Unansi pakati pa malingaliro a anthu ndi Konsichushoni sunakhalepo ndi nthaŵi. Kuyambira pa Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Nyengo kufikira lerolino, kuchepa ndi kuyenda kwa malingaliro ofala kwasonkhezera makhoti ndi makhonsati kumasuliranso zitsimikizo za maziko za ufulu. Kumvetsetsa mmene malingaliro aunyinji amasinthira ku masinthidwe alamulo nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene ufulu wa onse umatetezeredwa ndi kuumiriza m'chitaganya cha democracy. Nkhani ino ikufufuza mbiri, kupenda kozikidwa, ndi njira zochirikiza malingaliro a anthu oumba ufulu walamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu mu United States.

Mbiri Yakale: Mmene Lamulo Lolamulira Anthu Linasinthira

Mafulemu analinganiza Lamulolo kukhala chikalata chamoyo, komabe sakanayembekezera kusintha kwa kugwedezeka kwa makhalidwe abwino a anthu amene akakakamiza kusintha ndi kumasuliranso. Mbiri ya ufulu walamulo iri, m’njira zambiri, mbiri ya kutembenuza malingaliro a anthu kugonjetsa ziletso zalamulo zozika mizu.

Kuchotsedwa kwa Ukapolo ndi Kuperekedwa kwa Lamulo la 13

M'dziko loyambirira, ukapolo unavomerezedwa kwambiri, ngakhale pakati pa Oyambitsa ambiri. Koma pofika m'ma 1830, gulu lomakulakula la oletsa kuletsa linayamba kusintha mitima ndi maganizo. Buku la nkhani zonga Frederick Douglas’s augraphy ndi ntchito yosatha ya ochirikiza ufulu monga William Lloyd Garrison linasintha pang’onopang’ono maganizo a anthu a ku Northern . Kusankhidwa kwa Abraham Lincoln mu 1860, pa pulatifomu yotsutsa kuwonjezereka kwa ukapolo, kunali chisonyezero chachindunji cha malingaliro osinthasintha a. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhondo ya Civil War inali chochititsa mwamsanga cha Reformation ya nambala 135, maziko a kutsutsa anthu onse ukapolo adapanga malo otchuka.

Kuphonya kwa Akazi ndi Mpambo wa Chigawo Cha khumi ndi Chiŵiri wa Lamulo

Kulimbana kwa ufulu wa akazi kunatenga zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri. Mafupa oyambirira anayang'anizana ndi kunyozedwa ndi chidani chofala. Komabe, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, msanganizo wa kulinganiza udzu, masinthidwe a zachuma (akazi ambiri amaloŵa ntchito), ndi chipambano cha ntchito za akazi mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko I chinasintha maganizo a anthu modabwitsa. Maboma anayamba kupereka ufulu wosankha kwa akazi, ndipo pofika 1919 Congress Congress anapasatsa Demendment. Mkupiti wa kulinganiza kwa za ndawala inatha chifukwa chakuti, monga momwe kusanthula kwa masiku ano ku America kukana kuvota akazi kunali kosalungama.

Gulu la Chigwirizano cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe la m’ma 1950 ndi 1960

Mwinamwake chitsanzo chomveka cha anthu cha kukakamiza kusintha kwa lamulo ndi Chipani cha Malo Oyenera. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pa kukonzanso, kugaŵa fuko lina kunavomerezedwa mwalamulo ndi Plessy v. Ferguson. Koma nkhanza za Jim Crow, zomwe zinaulutsidwa pawailesi yakanema yatsopano, zinawopsa dziko. Mafano a moto ndi agalu a apolisi ku Birmingham, ndi kuphedwa kwa ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu monga Medgar Evers, wodended ndi Black America mofanana. Pofika mu 1964, kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu onse wa ufulu wachibadwire kudzakhala ndi chikalata chotsutsa ufulu wa anthu, chochititsa kuukira ufulu wachi, ndipo, chaka chotsatira, Voting Rights Act Act. Chigamu cha Supreme Court mu Brown v. Bungwe la Education la (119544) linakhazikitsa lamulo, koma linasintha chiganitso cha lamulo la lamulolo.

