Table of Contents

Kudziwa Mavuto Enieni a Zachuma

Pamene andale zadziko ku Washington alephera kugwirizana pa ndalama, zotulukapo zimasintha kupyola pa maholo a marble a likulu. Gawo lolamulira limaimira kuposa mabwalo a ndale zadziko [1] Zivomezi zachuma zimene zimagwedeza maziko a chuma cha Amereka, zikumakhudza chilichonse kuchokera pa bajeti ya banja pa makampani apadziko lonse. Pamene mitu yankhani isumika pa zipilala zotsekedwa ndi antchito ozungulira, chiyambukiro chenicheni cha boma chiyambukiro cha zachuma, kupanga macad , zimene zikukhudza mbali iriyonse ya chuma.

Ndalama zoletsa boma zachuma zimakula kwambiri kuposa kusokonezeka kwa mautumiki a boma. Tsiku lililonse la kuzima limachotsa mamiliyoni ambiri kuchokera ku GDP, limafooketsa chidaliro cha malonda, limasokoneza malonda, ndi kupangitsa kusatsimikizira kumene kumakhalapo pambuyo pa kutsegulidwanso kwa boma. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika, mabizinesi, ndi opanga malamulo kuzindikira chifukwa chake mikangano ya ndalama imabweretsa mavuto aakulu kwambiri ku America.

Kodi Boma Limatsekereza Anthu?

A Boma lokhala ndi mlandu limachitika pamene Congress imalephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ochirikiza ntchito za bajeti isanathe. Pansi pa Antideficiency Act ya 1884, mabungwe a boma sangawononge ndalama popanda chilolezo cha bungwe, kuwakakamiza kuletsa ntchito zosafunikira pamene ndalama zalephera.

Ichi sichovuta cha kanthaŵi chabe . Ndicho kusweka kwakukulu kwa ntchito yaikulu ya boma yosamalira ntchito. Kuletsa kumayambitsa dongosolo locholoŵana la malamulo ndi la uyang’aniro limene limasankha kuti ndi ntchito ziti zimene zikupitirizabe ndi zimene zimatha, kuyambitsa kusokonezeka kwa mwamsanga kwa zachuma.

Kusiyana kwa Mabanja: Kugaŵanika kwa Zachuma

Kusiyana pakati pa mautumiki a boma apadera ndi osatchuka pamene amaletsa kumayambitsa vuto la zachuma limene limasankha amene akugwira ntchito, amene amapatsidwa malipiro, ndi ntchito zachuma zimene zikupitirizabe:

Mautumiki a zachuma amene akupitirizabe [ akuphatikizapo:

  • Kuteteza dziko ndiponso chitetezo cha dzikolo
  • Kuyendetsa ndege ndi maopaleshoni a TSA
  • Kusungitsa malamulo ndi ndende za boma
  • Achipatala amadwala matenda oopsa
  • Kugwira ntchito za magetsi
  • Kugaŵira mayeso a zachitetezo cha Social Security (Ngakhale kuti njira zatsopano zophunzitsira zaima)
  • Kupereka makalata kudzera ku USPS (yomwe imadzikonzera)

Mautumiki a m'ma Non-esties amene amaletsa akuphatikizapo:

  • Mapaki ndi zinthu zina zosungiramo zinthu zakale
  • Ntchito zambiri zokonza mabungwe
  • Kulinganiza kwa ngongole za Federal (SBA, FHA, kupita patsogolo kwa kumidzi)
  • Kukonza msonkho (kuchotsapo nyengo)
  • Kusonkhanitsa mfundo za malamulo ndi zachuma
  • Ntchito za khoti la Federal (pambuyo pa utsi wa ndalama wa kampani)
  • Kufufuza za sayansi ndi kupereka mphatso

Kugaŵanikana kumeneku kumapanga opambana pazachuma ndi olephera, ndi mbali zina zimene zimapitiriza mwachibadwa pamene zina zikuyang’anizana ndi kusokonezeka kotheratu.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuphunzira pa Kutha kwa Zinthu Zakale

Chiyambire njira yamakono ya bajeti inayamba mu 1976, United States yapeza [[FLT: 0] 222 mipata ya ndalama yotsogolera ku kutsekedwa kwa , ndi ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana zachuma:

Magejor amatseka ndi mtengo wawo wa zachuma :

  • (1995-19996 (masiku 26 chiwonkhetso): Ndalama zowonongedwa $1.4 biliyoni, zinayambukira antchito 8000,000
  • 2013 masiku 16): Ochepetsedwa GDP ndi $24 biliyoni, kuchuluka kwa Q4 ndi 0.6%
  • 2018-2019 (masiku 35): Ndalama 1 biliyoni mu GDP, $3 biliyoni inatayika kotheratu

Kuletsa kulikonse kwaphunzitsa maphunziro opweteka azachuma, komabe kuchuluka ndi utali wa nthaŵi imene kutseka kwakhala kukuwonjezereka mmalo mwa kuchepa, zikumapereka lingaliro la mphamvu za ndale zadziko mowonjezerekawonjezereka zonyalanyaza kulingalira kwa zachuma.

