Maziko a Malamulo a Kachitidwe Koyenera

Mawu akuti "kudulirapo njira ya lamulo" akutsata ku Magna Carta (1215), kumene Mfumu John anavomereza kuti palibe munthu womasuka amene akamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma kusiyapo chiweruzo chololedwa cha anzake kapena lamulo la dzikolo. Lingaliro limeneli linaperekedwa ku U.S. Constitution ku Malamulo a Fithment (1791), amene amagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, ndipo pambuyo pake Malamulo 14591, omwe amawonjezera chitetezo chimodzimodzicho ku boma ndi maboma akwawo. Onse aŵiriŵa amapanga kubadwa kwa bungwe la American procrective ndi kuchepetsa koyenera kwa boma. Malamulowo amamasulira njira yoyenerera ya jurisprudensia. Mpatu wa malamulowo amasulira malamulowo kuti afune kuti zinthu zabwino, ndiponso kuti zigwirizane ndi kachitidwe kalamulo kaungwe kaungwe kake, kapena kayendetseke, kamodzi, kapena kayendetseketse ka boma, kosa ndi kogwirizana ndi malamulo omveka bwino pakati pa malamulo omveka bwino.

Zipilala Ziŵiri Zomwe Zimayenera Kuchitika: Zomera ndi Zotsekemera

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Maadiresi oyenera a kachitidwe ka zinthu . Kodi boma limachita motani pamene lilanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Chifuniro chachikulu nchakuti munthu alandire chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wakumva pamaso pa wopanga zosankha. Njira zofunikira zikusintha malinga ndi nkhani, kulinganiza chikondwerero chaumwini pamtengo, upandu wa kusoŵa kolakwika, ndi chikondwerero cha boma cha kukwaniritsa zinthu. Zitsanzo za kampani zimaphatikizapo:

  • Milandu ya apandu: kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, kukaonana ndi mboni, kuzenga mlandu kwa oweruza, ndi kupereka chinenezo.
  • Milandu ya anthu wamba: kuyenera kulanda katundu ndi kuuzidwa asanaipeze konse.
  • Kukhazikitsa zoyenera za makolo: chofunika cha umboni womvekera bwino ndi wokhutiritsa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kuweruza pamaso pa woweruza.
  • Kulephera kumapindulitsa kukana: kuyenera kwa kumvetsera pamaso pa bungwelo ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo pambuyo pake.

Nkhani yochititsa chidwi Mathews v. Elditridge inakhazikitsa mayeso atatu olinganiza kuti aone njira yoyenerera. Makhoti amayesa (1) chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, (2) upandu wa kusoŵa kolakwika m'madongosolo amakono ndi mtengo wowonjezereka wa chitetezo, ndi (3) chikondwerero cha boma, kuphatikizapo katundu wa pa makampani. Kuyesa kumeneku kwagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhani zikwi zambiri, kuyambira pa kumvetsera kwa Social Security ku malensi. Motero, si njira imodzi yoyenerera yotsimikizira kuti zinthu zonse ziyenda bwino.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Substantive due process is far more controversial. It holds that certain fundamental rights are so deeply rooted in the nation's history and traditions that the government may not infringe upon them, no matter how fair the procedures. Instead of asking how the government deprives, substantive due process asks whether the government has a sufficiently compelling reason to interfere with a constitutionally protected liberty. The Supreme Court first explicitly recognized substantive due process in Lochner v. New York (1905), where it struck down a law limiting bakers' work hours as an interference with the "liberty of contract." That era ended in the 1930s, but the doctrine was revived later to protect rights such as:

  • Kukwatira kumanja [ ([FLT :2] Lovang v. Virginia, 1967; Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015]
  • Kumanja kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoletsera [[FLT :1] (Griswold .Connecticut, 1965]).
  • Kumanja kuchotsa mimba [ ([FLT :2] Roe v. Wade , 1973, adalamulira MaDobs v. Jackson Akazi 'zathanzi [, 2022]]
  • Kuyenera ku ufulu wa makolo [[FLT :1] ([FLT :2]Pierce v. Sosaite ya Alongo [[FLT: 3]], 1925; Troxel v. Granville, 2000]
  • Kulunjika ku umphumphu wathupi (m., Shashington v. Glucksberg , 1997, ponena za kuthandiza kudzipha).