Kukula kwa Zachuma Koyamba Kufika Pamapeto pa Zana Lachisanu ndi Chinayi: Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ufulu Wosankha

Kuyenera kwa kukhala paokha, koyamba kudziŵika mu * Griswold v. Connecticut* (1965) ponena za kuletsa kubala, kunali ndi maganizo a anthu. Pofika m'ma 1960, anthu ambiri a ku America ankakhulupirira kuti kuletsa kubala kuyenera kukhala kwalamulo, ndipo chigamulo cha khotilo chinasonyeza kusintha kumeneko. Mofananamo, kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo kwa ukwati wa munthu mmodzi mu * Obergefefel v. Hodges* (2015) kutembenuka kwakukulu m’chiganizo cha anthu. Mu 1996, 27 peresenti yokha ya Aamereka anachirikiza ukwati wofananawo; pofika 2015, nambala amenewo anali atakwera kufika pa 60%. Khoti linawona bwino "kumvetsa bwino" kamvedwe ka anthu onse.

Zimene Ofalitsa Nkhani Amachita Posokoneza Maganizo a Anthu pa Nkhani ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Kuchokera pa makina osindikizira mpaka pa manyuzi ochezera a pa Intaneti, chidziŵitso chingafulumize kapena kuletsa kusintha kwa matanthauzo a malamulo a boma.

Wailesi Yakanema ndi Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Kubwera kwa nkhani za pa wailesi yakanema kunabweretsa zitsutso ndi zivomerezo zachiwawa m'zipinda zokhaliramo kuzungulira America . Umboni wowoneka umenewu unaposa zosonkhanira ndi kuyambitsa lingaliro la kuchitira umboni kwa mtundu. Kuperekedwa kwa Selma ku Montgomery, mwachitsanzo, andale zadziko oumiriza amene anali ofunitsitsa kutenga kaimidwe. Monga momwe ACLU adanenera, kuulutsa kwa atolankhani ku "mpambo wapamwamba" kaamba ka ufulu wa ochirikiza ufulu, komanso kungatulutsenso kulakwa kumene kumatsogolera ku ziletso zoyenerera.

Zojambula ndi Makompyuta Ndiponso Zaka za Zana la Makumi Aŵiri Loyamba

Masiteshoni a zamayanjano monga Twitter, Facebook, ndi Tik Tok asintha maluso a kukonza maganizo a anthu. Magulu onga ngati [FLT: 0] Miyoyo Yakufa Mwamwambo Chabe mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mavidiyo a mavirustic a polisi achiwawa, kutsogolera ku kufalikira kwa kusintha kwa oyeneretsedwa ndi ziphunzitso zina za malamulo. Komabe, malamulo omwe anafalitsa mavidiyo ameneŵa amafalitsanso kuchotsa, monga ngati kunena konyenga ponena za wovota amene anathandizira ku January 6 Bribri. Unansi pakati pa mavidiyo a wailesi ndi malamulo ndi ufulu wa malamulo ndi lupanga lupanga lawiri: zingachirikize mofulumira kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa anthu kapena kutha kwa chikhulupiriro m'lamulo.

