuwa amalimbikitsa lingaliro la kugwirizana ndi kuchirikizana. Chikulingalira kuti ubwino wa munthu aliyense ngwogwirizana ndi ubwino wa chitaganya. Zimenezi zagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa maprogramu a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, zoyesayesa zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Nzika zimene zimapanga phindu limeneli zingakhomereze kuchirikiza kwambiri malamulo amene amapindulitsa anthu onse, ngakhale pamtengo wake.

"Mudzisungire Madalitso a Ufulu ndi Ufulu Wathu"

Chigwirizano chomalizira chimenechi chimamasuka ku lingaliro la thayo ku mibadwo yamtsogolo. Mawu akuti "Madalitso" amapereka lingaliro lakuti ufulu uli mphatso yosungidwa, osati kuyenera kuwonongedwa. "Chimake" chimafutukula chizindikiritso cha anthu onse kupyola mbadwo wamakono, kuyambitsa kuikidwiratu kwa kalingaliridwe ka. Mawuwa agwiritsiridwa ntchito m'lamulo la malo okhala, makambitsirano a anthu a ngongole, ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo ponena za zoyenera zosayenera.

Chiyambi cha Maphunziro a Chibadwidwe

Mafakitale Opanga Mafaelo

Maphunziro a Civic ku United States amayambika ndi mawu oyambika. Kukumbukira kwake ndi kusanthula ndizo mfundo zazikulu zapambuyo pa sukulu chifukwa chakuti mawu oyambiriro atembenuza malamulo ovuta a m'chinenero chofikirika. Njira imeneyi ya Pregge imathandiza ophunzira kudziwona monga mbali ya Congress ya maphunziro amene amauza ophunzira kulembanso mawu awo oyambirira, kulimbikitsa kugwirizana ndi kuzindikira kwaumwini. Njira imeneyi yamwambo imathandiza kudziŵerengera okha monga mbali ya "Ife Anthu" kusimba, kuyambitsa chizindikiritso cha boma kuyambira pa msinkhu wawo woyamba.

Kukhala Nzika Yokangalika ndi Kuphunzira Utumiki

Kuposa pa kuloŵeza pamtima, aphunzitsi amagwiritsira ntchito mawu oyamba kusonkhezera unzika wokangalika. Kuphunzira ntchito, misonkhano ya malamulo, ndi mikangano yopeka ponena za tanthauzo la "general Welfare" kulimbikitsa ophunzira kugwiritsira ntchito mapindu a Pregedge ku nkhani zenizeni za dziko. Kufufuza za sayansi ya ndale zadziko kumasonyeza kuti ophunzira amene amaphunzira za kutsegula filimu ndi kuchita nawo ntchito zina zogwirizana ndi ntchito zina zimasonyeza kuti mlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu za ndale zadziko ndi kugwirizana ndi boma. Motero Preging imagwira ntchito monga mlawu pakati pa malamulo amakhalidwe ndi mbali yosatsimikizirika, kuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti demokrase imafunikira chidziŵitso ndi nzika zamphamvu.

Mavuto a Maphunziro a Masiku Ano

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yake yaikulu ndi yaikulu, n’njabwino kutsutsana pa maphunziro. Kutsutsana pa tanthauzo la "chilungamo" ndi "general Welfare" kukhoza kukhala mfundo zongopeka za maganizo. Aphunzitsi ena akuda nkhaŵa kuti kuphunzitsa Preseget kukhala ndemanga ya makhalidwe abwino a anthu aŵiri, kungakumbukire zinthu zopanda chilungamo za m'mbiri, monga ngati ukapolo ndi kuchotsedwa kwa akazi ndi eni ake osakhala apamwamba kuchokera kwa "Anthu" pa chiyambi. Kulankhula zimenezi, magiredi ambiri tsopano akukambitsirana motsutsa mmene malingaliro ake akhalira opanda ungwiro. Kufikira kumeneku kungawonetse chizindikiritso cha anthu mwa kulimbikitsa ophunzira kudziwona monga othandizira kusintha zinthu, kugwira ntchito kupanga malonjezo a Pregiewss kuwonjezera.

Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Chiyambi cha Lamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu oyambawo samapereka mphamvu zenizeni, makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula kuunikira zifuno za Malamulo. Pady Building & Loan Ass’s v. Blaissell [1] (1934]), Khoti Lapamwamba linatchula za kuchirikiza kuchirikiza malo osungiramo zinthu pa nthaŵi ya Kufooka Kwakukulu kwa Malamulo, kulingalira kuti vutolo linafunikira yankho logwirizana ndi "promot [kuyendetsa] Western" ndi "inur [ir] Turbalty" ., mofananamortsiss kuchirikiza [FLT] United States. vWWright . Corp. [F.FLP] [193], Sup], Suther Version (196], Justicentiasts adagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za boma la anthu achilendo kukhazikitsa."

