Chithandizo cha kumaiko ena chakhala maziko a kupita patsogolo kwa dziko lonse, kupereka ndalama kuchokera ku zipatala zaumoyo m'midzi ya Africa mpaka maprogramu a maphunziro ku Southeast Asia. Komabe ngakhale kuti kwa zaka makumi ambiri kuli kuikizira, mpata pakati pa ntchito zachipambano za oyendetsa ndege ndi kuchuluka, kuloŵerera kodalirika kumakhala kokulira. Programu imene imachepetsa imfa za ana ndi 30% m'chigawo chimodzi kaŵirikaŵiri imalephera kutulutsa zotulukapo zofananazo pamene zifutukulidwa ku chigawo chonse kapena dziko. Kuzindikira chifukwa chake kukwera ndi kovuta kwambiri (ndipo kutero kuti kukhale kwabwino) ndipo kukhoza bwino pothandiza, kwabwino, ndiponso kwachikhalire.

Kupitira ku kampani ina ya chithandizo kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yotsimikizirika ndi kufutukula kufikira kwake kuti athandize anthu ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kudutsa mbali zosiyanasiyana. Sikungochita zinthu zofanana; kumafuna kusinthira ku malo atsopano, kugwiritsa ntchito bajeti yokulirapo, kulinganiza mafilimu ambiri, ndi kukonza malo okhala. Popanda kulinganiza bwino, mlingo ungatsogolere ku kuwonongeka, kuwononga zinthu, ndipo ngakhale kuwonongeka kosayembekezereka. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza zovuta zambiri zopimira mapulogalamu a chipambano a chithandizo ndi kufotokoza njira zopezera umboni wopezera chithandizo.

Kumvetsa Vuto la Kupima

Mabungwe oyendetsa ndege amalimbikitsa anthu kuti azichita bwino pa ntchito zawo, koma ulendo wopita kutsogolo ndi kutsogolo wadzaza ndi mavuto. Kufufuza kwa 2016 kwa Brookings Institution kunapeza kuti pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya oyendetsa ndege akafika pamlingo wofanana. Zifukwa zake n’zosiyanasiyana, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimachokera ku kulephera kuyembekezera mmene zinthu zikuyendera, chuma, ndi kusintha kwa ulamuliro pamene programu yakula.

Kamzera Kachipangizo Choyendera

Oyendetsa mahatchi amagwira ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yolamuliridwa ndi uyang'aniro waukulu, ndalama zoperekedwa, ndi antchito ofunitsitsa. Iwo angagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'mudzi umodzi kumene gululo liri ndi maunansi aakulu ndipo angagwirizane mofulumira. Kusintha kumafuna kuyerekezera kuti chipambano m'midzi yambiri kapena mazana ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m'madongosolo a boma amene alibe kulolera kofanana kapena chuma. Mpatawo suli kokha wa ukulu wofanana koma wa kucholoŵana: zimene zimagwira ntchito kwa woyendetsa ndege sizingagwire ntchito pamlingo chifukwa chakuti dongosolo lamphamvulo liri losiyana kwenikweni.

Chifukwa Chake Kupitikiza Nthaŵi Zambiri Kumalephera

Kulephera kupima kungapangitsidwe m'magulu atatu aakulu: kusasanthula kosakwanira mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, kupereŵera kwa mphamvu m'maiko olandira, ndi kufooka kwa kugwirizana pakati pa osungitsa. Zimenezi sizili zosiyana; kaŵirikaŵiri zimalimbitsana. Mwachitsanzo, kuloŵerera kwa thanzi kochitidwa popanda kuzindikira makhalidwe aumoyo a kumaloko kungalephere kufikira anthu ofuna, kutsogolera ku kuchepetsa mphamvu ndi kuwononga chuma. Mofananamo, ngati antchito a zaumoyo akumeneko sanaphunzitsidwe kapena kusonkhezeredwa, mkhalidwe wa programuyo ungakule pamene ikukula.

Zopinga Zofala pa Kuloŵerera m’Njira za Aid Akunja

Kugwirizana kwa malemba

Zimene zimagwira ntchito m'dziko lina kapena chigawo china zingakhale zosayenera konse kwina. Zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe, madongosolo andale, dongosolo la zachuma, ndi maulamuliro a anthu amasiyana kwambiri, ngakhale m’dziko lomwelo. Programu imene imapatsa mphamvu akazi ku Bangladesh ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mwachitsanzo, siingatembenuzire ku chitaganya chimene akazi sangatsegule movomerezeka mwalamulo. Malembedwe a pulogalamu a za zachuma amaphatikizaponso kusiyana kwa zinthu: a a a pulogalamu ya za zaumoyo imene imagwira ntchito m'likulu wa dziko lodalirika angalephere kukwaniritsa m'madera akumidzi popanda kugwirizana ndi makompyuta.