Kuyesa kwamakono kwa njira yoyenerera, yofotokozedwa mwa Shahington v. Glucksberg . Glucksberg , kumafuna kuti kutsimikizirako kukhale kozikidwa kwambiri (1) "kuya m'mbiri ya Dziko lino ndi mwambo" ndi (2) "kutsimikiza maganizo a ufulu wolamulidwa. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti mayeso ameneŵa ndi osamveka bwino ndipo amalola oweruza kukhazikitsa malingaliro a munthu mwini; ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti n’kofunika kutetezera anthu ochepa ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo a chikhalidwe. Mado , amene analamulira [FLT] [FF:4] [FLT] [F:5], ochepera, amavomereza kuti afunikira kuyenera kwa "kusintha kwa mbiri yakale" ndi "kusintha kwa mbiri yakale.

Ufulu Wosaloledwa: Kodi Ndiwo Ati Ndiponso Kuti Amachokera Kuti

Ufulu weniweni wa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi ufulu umene anthu amaumirira ku boma. Angandanitsidwe (mwachidziŵikire m'Malamulo) kapena osatchulidwa (kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi malemba, kapangidwe, kapena mbiri ya Malamulo). Zoyenera zokhala ndi ufulu weniweni zimaphatikizapo ufulu wa Kukonzanso, kusindikiza, kusonkhana, ndi chipembedzo; kuyenera kwachiŵiri kwa kusungirira ndi kunyamula zida; Kutetezera Kumbuyo kwa Kunayi kwa Kufufuza kosalingalira ndi Kugwidwa ndi Kupatulapo; ndi Lamulo Lachisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu pa Zisanu pa zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo. Kupanda kuyenera kwapadera kumachokera ku ufulu wa ku ufulu wa ku Gezenga la Genera, kapena kutetezera ufulu wa ufulu wa ku ufulu wa ku ufulu wa ku boma, koma kutetezera ufulu wambiri tsopano, kutetezera ufulu wa ufulu wa ku ufulu wa ku malo a Ninthentic "akhoza kukana kapena kuchotsa anthu ena mwa kumbuyo kwa zikhalidwe zamwambo.

Kuyenera kwa anthu kwapadera sikuli kokwanira. Zingachepetsedwe kapena kulamulidwa ngati boma liyang'aniridwa ndi mlingo wakutiwakuti. Pa zoyenerera zazikulu, makhoti akugwira ntchito kupenda kwa chigawo : boma liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera. Zoyenera zapadera, monga ngati ufulu wa zachuma, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito maziko opendedwa [: lamulo liyenera kugwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi boma lovomerezeka. Nthaŵi zambiri kupenda kutsimikiza kuti ufulu wapamwamba wa munthu upambana pa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa kulankhula ndi woyenerera ndi kupenda bwino, pamene kuli koyenera kuyang'anira, ngakhale kuti kuyenera kwa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kuyang’anitsitsa ntchito ya kuyenera kwa kulondola ndi kusalondola.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo Pakati pa Zochita ndi Zoyenera Zoletsa

Ngakhale kuti malamulo oyenerera ndiponso ufulu woyenerera kupatsidwa zimagwirizana, iwo amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana:

  • Focus : [[FLT :1] Kachitidwe kake kake kangafike pochita maprocess . Njira ndi chitetezo zimene boma limapangira anthu. Ufulu wa kusuntha uli ngati [[FLT:] kugonjera [1] [[FLT]] ndi ufulu weniweni ndi ufulu wa anthu.
  • Njira yotetezera: [[FLT :1] Kuyenera njira zolungama boma lisanachotse kanthu kena. Zoyenera zopinga kuletsa boma kuchita zinthu zina, mosasamala kanthu za njira.
  • [[FLT :0] Examples:[[FLT :1] Ngati boma lifuna kuchotsa zoyenera zaukholo wanu, njira yoyenerera imafunikira kumvetsera ndi kuzindikira. Koma kuyenera kwachidule kwa kholo kwa mwana wanu kumaletsa mkhalidwewo kuchotsa mwanayo popanda chifukwa chokakamiza, ngakhale ngati kumvetserako kuli kwangwiro.
  • Mizu ya Chikonthiyoni: Njira yoyenerera ya mwambo imatengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku malemba a Madeti ndi 14 Owonjezera. Njira yofunikira ndi chiphunzitso chofunidwa kuchokera ku ziganizo zimodzimodzi, koma mphamvu yake ndi ukulu wake zimatsutsana kwambiri.
  • Kumasulira kwa judicial: Kachitidwe koyenera ka kulongosola kanthu kamakhala kotsimikizirika ndi kogwirizana ndi zenizeni za nkhaniyo. Kachitidwe koyenera kaŵirikaŵiri kamaphatikizapo ziweruzo zamtengo wapatali ponena za ufulu ndi makhalidwe, kutsogolera ku mkangano waukulu.