Kufufuza za Mlandu wa Ofalitsa Nkhani pa Zoyenera

  • Stowiellall ndi LGBTQ+ Ufulu: Zipwirikiti za Stone Wall Wall zinasimbidwa poyamba, koma kulembedwa kotsatirapo m'manyuzipepala a ofanana ziŵalo ndipo potsirizira pake njira zazikulu zosonyezera kufalikira zinasintha chidziŵitso cha anthu cha polisi cha nkhanza zotsutsana ndi LGBTQ+ anthu. Kuulutsa kumeneku kunathandiza kugwirizanitsa gulu lamakono la ufulu wachibadwidwe.
  • Kusintha ndi Kuthamanga : Edward Snowden's 2013 akuchucha kwambiri maprogramu ofufuza a NSA, ochitidwa ndi * Guardian* ndi * Washington Post*, adayambitsa mkangano wa anthu ponena za chitetezo cha Kukonzanso Koposa chachinayi m'nyengo ya manambala. Nyumba za USA Freedom Act , zikuika malire atsopano pa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso.
  • Ufulu wa Thuni ndi Misa Shootings : Kubisa mfuti kwa anthu ambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku zikhoterero za kuchirikiza kuletsa mfuti, komanso kusonkhanitsa ochirikiza Second Confsion. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti kujambula kwa nkhani za nyuzi kungachititse kwambiri ngati anthu akuona kuti mfuti ndi yoyenerera kapena ndi yoopsa.

Lingaliro la Anthu Likuipitsidwa Monga Choletsa Ufulu wa Malamulo

Polling has become a sophisticated tool for measuring where the public stands on specific constitutional questions. Legislators and judges alike pay attention to poll data, though the weight it carries varies.

Mmene Malamulo ndi Zosankha Zoweruza Zimakhudzira Machimo

Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza ayenera kukhala odziimira paokha popanda malingaliro a anthu, Bwalo Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limavomereza malingaliro a anthu pa nkhani zapamwamba za m'maluwa. Kupenda kwapadera kwa katswiri wa zamalamulo Barry Friedman kunapeza kuti Khoti silimasiya malingaliro a anthu kwanthaŵi yaitali, makamaka pankhani za malamulo a anthu onse. Mwachitsanzo, kuchirikiza chilango cha imfa kwasintha ndi malingaliro a anthu; pamene kupenda kunasonyeza kukana kuchirikiza m'ma 2000 ndi 2010, kuphedwako kunatha, ndipo mayiko angapo anachotsa chilango cha imfa. Mofananamo, kupenda kokhazikika kwa kuchirikiza mtundu wina wa kulowa kwalamulo, kumene kungakhale kutagwirizanitsa ziletso za boma ngakhale pamaso pa anthu ambiri * Dobbbsss. ndi bungwe la Akazi la Health Organization la Jackson * linabwezera ku nkhani.

Zimene Anthu Amaona Kuti N’zovuta

Kufufuza sikuli nthaŵi zonse kutsimikizira kolondola kwa kusintha kwa lamulo. Mawu a mafunso angayambukire kwambiri. Kufufuza kumene kumafunsa ponena za "kuyenera kunyamula zida" kungapereke mayankho osiyana kusiyana ndi a "zida zoletsa zida zankhondo . Ndiponso, lingaliro la anthu lingakhale losazama: anthu ambiri saona mozama kukhala malonda alamulo. Pazifukwa zimenezi, ma 1960 adaona zinthu zazikulu zochirikiza ufulu wa anthu pambali zosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi mmene mafunso analembedwera. Malingaliro a anthu amavutikanso ndi "kukondera kwa anthu" . [FLT:]

Kusintha kwa Madera ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu

Malingaliro a anthu pa ufulu walamulo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha dera ndi gulu la anthu omwe alipo. Mwachitsanzo, kuchirikiza ukwati wa kugonana kukhale kochepa kwambiri ku South ndi pakati pa anthu achikulire a ku America. Kusiyana kumeneku n’kumene kumachitika chifukwa chakuti boma limalola maboma kukhala malaboratoriya a demokrase. California atapereka malamulo 8 oletsa ukwati wa azaka zapakati pa pulaneti mu 2008, inasonyeza lingaliro la anthu ambiri la kanthaŵi limene linagonjetsedwa ndi makhoti onse aŵiri ndi malingaliro osinthasintha. Lerolino, achinyamata ambiri a ku America amalimbikitsa kuchotsa mimba, malamulo owonjezereka a mfuti, ndi chitetezo kwa anthu a LGBTQ+, pamene kugaŵikana kwa okalamba kumakhala kogaŵana.

