Madzi abwino akumwa ndiwo malo osungirako thanzi la anthu, komabe aukalamba amadzi akuwopseza anthu ambiri. Kudutsa United States ndi dziko lonse lapansi, mapaipi, mafakitale, ndi makampani operekera chithandizo akufikira mapeto a moyo wawo wothandiza. Chotulukapo nchakuti kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu, kusokonezeka kwa utumiki, ndi kutayikiridwa ndi ogula. Kulimbana ndi mavuto ameneŵa sikumafuna kokha ndalama zambiri komanso njira yofala, yochitira zinthu zamakono, kuyang'anira mochenjera, ndi kugaŵana kwa anthu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda kuopsa kwakukulu kwa madzi kuchokera ku ziwitso zaukalamba, kupenda zoyambitsa zake zazikulu, ndi zomapanga zodalirika.

Vutoli Lilipo: Chifukwa Chake Kukalamba Kumaika Pangozi Madzi Abwino

Mawu akuti "kuwononga malo opangira madzi" akusoŵeka chaka chilichonse ndipo pafupifupi magalamu 6 biliyoni a madzi otayika tsiku ndi tsiku — nthaŵi zina oposa zaka 100 zapitazo. Ku United States kokha, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) imapereka madzi akumwa ku giredi ya C, akutchula kuti madzi aakulu 300,000 akuphwa chaka chilichonse ndi pafupifupi malita 6 biliyoni a madzi otayika. Mapaipi ambiri opangidwa amapangidwa ndi zinthu zimene tsopano zikupangitsa kuwonongeka kwa thanzi, monga mtope, zitsulo zokhala ndi zopanda chitsulo, ndi kuponya chitsulo. Zomera za mankhwala zopangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka 20 zokhala ngati PFAS, mankhwala, mankhwala, ndi zinyansinsini zowononga. Kuphatikizana kwa madzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa kachilombo kowononga thupi kumapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi kuwonongeka kwabwino. Malinga ndi kulephera kwa KGWIRIKA: [20]

Kungowonjezera pa ziŵerengero, mtengo wa anthu ngwaukulu. Anthu m’mizinda monga Flint, Michigan; Newark, New Jersey; ndi Jackson, Mississippi akumana ndi mavuto okhalitsa ophatikizapo kuipitsa mtovu, kuyambika kwa mabakiteriya, ndi kulephera kwa madongosolo amene amawononga kwambiri ndalama zopezedwa ndi anthu ochepa. Zochitika zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti kuyendetsa bwino madzi a m'mafakitale si vuto la zopangapanga kapena la zachuma — ndilo nkhani ya chilungamo ndi kudalira anthu. Monga momwe mapaipi amafeŵera ndi kutha kwa mankhwala omwe amawononga ndalama, ukonde umene umatetezera kuwonongeka, kupangitsa kuloŵerera kothandiza.

Mankhwala Opatsa Ululu ndi Zochita za Thanzi Zogwirizana ndi Ukalamba

Kumvetsa mbali iliyonse kumathandiza kuti pakhale njira zambiri zothandizira kuti pakhale mankhwala, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndiponso zinthu zina zowononga thupi.

Mtovu ndi Mkuwa

Masitepe a mtovu (LSLS) adakali otchuka kwambiri pa madongosolo a madzi akale. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mtovu kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofala popanga madzi ndi kugulitsa . M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kumira kochititsidwa ndi kusintha kwa makemikolo a madzi (pH, alkalini, chlorine ) kukhoza kutsogolera ku madzi a pampope. Kuwomba kotsogolera kuli kowopsa makamaka kwa ana, kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi kukula kwa madzi. Mtovu, kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m’mapaipi, kukhoza kuchititsa kupsinjika ndi kuchititsa kudwala kwa m’mimba, chiŵindi, ndi impso. Kuyendetsa ntchito kwa EPA kubwerera m'kaundula ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito zapangika, zotengera m'malo, zotsogolera, ndi mayendedwe ambiri. Komabe, kutchula mizere yonse yotsogolera ndi yosagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuopsa kwa Kachilomboka: Mitsempha ndi Tizilombo Tosaoneka ndi Maso

Mapaipi akale, makamaka amene amapangidwa ndi simenti yachitsulo kapena yopanda mzere, amapereka malo ovuta kusungirako zinthu zamoyo — magulu ovuta kufotokoza amene amatetezera mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina. Mabiofilm ameneŵa angakupire Ligionalla . (chochititsa matenda a Booclypaneals ) (chochititsa matenda a Bodylypanealtics), matenda osafala a mybacteria, ndi Pseuromas [. M'dongosolo lokhala ndi mankhwala opangika ndi mabotolo opangidwa ndi ukalamba wa madzi), tizilombo timeneti ndiponso matenda opangika ndi matenda ena opangika m'mapaipi ena opale opa.