M’njira yochitira zinthu, kusiyana kungasokoneze. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa kuweruza koyenera ndiko kachitidwe koyenera kabwino (kumvetsera) ndi kuyenera kwachiŵiri (Kusintha kwachisanu ndi chimodzi kotsimikizira mlandu wa anthu ndi ajuli opanda tsankho). Mofananamo, kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndiko kuyenera kotetezeredwa ndi njira yoikizira, koma kukwatira kungafunikirenso kugonjera pa zofunika monga kupezera laisensi. Mfungulo yake ndiyo yakuti njira yoyenera ya kutetezera njirayo, pamene kuli kwakuti ufulu waung’ono wa kulongosola chiwongola dzanja cha ufulu.

Chifukwa Chake Zonse Ziri Zofunika ku Demokrase ya Konsichushoni

Kuteteza koŵiri kwa ntchito yoikika ndi ufulu wofuna kulanda, nkofunika kwambiri kuletsa nkhanza ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu saali nzika wamba za boma. Kulinganiza kwachibadwa kumagwira ntchito monga kuimitsa mphamvu yodziimira mwa kukakamiza boma kutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa. Kumatsimikizira kuti ngakhale pamene boma lachotsa katundu kapena ufulu wa munthu, limachita zimenezi mowoneratu ndipo ndi mpata wolimbana nawo. Zimenezi zimalimbitsa chikhulupiriro cha anthu onse m'dongosolo la malamulo. Zoyenera za boma, pokha, zimatanthauza kuchotsa madera a ufulu waumwini amene boma silingathe kuloŵamo, osati njira zake zabwino. Iwo amateteza magulu a anthu otsutsa ulamuliro wa demokrase, ndi kulola anthu kupanga zosankha zawo zaumwini ponena za moyo wawo, kaya akhale ndi kukwatirana nawo, kapena kupembedza, kapena kuloŵerera m’dziko.

Ziphunzitso ziŵiri zimenezi zimapanga chitetezero chachikulu pa zonse ziŵiri za kuzunza ndi kuchenjerera. Boma limene limatsatira njira zangwiro koma limakana zoyenera zapadera (m’chitsanzo, boma limene limapereka kumvetsera kokwanira asanaulutse fuko laling’ono) nlokhalabe lankhanza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, boma limene limavomereza kuti n’lopanda ufulu woyenerera koma silimachirikiza kuteteza ufulu wa kulankhula (m’njira yakuti, chitsimikizo chosaloledwa) limapereka chitetezo chosamveka. Mpake ku kudzera mwa Century Proces Clauss ndi Bill of Rights, cholinga choteteza ku kulephera konseko.

Kutsutsana kwa Masiku Ano ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Kugwirizana pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi ufulu wa kumenyera ufulu kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa mikangano yamphamvu ya zamalamulo ndi yandale zadziko.

1. Kuchotsa mimba Atachotsa [[Mbali: 0] MaDob

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu 2022 mu Dobts v. Jackson Akazi a United Nations Health Organization anachotsa lamulo la boma lalamulo la kuchotsa mimba, akulamula kuti sinachokere kwambiri m'mbiri. Khotilo linanena kuti njira yoikizira siikutetezera kutaya mimba, kupereka nkhani kukhazikitsa malamulo. Zimenezi zatsogolera ntchito ya malamulo a boma, zina zikumaletsa kwambiri kulowa ndi zina kuiteteza. Nkhaniyo tsopano imayambira pa kaya ngati [FLT]] [FLT] [FF:] [FF]] [FF]] [3] malingaliro oyenera kuchepetsa ufulu wina, monga ngati kuyenerera kwa ukwati wotetezedwa [Foctive] [5] [5] woperekedwa ndi kuwonedwa kwa chiwonjezo.