Mphamvu ya Kudziloŵetsa m’Chipani cha Anthu

Kusintha kwa malamulo ndiko kumachititsa anthu kukhala ndi maganizo andale.

Gulu la Akazi Likusonkhezera

Mkupiti wa ufulu wosankha akazi unali kalasi lapamwamba la kuchita zionetsero. Mabungwe onga National American Woman Suffile Association anagwiritsira ntchito madeshoni, kukopa alendo, njala, ndi kusamvera boma kusungitsa nkhaniyo pamaso pa anthu. Mpake kuti kugamula kwa anthu kunapangitsa Kusintha kwa Chigawo cha 19 kusapeŵeka.

Gulu la Malo Okhala ndi Ufulu Wokhala ndi Malo Abwino

Ngakhale kuti si lamulo lachindunji, bungwe la malo okhala lasonkhezera kumasulira kwa malamulo a malamulo amene amaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa mpweya woyera ndi madzi. Nkhaŵa ya anthu ponena za kuipitsa m’ma 1960 ndi 1970 inachititsa National Environmental Policy Act ndi kupangidwa kwa EPA. akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amatsutsa kuti Kusintha kwa Ninth Kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuvomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa malo okhala ndi moyo abwino, ndipo kuchirikiza kusintha kwa nyengo kwaposachedwapa kukukulitsa chichilikizo cha anthu kaamba ka kumasulira koteroko.

Magulu Amakono: Kusintha Moyo wa Anthu ndi Apolisi

Black Live Matter, yomwe inayambitsidwa mu 2013, yasintha kukambirana kwa anthu ponena za kuteteza kopanda nzeru kwa Opatulidwa ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda, kuletsa kwa Eighth Amendment pa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, ndi kuteteza kwa 144th Amendment . Mwa kutsutsa, makampani a zaumoyo, ndi malamulo oletsa anthu, gulu lasintha maganizo a anthu pankhani monga ngati chitetezo choyenerera, popanda kudodometsa, ndi makamera. Pofika 202020, kuphedwa kwa George Flod, kunasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America anachirikiza kusintha kwakukulu kwa apolisi [1]. Kusintha kwakukulu koyambirira. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo asintha kwa zinthu kunali kosemphana, gulu lapanga bwino mafunso ameneŵa pa maziko a bungwelo.

Njira Zomenyera Nkhondo Zimene Zimasonkhezera Malingaliro

  • Kusamvera kwa Chikalata: Kuswa lamulo kwamtendere (mt., kukhala pansi, zotsekereza) kungayambitse chifundo ndi kuulutsa nkhani, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'zitsutso zotsutsa chakudya chama 1960.
  • Ligigation: milandu yachilolezo, yolinganizidwa ndi magulu onga NAACP Legal Defense Fund kapena ACLU, ingakakamize makhoti kuyankha mafunso a lamulo ndi, ndipo, ikatero, kugwirizanitsa chidziŵitso cha anthu.
  • Nyumba ya chilolezo: Kusonkhanitsa magulu osiyanasiyana (atsogoleri achipembedzo, maukwati a antchito, mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe) kumagwirizanitsa uthengawo ndi kusonyeza chichirikizo chachikulu.
  • Kugwirizana ndi opanga malamulo: Marchs, maofesi a tauni, ndi matelefoni akusonyeza akuluakulu osankhidwa kuti ogwirizana awo amasamala kwambiri nkhani za malamulo.

Mavuto Okhudza Mmene Anthu Amakhudzira Ufulu Wawo

Ngakhale kuti anthu angapangitse kuti ufulu ufalikire, zimenezinso zimavuta kwambiri. Anthu ambiri akhala akugwiritsa ntchito maganizo otsutsa kupondereza ufulu wa anthu ochepa, monga mmene amachitira ndi anthu a ku Japan pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, amene anali kuthandizidwa kwambiri pa nthawiyo ndi kuchirikizidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu ku * Korendatsu v. United States * * (1944). Mlanduwu udakali chitsanzo cha chenjezo cha mmene tsankho lingachotsere malamulo oteteza.