Zotsatirapo Zamwamsanga za Chuma: Mavuto Oyamba

Kusokonezeka kwa Ntchito ya Maboma

Chiyambukiro chapadera pa antchito a boma chimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa zachuma koyambirira. Ndi antchito wamba a boma pafupifupi 2.1 miliyoni, kutseka kumayambukira antchito aakulu kuposa ntchito zonse za makampani onga Walmart kapena Amazon.

Antchito oletsedwa (monga 800,000 8500,000 panthaŵi ya kuzima kokwanira) ayenera kuleka kugwira ntchito mwamsanga ndipo sakhoza kulandira malipiro kufikira mapeto a kuzima. Antchito ameneŵa akuyang'anizana:

  • Kutaya ndalama mwamsanga kumakhudza nyumba, lendi, ndi ndalama
  • Kusatsimikiza za kutseka kwa nthaŵi yaitali kosokoneza makonzedwe a zandalama
  • Ziletso zofuna ntchito ya kanthaŵi chifukwa cha malamulo a makhalidwe abwino
  • Kupsinjika maganizo kumayambukira ntchito ngakhale pambuyo pobwerera

Antchito ochotsedwa amene ayenera kugwira ntchito popanda malipiro (pafupifupi 4200,000 panthaŵi ya kuzima kwa mabomba) amayang'anizana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana:

  • Kuvutika ndi ndalama pamene mukusamalira ntchito
  • Kulephera kupeza ndalama zina pogwira ntchito nthaŵi zonse
  • Kupita kuntchito kowonjezereka monga chitsenderezo cha zandalama chikuwonjezereka
  • Mavuto a makhalidwe abwino oyambukira mkhalidwe wa utumiki ndi kuyendetsa zinthu bwino

Vuto la Odwala: Oiŵalidwa

Makampani omanga nyumba pozima [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zotsatira zoipa kwambiri kuposa antchito a boma. Mosiyana ndi antchito a boma amene amalandira malipiro, makampani . "Kuchokera ku zoyeretsa kupita kwa akatswiri a IT" /“ Mwamwayi amapezanso ndalama zotayika.

Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito omanga pafupifupi 3.7 miliyoni, pafupifupi kuŵirikiza kaŵiri antchito wamba a boma.

  • Kutaikiridwa kwa malipiro popanda kuthekera kwa malipiro a kubwezera
  • Kukayikira kwa kusatsimikizirika kwa makampani monga kutumiza kapena kutsekereza antchito
  • Kulephera kwa mabizinesi kwa makampani aang'ono opanda zosungiramo
  • Kubweza zophophonya pa ngongole, mareki, ndi malipiro ogulitsa

Kafukufuku wina anasonyeza kuti antchito omanga nyumba anataikiridwa ndalama zokwana madola 2.5 biliyoni m’chaka cha 2018 mpaka 2019, ndalama zimene sizinabwererenso ku zachuma.

Anthu Ogula Akuwononga Ndalama

[[FLT :0] Kachipangizo kowonongera ndalama pamene boma likutseka [1] kumatsika kwambiri m'madera okhudzidwa. Ogwira ntchito ndi omanga amachepetsa ndalama zowonongedwa ndi 50-75% panthaŵi ya kutsekereza, kupanga ziyambukiro:

[1] Tshashington D.C. dera la metro (ndi 15% ya antchito m'ntchito ya boma) iwona:

  • Kugulitsa malesitilanti kwatsika 20 - 30%
  • Kutsika kwa malonda 15 - 25%
  • Makampani autumiki amataya 10-20 peresenti ya ndalama
  • Kuimitsa nyumba

Makombuti pafupi ndi maofesi a boma amagwa mofananamo:

  • Matauni a m’dera la asilikali amaona ndalama zowonongedwa m’madera ena zikutsika ndi 30 - 40%
  • Malo oloŵera m’nkhalango zapamtunda amataya 50 -80% ya ndalama
  • Malo ochitira kafukufuku a Federal amawonongeka ndi chuma cha anthu 20 - 30%

Kuchepetsa ndalama kumeneku kumachititsa kuti ndalama zowonongedwa zichulukitse ndalama zambiri, ndipo ndalama zokwana madola 250 pa K10,000.