Kumasulira kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti mawu akuti “malamulo ” amasintha osati chabe zandale komanso alamulo. Mwa kupereka ndemanga ya mapeto, mawu otsatsa malonda amapereka njira imene oweruza ndi nzika angaonere ngati malamulo kapena zochita zogwirizana ndi mfundo za maziko a Malamulo. Zimenezi zimalimbitsa kudziŵika kwa nzika monga otengamo mbali m’kukambitsirana kopitiriza kwa malamulo, kumene Pregedge imatumikira monga ndandanda yodziŵira kuyenera kwa ntchito ya boma.

Kusintha: Kusinthasintha kwa Malo ndi Umodzi

M’nyengo ya kugaŵikana kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko, Pregge imapereka maziko ogwirizana. Zolinga zake . Zolinga , chilungamo, bata, kudzitetezera, ubwino, ufulu . n’zotakata mokwanira kuvomereza mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana koma mwachindunji kupereka mfundo imodzi. Mabungwe a CPIC, kuchokera ku Corparation for National and Community Service ku magulu a m'dera, kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula Pregge akufotokoza ntchito zawo. Mawu akuti "Ife People" akhala mfuu yosonkhezera zigawa za ndale zandale zadziko, kuchokera ku kuchirikiza ndawala ya chisinthiko cha boma kuti achilikize ufulu wa maboma.

Komabe, kutchuka kwa Pregage kungayambitsenso nkhondo. Magulu andale osiyanasiyana amanena kuti ndi ochirikiza enieni "chilungamo" kapena "liberty, kutsogolera ku kugaŵikana m'malo mwa kugwirizana. Chiŵalo cha Chipulogalamu cha Chibabulo sichimangofuna kungobwereza mawu a kuyambitsa koma kuchita nawo ntchito zochotsa ufulu wokambirana. Andale ena, monga Amy Gutmann ndi Dennis Thompson, akutsutsa kuti demokrase yodzisankhira imadalira pa nzika zimene zimagwirizana ndi makhalidwe a Pregang’o pamene zikupitirizabe kutsutsana nawo. M’kayi, mawu a Pregalamu akupereka ganifomu la mawu a democracy, osati yankho lomaliza.

Malingaliro Oyerekezera: Kuloŵa M’maseŵera Padziko Lonse

Ntchito ya poyambira kukhazikitsa chizindikiritso cha anthu ingafotokozedwe mwa kuyerekezera ndi mawu oyamba a mitundu ina. Malamulo ambiri amakono amaphatikizapo mawu a kulakalaka amene amagwira ntchito zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, kutsegulira Malamulo a India kumayamba ndi "Ife, Anthu a ku India" ndi kundandalika zolinga za chilungamo, ufulu, kulingana, ndi kugwirizana. Kugwirizanitsa U.S. Chipangizo chachijeremani Grundgesetz (Chilamulo Choyambirira) chimayamba ndi mawu akuti "Anthu a ku Germany" ndi kugogomezera ulemu ndi mtendere. Malamulo a ku South Africa adavomereza poyera kupanda chilungamo ndi zikalata zothandizira kuchiritsa magaŵano, chida champhamvu chomangira chizindikiritso cha anthu pambuyo pa kugaŵana.

Kuyerekezera kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti mawu oyamba si alamulo chabe koma a m’machitidwe a kumanga dzina la dzikolo, koma amafotokoza za chiyambi ndi cholinga chimene nzika za dzikolo zingapange. Komabe, mawu osonyeza kuti kubadwa kwa munthu kumakhala kwachidule ndiponso kuti cholinga chake n’chosiyana kwambiri ndi cholinga chake chokha chokhudza zinthu osati njira zogwirira ntchito.

Kumaliza

Chiyambi cha Malamulo a United States ndi chikalata cha mbiri ya kupangidwa kwa anthu. Mawu ake akhudza kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kuumba mmene anthu a ku America amamvera kugwirizana kwawo ndi boma ndi anzawo. Mwakugwirizanitsa mfundo zomwe zilipo ndi cholinga chimodzi, chilungamo, bata, chitetezo, ubwino, ndi ufulu, amapereka kampasi ya makhalidwe abwino ndi yandale imene imatsogolera anthu onse aŵiriwo ndi mabungwe. Chisonkhezero chake chimachokera ku makalasi kupita ku khoti, kuyambira ku miyambo ya boma mpaka ku mikangano yalamulo. M'chitaganya chosonyezedwa ndi kusiyana kwa mitundu ndi kusagwirizana, Preglyge imakhalabe sitego ya mfundo yakuti, ngakhale kuti sitigwirizana, ife tidakali "Anthufe."