Kusintha njira za malo akwanuko sikumangofuna njira yaluso chabe . Kumafuna kugwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu, maboma, ndi mabungwe akwanuko. Popanda zimenezi, kuloŵererapo kumakhala kosafunika kapena ngakhale kovulaza. Mabungwe a zachitukuko padziko lonse monga USAID [1] mowonjezereka kugogomezera kufunika kwa kupita patsogolo kwa dziko, koma kusamuka kuchoka ku zolankhula kupita ku ntchito.

Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Kuchuluka kumafuna ndalama, anthu, ndi zinthu zimene zimasoŵa m'mayiko amene amalandira. Ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama sizidziŵika bwino kapena zimakhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndipo ma bajeti a boma m'mayiko opeza ndalama zochepa n’ngochepa. Likulu la anthu limatsenderezedwa kwambiri: pangakhale madokotala ophunzitsidwa, aphunzitsi, kapena mainjiniya ochepa kugwira ntchito. Infraculature , magetsi, madongosolo a madzi , ndi ma magetsi omwe sathandiza kupititsa ntchito. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale mapulani a ndandanda a magetsi oikidwa bwino angasanduke kapena kulephera.

Ndiponso, zopinga za zopereka siziri kokha za kuchuluka komanso za mtundu. Ntchito ya kanthaŵi kochepa imachititsa zisonkhezero zopotoka: mabungwe angafulumire kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mmalo mwa kusungitsa madongosolo odalirika. 2020 lipoti lochokera ku Global Development [1] [[FLT:] limagogomezera mmene ndalama zoperekedwa zimawonongera dongosolo la zaumoyo mu Afirika, ndi maprogramu ambiri opikisana ndi antchito ndi maziko a zinthu.

3. Kulephera Kugwirizana ndi Kulamulira

Kupima kumafuna kugwirizana pakati pa anthu ambiri osunga ndalama , maboma a dziko ndi a kumaloko, NGOS, magawo a anthu, ndi magulu a anthu. Iliyonse ili ndi zofunika zake, nthaŵi, ndi zopereka. Maulamuliro ofooka angatsogolere ku kupanga makope, inifficience, ndi nkhondo. Nthaŵi zina, maprogramu amaikidwa pansi popanda kugula, zotsatira zake zingachititse kulephera kapena kutsutsa kogwira ntchito.

Kulamulira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri makamaka m’mayiko ofooka kapena m'madera amene muli zipinda zofooka. Ngakhale m’mayiko okhazikika, kulephera kwa mgwirizano wa anthu kukhoza kusokoneza zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu yopereka chakudya yoyendetsedwa ndi bungwe la World Food Programme ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo chakudya, koma ngati Ministry of Education sigwirizana ndi mapulogalamu a sukulu kapena aphunzitsi, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zochepa. Kupanga madongosolo amphamvu a kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka thupi kuyambira pachiyambi n’kofunika, koma kumafuna nthaŵi, kukhulupirirana, ndi zolinga zandale.

4. Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza Zolakwika

Makonzedwe ambiri a chithandizo chakunja amapangidwa ndi kuyang'anira ndi kupima (M&E) kumene kumagwira ntchito kwa woyendetsa ndege wamng'ono koma kuwonongeka. Kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chapamwamba cha malo mazana ambiri nchokwera mtengo ndi chocholoŵana. Popanda kumasulira kwanthaŵi yeniyeni, zipangizo sizingathe kuzindikira mavuto mwamsanga kapena kusintha njira zawo. Kulinganiza programu popanda kuyendetsa galimoto ndi m'mawondo wakhungu .

Ndiponso, zofunikira zoperekedwa zoperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri zimasumika pa makonde ogaŵidwa m'maere mmalo mwa zotulukapo (m’chitsanzo, kuchepetsa kwa odwala malungo). Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kukwera kumene kumawoneka bwino papepala koma kulephera kupereka chiyambukiro chenicheni. Njira zatsopano monga ngati kuyang'anira kosintha ndi kufufuza kwa nsapato zingathandize, koma siziri zofala m'chithandizo chachilendo.

Njira Zothandiza Pothetsa Mavuto

Ngakhale kuti zopingazo n’zofunika, sizikutha. Umboni wochuluka wa kuchuluka kwa kupima kwa chipambano umatchula njira zingapo zimene zingathandize kwambiri. Njira zimenezi si zipolopolo zasiliva, koma zimapereka mapu a msewu kwa opereka, maboma, ndi mabungwe ogwiritsa ntchito.