Kuwononga Mankhwala Mwamazira (DBP)

Chlorine ndi chlorinami, mankhwala ofala kwambiri ophera tizilombo, amavomereza ndi zinthu zachilengedwe m’madzi kupanga ma trihalathatelenes (THM) ndi ma haloacetic acid (HAA). Kupezeka kwa nthaŵi yaitali ku mlingo wokwera wa DBP kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kansa ndi mavuto a kubala. Mafakitale ochiritsa okalamba angakhale ndi njira zokwanira (m’njira yakuti , awonjezereko kutulutsa carbon) kuti achotsemo zinthu zoyambika asanachotsedwe. Ndiponso, pamene madzi amayenda ndi mapaipi akale, kuola, kuwonongeka kwa matenda, kulola kuti ma DP achulukire m'dongosolo la kufalitsa.

Zinthu Zopaka Mitsempha Zomera: PFAS ndi Microplastics

Magazi ndi polyfluoralkyl (PFAS) — “makemikolo osatha" ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zogulitsidwa ndi maindasitale — amapezedwa kwambiri m'madzi akumwa. Madongosolo ambiri akale a chithandizo sanapangidwe kuti achotsedwe. PFAS ndi yoyenda m’madzi, yosamvana ndi mankhwala achibadwa, ndipo yagwirizanitsidwa ndi kansa ya impso, matenda a chithokoso, ndi kutsekedwa kwa thupi. Mofananamo, tizilombo tating'onoting'to timafalikira m’madzi ndi ziŵiro zakale zingachotse zinthu zapulasitiki. Pamene kuli kwakuti ziyambukiro za microplastiki zikukabe pansi pa kufufuza, nkhaŵa. EPA yalingalira kuti pakhale ndi mlingo wochuluka wa PFO ndi PFOFOS, umene udzathandiza kuti mapulogalamu ambiri achotsedwe a kaboni ya kaboni kapena kuti asinthe.

Mavuto a Zachuma Olepheretsa Kusintha

Mabanja ogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyendetsera ntchito zaukalamba amakula ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Malamulo a Safere of Adole Water Act (SDWA) amakhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka, koma madongosolo ambiri aang'ono alibe luso la zopangapanga ndi ndalama zoyendera. Komabe, chaka cha 2021 Infrastructure Information Information Invementment and Jobs Act Act imapereka ndalama zothandizira ntchito yothandizira ntchito, $1 biliyoni 1. $1.7,500,000,000 pogwiritsira ntchito kusuntha za madzi a Zakudya (DWSRF) amapatsa, ndipo $9 biliyoni sasoŵabe zinthu zonse zimene zikufunika. Kuwonjezera apo, nthaŵi yomanga nthaŵi zambiri imawonjezeredwa chifukwa cha kukonzanso, kuyang'anira malo, ndi zinthu zandale. Monga momwe kulinganiza kukuyendera zinthu zambiri, kuyendetsa zinthu za PFAS ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono. Komabe, anthu ambiri akusinthanso chifukwa cha kukonza zinthu zamakono.

Mabungwe Othandiza Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu

Kuti madzi athe kulowa m’malo mwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za m’mafakitale, pamafunika njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zinthu, zopangira zinthu, zogwirizana ndi anthu a m’deralo, ndiponso zotengera kwa anthu ena.

Kuloŵa M’malo Mosintha Ntchito ya Mtovu

Kuchotsatu LSL ndi njira yokha yothetseratu kuipitsa kwa mtovu. Kulamulira kwa EPA kwa Kachipangizo ka Kawombole ndi Kopper kumalamulira njira zonse za madzi zopangira njira zoŵerengera pa October 2024 ndi kubwezeretsa mizere ya mtovu m’zaka 10. Maprogramu opambana, monga Newark, anagwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma ndi boma, zizindikiro za anthu, ndi masefa amadzi aulere kutetezera anthu pa ntchito yosintha. Mfungulo ya pulogalamu ndiyo kupambana — Ofessie iyenera kugwiritsira ntchito zolembera zakale, kufufuza za m'munda, ndipo ngakhale makina ojambula zithunzi zopimira kuti aloze malo a utumiki kumene ndandanda za ntchito sizikwani.