Kumasulira Molakwika

M'nyengo ya zoulutsira nkhani zogaŵanika, malingaliro a anthu angayendetsedwe ndi ndawala zotsutsana. Zonena zabodza zokhudza chinyengo cha masankho, ngozi, kapena "Nthanthi yofufuza za fuko" zachititsa anthu kukwiya ndi kuletsa malamulo pa ufulu wovota, malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu, ndi ufulu wa maphunziro. Kusintha kumatanthauza kuti malingaliro pa ufulu wa malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi mfundo zogawidwa motsutsana ndi malamulo, kukumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kukhazikitsa chiganizo chofunikira kaamba ka kukonzanso kapena kumasuliranso kokulira kwa chiweruzo. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la anthu pa kuletsa kugawa kwa mfuti lakhazikika ndi kugaŵikana kwakukulu pa zopinga zamphamvu. Kusintha kumeneku sikusonyeza kusagwirizana kwenikweni komanso kogwira mtima kofanana ndi kutchuka kwa Nra.

Mbali ya Makhoti Monga Mabungwe Otsutsa Makampani

Nthambi yachiweruzo imakonzedwa, mwapang'ono, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa kwa anthu ambiri ochenjeredwa. Ntchito yolimbana ndi malamulo imeneyi ndi mbali yaikulu ya Malamulo, komanso ingachititsenso anthu kutsutsana ndi maganizo. Khoti likayamba kuchititsa anthu kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika kwambiri (pamene ena amatsutsana * Rae v. Wade*), imawononga mphamvu ndi kutayikiridwa.

Malamulo Osintha: Kuyesa Kotheratu kwa Consensus

Kusintha kwa ufulu kumafuna mavoti aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi kugwetsa m'magawo atatu. Mtsuko wapamwamba umenewu umatanthauza kuti kukonza nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu ndi kwachikhalire m’lingaliro la anthu. Malamulo a Chigwirizano cha Ufulu wa Anthu, mwachitsanzo, ochirikizidwa kwambiri m'ma 1970 koma potsirizira pake analephera kukwaniritsa mayiko atatu, kusonyeza kulimba mtima kochititsidwa ndi kuopa kusintha ntchito za mwamuna. Mfundo yakuti malamulo asintha ntchitoyo ka 27 kokha m’zaka zoposa 230 imasonyeza mmene kuliri kovuta kwambiri kwa anthu kutembenuzira kuti asinthe lamulo lovomerezeka. Kaŵirikaŵiri, ufulu wa anthu umakula mwa kumasulira malemba omwe alipo. Zotsatirapo ndi kumasulira kwa anthu kwa kalelo.

Kumaliza: Ubwenzi Wolimba ndi Womakulabe

Kugwirizana kwa malingaliro a anthu ndi ufulu walamulo sikuli nkhani yachiwonjezeko ndi zotsatira zake. Mkhalidwe wa anthu umasintha mkhalidwe wandale mmene oweruza amaikidwa ndi milandu amagamulidwa, koma Malamulo amaperekanso malamulo okhalitsa amene angatsutse zinthu zazikulu. Nkhani ya mbiri yakale ya ku America imasonyeza kuti panyengo yaitali, malingaliro a anthu ayamba kukhudzana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ufulu wa anthu. Koma kawirikawiri kawiri kachitidwe ka zinthu ka zinthu kabwino. Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene amachita nawo nkhani imeneyi ayenera kuzindikira kuti malamulo a malamulo si buku lathunthu koma malamulo a moyo amene cholinga chake chimatsutsana nthaŵi zonse m’makhoti, zokhazikitsa malamulo, ndi khoti la anthu. Mwa kuzindikira mmene malingaliro a anthu asintha m’mbiri, tingayamikire bwino ntchito ya ufulu wa maŵa.