Kufufuza ndi Kusintha Malembo Mogometsa

Asanapimikire njira iliyonse, osunga ndalama ndi ogwiritsira ntchito ayenera kuikiza ndalama kuti amvetsetse bwino nkhani yatsopano. Izi sizikuphatikizapo kupenda kwa luso la zofufuza zamakono (m’chitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa matenda, kuchuluka kwa anthu odziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga) komanso kupenda zandale, kujambula za chikhalidwe, ndi kujambula mapu a anthu. Njira zothandizira anthu a m'maderawo kukonza njira yothandizira kuloŵerera kwa zinthu. Cholinga si kukhazikitsa pulani komanso kutengera chitsanzo chotsimikizirika ku zinthu zenizeni za kumaloko pamene akusunga zigawo zake zazikulu.

Mwachitsanzo, gulu losakhala la boma BRAC linalinganiza programu yake yaumoyo ya anthu ku Bangladesh yonse mwa kuchititsa choyamba mapendedwe ofunikira atsatanetsatane m’chigawo chatsopano chirichonse, ndiyeno kuphunzitsa akazi akumaloko monga ogwira ntchito zaumoyo amene anamvetsetsa chikhalidwe ndi chinenero. Kusintha kumeneku kunalola BRAC kukhalabe ndi mkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri pamene inakula, kufikira anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Kugwira Ntchito Yofufuza M’mayiko Ena

Kuchuluka sikungayende bwino popanda kulimbitsa madongosolo ndi anthu amene adzachirikiza programuyo pambuyo pa nthaŵi yaitali pambuyo pa kutha kwa zopereka. Izi zimatanthauza kuikiza ndalama m'maphunziro, maziko, ndi kupangidwa kwa mabungwe a boma, chitaganya, ndi anthu a m'chigawo chimodzi. Nyumba ya kampasi si ntchito yanthaŵi imodzi koma njira yopitirizabe yophunzitsira, kulangiza, ndi kulimbitsa madongosolo.

Antchito angasinthenso ndalama zochokera ku ntchito ndi njira zogwirizana ndi ntchito zochirikiza ma bajeti a boma ndi mapulani a dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Global Fund for Friest AIDS, TB ndi Malaria, imapereka ziphaso zambiri zimene maiko angagwiritsire ntchito kulimbitsa madongosolo awo athanzi, osati kungoloŵerera. Njira imeneyi imamanga kukhala ndi mwini wake ndi kutsimikizira kuti kukwera kuli kogwirizana ndi dziko.

3. Kulimbikitsa Kugwirizana kwa Maluso

Kugwirizana kothandiza kumafunanso kuyendetsa zinthu, zolinga zofanana, ndi kulankhulana koonekeratu. Zimenezi zingatheke mwa ntchito zolinganiza, makomiti audindo, ndi mapulatifomu amene amagwirizanitsa opereka, boma, ndi chitaganya cha anthu. Kugwirizanitsa zofunikira zoperekedwa ndi kuchepetsa kugawikana n’kovutanso. OECD’s Bussancenaliption for Effectrive Development Cooperation imapereka malangizo othandiza kuti pakhale ndi kuyankha mlandu, koma kukwaniritsa zinthu kumasinthasintha.

Luso la zopangapanga lingathandizenso: ma sharkboard amene amapanga kupita patsogolo kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni angawongolere kugwirizanitsa ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu. Komabe, zida zimenezi ziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga zothandizira, osati zoloŵa mmalo za kuyang'ana nkhope ndi kumanganso. M'zopanga, bungwe la World Health Organization latsogolera zoyesayesa kugwirizanitsa maunyolo a dziko lonse kaamba ka maoliti, kusonyeza mmene malamulo owonekera bwino ndi chidziŵitso chogaŵikana zingatetezere kuwonjezereka kwa mavuto.

4. Kuphunzira ndi Kusinthasintha

Kupima sikuli njira ya mzera; kumafunikira kuphunzira kopitirizabe ndi kuwongolera. Programu ziyenera kumanga m'zitsanzo zovomereza zimene zimalola maneja kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso, kusanthula zimene zikugwira ntchito ndi zimene siziri, ndi kupanga masinthidwe mofulumira. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa madongosolo osinthasintha zinthu kapena “kuphunzira mwa kuchita.. . Adokotala angachirikize zimenezi mwa kupereka ndalama ndi ndalama M& E madongosolo amene ali oyenerera kaamba ka chifuno, ndi mwa kulola kusintha ma bajeti ndi maalamu a nthaŵi kuyankha ku umboni.