Kukhazikika kwa Kulamulira M’chiyembekezo

Madongosolo amene sangalowe mmalo mwa mapikipi onse a mtovu, kuchuluka kwa machemistry amadzi n’kovuta. Kusintha pH ndi alkaline, kuwonjezera orthophosphate monga chitsekereza cha kuphwa, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kuchuluka kwa madzi achepetse kwambiri. Kutero kumafuna kuyang'aniridwa kosalekeza kwa madzi m'dongosolo lonse logaŵira, popeza kuti mankhwala angasinthe ndi kutentha, ndi kuyambika kwa madzi. Luso la zoyendera lamakono limathandiza kuyang'anira zinthu zenizeni zamakono zoyendera kuyenda, kulola kuti ziyendetseke mwamsanga.

Njira Zothandiza Kwambiri

Mafakitale opereka chithandizo chowonjezereka okhala ndi njira zamakono ngofunika kuchotsa zomakula ndi ma DBP. Njira zina zikuphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT :0] Kaboni Yosawoletsa [1] yothandiza kwambiri pa PFAS, lango ndi fungo, ndi maselo a zamoyo.
  • Exchange (IX): Kuchotsa PFAS, nitrate, ndi zitsulo zolemera.
  • MEmbrane Filtation (kusintha, nanofiltifiltiation, kubwerera ku osmosis): Nkoyenera kuchotsa ndi kuchepetsa ma inorganic ndi ma contamine.
  • UV Oxydation yopita patsogolo (UV/AOP): imagawa makemikolo odyedwa monga 1,4-dioxane ndi PFAS pamene isanganizidwa ndi hydrogen peroxide.
  • Kusintha: Kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zamoyo kuchotsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi zomera ndi kuchepetsa kupangidwa kwa DBP.

Luso lililonse liyenera kusankhidwa mogwirizana ndi mtundu wa madzi, madalaivala oyendetsa galimoto, ndiponso zinthu zina zokwera mtengo. Anthu ambiri akutengera njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira anthu odwala.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kusunga Zinthu Patsogolo

Mmalo moyembekezera kuti paipi iphwe kapena kulephera kwa madzi, zinthu zothandizira kuchepetsa madzi akutembenukira ku kuyang'anira zinthu zofunika za m'makompyuta. Izi zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuti adziwe mmene zinthu zilili, ayenera kudziwa kuti akuchucha, kugwiritsa ntchito makina oulutsira mawu, mamita okongola komanso makina oonera mafunde.
  • Madzi a m’madzi ozizira kwambiri amathandiza kuti madzi a m’madzi achepe, azitha kuoneka ngati akuyenda pang’onopang’ono, ndiponso kuti azikhala ndi madzi ambiri.
  • Kuika tsogolo la ngozi pa zinthu zokonzanso, kusumika maganizo pa mipope yokhala ndi mlingo wokwera wa kupuma, kuchepa kwa mphamvu, ndi kuchepa kwa madzi m’mbiri.
  • Kuchotsa zinyalala ndi zinthu zina zowonongeka m’thupi mwawo.

Ma thikiteriya ambiri tsopano akugwiritsira ntchito luntha lopanga kuneneratu kulephera kwa madzi ndi kukonzanso ndandanda isanachitike tsoka. American Water Works Association (AWA) yafalitsa malangizo a njira zabwino zoyendetsera zinthu.

Kuthandizana ndi Maphunziro a Anthu

Kudalira anthu n’kofunika kuti madzi akhale abwino.

  • Buku losonyeza bwino mmene madzi akuyendera (m’magazi, kudzera pa Intaneti).
  • Kufikira khomo ndi khomo posonyeza kuti musintha mzere wa mtovu kapena madzi oŵira.
  • Azipereka zinthu zoyesera madzi kwaulere kwa anthu amene ali pangozi.
  • Kupanga maprogramu a ntchito ya mtovu oloŵa m’malo a ndalama (matola, opereka ndalama) kuthandiza eninyumba amene ali ndi mbali ya mtengowo.
  • Ntchito yophunzitsa za kukonza mapaipi a madzi m’nyumba (kuwasamalira ndi kuŵalitsa madzi) kuti asawonongeke.

Pamene anthu auzidwa ndi kuloŵetsedwamo, ziŵerengero za ogonjera zimawongokera, ndipo chidaliro cha anthu chimakula.