2. Kulephera Kusuntha ndi Kuchotsa Malamulo

Osazemba m'dziko la United States, kuphatikizapo awo opanda lamulo, ali ndi ufulu wa kutetezera koyenera, ngakhale kuti si ufulu wonse umene umagwira ntchito kwa nzika. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti kuchotsa kuli "vil" nkhani, koma kuti njira yofunikira ikufuna kumvedwa bwino, kuimira kwalamulo m'zochitika zina ([FLT: 0]] Padilla v. Kentucky[[FL:1], 2010], ndi mwaŵi wa kukhazikitsa kulimba mtima kaamba ka chithandizo. Komabe, boma lingazetse anthu kaamba ka nyengo zotalikirapo, makamaka ngati apanga chisungiko cha dziko. Ufulu wa kusamukirako kwa osamukira ku umodzi wa banja, ntchito, kapena kulephera kukhazikitsa mabwalo a boma.

3. Kuletsa mfuti ndi Lamulo Lachiŵiri

Kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, tsopano kudziŵika monga munthu wotsika ku ufulu wa Diveration of Columbia v. Heller (2008) ndi kuphatikizana ndi maboma mu . Chicago Chishiko [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [(2010]] [0]) chimayang'aniridwa ndi pamene chikaloŵa kunja kwa "mwambo wa malamulo a mfuti. Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga chigamulo cha 2022 mu [[FLT:] New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pristol Association . [FLT] Kuyang'ana kwa anthu onse, ndi kudalira njira zomveka pakati pa dziko. Brucs "Inquine ndi Chilungamo cha m'chimo chakale chachiyambilira kutsimikizira chivomezi cha chivomezi chachimo chachimo.

Mafunso Othandiza a Nzika ndi Akatswiri Oona za Malamulo

Kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi ufulu wofuna kumvetsera sikuli kokha kwamaphunziro. Kwa nzika, kumadziŵitsa mmene zingatsutsire ntchito za boma. Ngati boma lilinganiza kuchotsa laisensi ya dalaivala, kuchotsa mapindu a anthu, kapena kuthamangitsa munthu wina pa nyumba za anthu, angafune njira zofunikira ndi ufulu. Ngati boma lipereka lamulo loletsa mtundu winawake wa kulankhula kapena kuletsa okwatirana kukwatira, vutolo nlomwe: lamulolo limaphwanya kumanja kwa anthu ofunika amene boma silingawaletse popanda chilungamo chokakamiza. Chotero, malingana ndi mawu awo: [FLT:] . M'ALD [FFFFFF]

Kwa opanga malamulo, kusiyanako kumasintha mmene malamulo amalembedwera. Lamulo limene limaika mtolo pa kuyenera kwakukulu (monga kuvota kapena ukwati) liyenera kukonzedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chosangalatsa. Lamulo limene limangopanga njira yololeza kusodza kapena kumanga mpanda limafunikira maziko okhutiritsa. Kulekanitsa malo aŵiriwo kumathandiza kupeŵa kutsekereza ndi kutsimikizira kuti zopinga za m’mimba sizikugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga zotetezera zotetezera.

Kumaliza

Kutsatira ndi ufulu woyenerera ndi kuyenera kwa kukhazikitsa ndizo maambulera osunga ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha m'lamulo la America. Imodzi imatsimikizira boma kuseŵera ndi malamulo abwino pamene lichita zinthu motsutsana ndi munthu wina; inayo imaika malire a zimene boma lingachite. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yoikidwiratu imapereka kuneneratu ndi kuŵerengera, kusiyanitsa pakati pa mfundo ziŵiri zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Ziphunzitso ziŵirizi zimapitirizabe kusinthika, kusinthidwa ndi nkhani zatsopano, kusintha makhalidwe a anthu, ndi mafilosofi achiweruzo. Kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsa kusiyana kwa ufulu pakati pa mfundo ziŵirizi nkofunika kwambiri.