Njira zenizeni zopimira nthaŵi, zonga mayeso a njinga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi, zingathandize kuzindikira mavuto mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, programu yaikulu yaukhondo ku India inagwiritsa ntchito zopereka chidziŵitso za nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa antchito a m'tsogolo kuwongolera njira yake yotumizira ndi kutumiza, kutsogolera ku kukwera kwa zimbudzi. Popanda njira imeneyo ya kuphunzira, programu ikanawononga mamiliyoni ambiri pa njira zosagwira ntchito.

Kuthandiza Anthu Ovutika Kupeza Zosowa Zawo

Kupima kumafuna ndalama kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndi kudziŵiratu. Kaŵirikaŵiri, opereka amapereka ndalama zanthaŵi yochepa zimene sizigwirizana ndi nthaŵi za zaka zambiri zofunikira pamlingo. Makampani ophatikiza ndalama, zimene zimaphatikiza ndalama zoperekera limodzi ndi ndalama zaumwini kapena chuma chapakhomo, zingathandize kumanga maulalo. Maboma a m'maiko amene amapatsidwa angawonjezerenso ndalama zapanyumba kupyolera mwa msonkho, inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kapena njira zina.

Mabungwe a zachuma a zachuma monga World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) amapereka ngongole zochepera ndi kupereka ndalama zothandizira, koma zimenezi ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi chithandizo chaluso kutsimikizira mphamvu ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Pomalizira pake, cholinga ndicho kusintha kuchoka pa kudalira munthu kuti apereke ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zapanyumba zomwe zingatenge zaka khumi kapena kuposapo koma zofunika kuti zikhale ndi zotsatirapo.

Kuphunzira za Matenda ndi Maphunziro

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko za kupima kungawonetse ponse paŵiri machitachita abwino ndi mbuna. Chipambano chimodzi chodziŵika ndicho kuchuluka kwa maprogramu a zaumoyo a antchito a m'chitaganya ku Ethiopia. Kuyambira ndi woyendetsa ndege m’madera angapo, boma ndi anzake anaphunzitsidwa ndi kutumizidwa kwa antchito owonjezera thanzi oposa 40,000 m'dzikolo. Kupambana kunaphatikizapo kudzipereka kwa ndale zadziko, kugwirizana ndi dongosolo la zaumoyo la anthu onse, ndalama, ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe ya kumaloko.

Chitsanzo china ndi kuchuluka kwa maprogramu otumiza ndalama ndi ndalama ku Latin America. Progresa (tsopano Prochecta) ya Mexico inayamba monga woyendetsa ndege woyang'anira kumidzi yaumphaŵi. Pambuyo pa kupenda kolimba kunasonyeza ziyambukiro zopindulitsa pa maphunziro ndi thanzi, programuyo inafutukulidwa m'maiko ambiri. Maphunziro apamwamba anaphatikizapo kufunika kwa kuikizira katundu motsatira mfundo za cholinga, kusungitsa madongosolo a ndalama ndi kulondola, ndi kulolera kusintha masinthidwe a malingana ndi mikhalidwe pamene mawu asintha.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kulephera kulinganiza programu yowonjezera yaulimi ku Faro ku Afirika wa kufupi kumasonyeza zolakwa zofala. Woyendetsa ndege amene anapereka malangizo ochokera kwa alimi a m'manja ang'onoang'ono anasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu, koma pamene anapititsidwa ku mayiko ambiri, kutsika. Zochititsa zake zinaphatikizapo kusapereka intaneti, kusaphunzira chinenero chakumaloko, ndi maphunziro osakwanira a alimi ponena za mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito ntchito. Programu imeneyi sinaperekedwe ndalama zokwanira potengera pa masamu kapena pa ntchito ya kumaloko isanafike kukwera.

Kumaliza: Njira Yake Ikupita Patsogolo

Kupitira ku kampani ya magetsi ya kampani ya ku Sweden yothandiza kwambiri n’kovuta, koma mavuto ake ndi osagonjetseka. Mwa kupenda mosamala za malo akwanuko, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, kukhazikika kwa madongosolo a maphunziro, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, mabungwe opanga zinthu angatseke malo oyendera ndege oyendera ndege ku mzera wokwera kwambiri. Malipirowa ndi aakulu: anthu mamiliyoni ambiri angapindule ndi njira zothetsera zotsimikiziridwa, ndipo ndalama zothandizira zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Pamene chitaganya chamitundu yonse chilondola Sustainable Development Zolinga, kupima kuyenera kuchoka pa mbali yaikulu ya programu. Opereka, maboma, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito afunikira kugwirizana kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi njira zosintha zimene zimachititsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Mwa kuphunzira ponse paŵiri kuchokera ku chipambano ndi kulephera, chithandizo chachilendo chingakhale mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri yopititsa patsogolo dziko lonse.