Maphunziro a Nkhani: Maphunziro a Maprogramu Oloŵa Mmalodi ndi Dziko

Newark , New Jersey, imapereka chenjezo ndi chitsanzo. Pambuyo pa kuyang'anizana ndi vuto la mtovu mu 2016, mzindawo unaloŵa mmalo masitepe a mtovu oposa 18,000 mkati mwa zaka zitatu — ntchito imene inafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu, kutulukira kwa anthu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito boma lakujambula mapu aluso. Maphunziro ofunika kwambiri anali a chidziŵitso cha anthu, masefa a madzi, ndi programu yapakati yomwe inalola eni nyumba kusankha mosavuta. Newark adagwiritsiranso ntchito ndalama zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku boma, DWSRF, ndi American Replation. Monga chotulukapo, mipata yamphamvu ya madzi ya mzindawo inatsika modabwitsa kwambiri.

Chitsanzo china ndi Madison, Wisconsin, amene anayamba ntchito yotsogolera yodzifunira kulowa mmalo zaka khumi zapitazo, kukwaniritsa pafupifupi 100% mwa kugwiritsa ntchito “deging kamodzi” pokonzanso makwalala. Madison anaperekanso ngongole zochepera kwa oloŵa mmalo aumwini. Zoyesayesa zosonkhezera zimenezi zinapeŵa vuto ndi kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro cha anthu kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Kumbali ya chithandizo, Portsmouth , New Hampshire, inaika imodzi ya njira zoyamba zaukali wokwanira za UV zopitira kuchotsa PFAS, ikumatumikira monga umboni wa zinthu zina zokhala ndi mphamvu zoyang'anizana ndi kuipitsidwa ndi thovu lolimbana ndi moto ndi maindasitale. Dongosololo limagwiritsira ntchito UV kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi pamodzi ndi peroxide kugwetsa mamolekyu a PFAS, kufikitsa ziŵerengero zochotsedwa pamwamba pa 99%.

Njira Yopitira Patsogolo: Mwambo, Kusunga Manda, ndi Kukonzanso

Palibe njira iliyonse yothetsera vuto la madzi okalamba m’dziko lonse.

  • Kupitirizabe kupereka ndalama zothandizira kukonzanso zinthu zapamwamba, makamaka ndi kulimbikitsa anthu osauka.
  • Madalaivala oyendetsa zinthu olimbitsa malamulo monga ngati ma PFAS MCL osungika ndi nthaŵi zoikidwa m’malo mwa mtovu mofulumira.
  • Kuwonjezera chithandizo cha maluso pa madongosolo aang’ono ndi akumidzi amene alibe ukatswiri wa m’nyumba.
  • Kutsekeka kwa madzi oyeza m’makompyuta otsogola odziŵiratu kuti madzi ayamba bwanji.
  • Kafufuzidwe ka zinthu zatsopano zopangira mapaipi ndi njira zothandizira kuti munthu abwerere mwakale (m’njira yachidule, m’kati mwa chipaipi, m’malo ochizira mankhwala) zimene zingathandize kuti moyo ukhale wofewa popanda kukumba kwambiri.

Bungwe la za Umoyo la World Guides for Kumwa - Madzi Abwino likutumikira monga chilozero cha padziko lonse choikira miyezo yotetezereka. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zitsogozo zimenezi pamene mukusamalira kusoŵa kwa zinthu za m'mafakitale ndiko cholinga chofunikira kuchilondola.

Kumaliza: Kuteteza Chuma Chathu Chofunika Kwambiri

Ukalamba umakhala chimodzi cha zinthu zosokoneza kwambiri ndi zovuta kwambiri ku madzi m'mbiri yamakono. Kuchokera ku mtovu ndi mabakiteriya kutulukira makemikolo onga PFAS, ngozizo nzakedi ndipo zimayambukira kwambiri anthu ovutika kwambiri. Komabe, mwakuphatikiza maprogramu okonzanso mwamphamvu, maluso amakono othandizira, kuyendetsa zinthu zofunika, ndi kugwirizana kwatanthauzo kwa anthu, zipangizo zotetezera madzi zingabwezeretse ndi kuteteza mkhalidwe wa madzi kwa zaka makumi ambiri kuti afike. Zolipirirazo nzazikulu — koma kukwera mtengo kwa kusachita kanthu, kusokonezeka kwa zachuma, ndi kutayikiridwa kwa chikhulupiriro, n’kokulirapo. Anthu onse amafunikira kupezeka bwino, madzi oyera, ndipo amayamba ndi kudzipereka kokonzedwanso kwamakono kukonza njira zimene zimawapereka.