Kulimbana ndi Malonda Aang’ono

Mabizinesi aang'ono pamene boma likutseka amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ambiri amene amawopseza kupulumuka kwawo:

Makampani a boma ayenera kupitirizabe kulipira antchito ndi pamwamba panu popanda ndalama:

  • Mavuto a kuyendetsa galimoto a ndalama amakakamiza obwereketsa ngongole kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa chiwongola dzanja chachikulu
  • Kuchedwa kulipirira malonda, kusokoneza maunansi a anthu ogulitsa
  • Kuŵerengera ndalama zangongole kukuipiraipira, ndipo kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama zobwereka m’tsogolo
  • Ena sachira, ndipo 20-30% amalephera m’chaka chimodzi chokha atatseka kwa nthaŵi yaitali

Obwereketsa ndalama sangakhale ndi ndalama zovomerezedwa pamene akuletsa:

  • Kufutukuka kwa mabizinesi kumaletsa pakati pa projekiti
  • Zinthu zogula zimachedwa, ndipo zimalepheretsa ntchito
  • Gulu lankhondo losoŵa ntchito la anthu ogwira ntchito kutula ntchito
  • Kukumana ndi mavuto ovuta kufunafuna ndalama kwa anthu odziimira okha

Malolezo a m'makampani odalira pa kampani ndi laisensi kuyang'ana kuulema kwa ubongo:

  • Mankhwala atsopano amachedwa popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi FDA
  • Kuloŵa m’dziko kapena kutumiza malonda pa kampani ya pa kampani ya ku kampani popanda kukonza
  • Ntchito yomanga imaimitsa chilolezo cha boma
  • Malo ndi zopereka za ndalama zochedwerapo popanda kupenda SEC

Zotsatirapo za Ndalama: Wall Street Watchs Washington

Kuwala kwa Msika wa Malonda

Kupyola ziyambukiro za msika kumaphatikizapo:

  • S& P 500 m’mbiri yakale amataya 0.1-0.2% mlungu uliwonse
  • Volatility Index (VIX) imawonjezeka ndi 15 - 25% pamene akuimika
  • Kufufuta mavolyumu kumatsika 10 - 15% pamene kusatsimikizirika kukukwera
  • Misika ya mayiko ambiri imagwira ntchito kuposa misika ya ku United States

Ziyambukiro zachindunji [ zimasiyana kwambiri:

  • Makampani opanga zida zankhondo amayang’anizana ndi chitsenderezo mwamsanga
  • Kuyendera alendo ndi kuchereza alendo kuchepa 5-10%
  • Makampani a zaumisiri a boma achepetsa 8-12%
  • M’chigawo cha D.C., anthu ogula zinthu amatsika ndi 10 - 15%
  • Zodyetsa ndi zakudya zodyedwa kaŵirikaŵiri zimapeza monga "malo otetezereka"

Msika Womanga Ukapolo ndi Chikondwerero

Gawo limaletsa chiwongola dzanja pa chiŵerengero cha chiwongola dzanja limapanga zinthu zocholoŵana:

Kusintha kwa malonda kumakhudzana ndi:

  • Kachipangizo ka chidule kapereka maziko 5 - 15
  • Kulolera kwa nthaŵi yaitali kungagwe pamene ziyembekezo za kukula zitsika
  • Kutenga nawo mbali m’makampani ogulitsa ndalama kukutsika popanda kugula zinthu kwa boma
  • Mafunso ofunsidwa ndi anthu akunja akubuka ponena za kukhazikika kwa U.S.

Zotsatirapo za msika wa Credit [:

  • Kugwirizana kumafalikira maziko 10 - 20
  • Mabungwe a boma ayamba kugulitsidwa
  • Kulephera kugula ngongole za ku United States chifukwa cha ngongole
  • Mabungwe opereka machenjezo a zandalama amachenjeza za kuyendetsa ndalama

Ziyambukiro za Ndalama ndi Zamitundu Yonse

U.S. dola mkati mwa kutsekedwa kwa boma kaŵirikaŵiri imafooketsedwa ndi ndalama zazikulu:

  • Chosonyezera dollar chimagwa 0.5% mlungu uliwonse
  • Kuyenda kwa mayendedwe abwino ku Switzerland franc ndi yen Yachijapani
  • Masitolo ogulitsa zinthu za m’masitolo opangidwa ndi anthu oopsa
  • Mavolyumu a cryptocurrency amawonjezeka monga masitolo ena a mtengo

Padziko lonse pali mavuto azachuma monga:

  • Kuchepetsa ndalama za kumaiko akunja za U.S.
  • Kuchedwa kwa mapangano a zamalonda a mayiko ndi kukambirana
  • Mafunso okhudza atsogoleri a United States m’mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse
  • Kugula zinthu kuti zithandize malo ena a zachuma

Ziyambukiro Zachuma Zopindulitsa: Opambana ndi Olephera

Maulendo ndi Kuchereza Alendo: Kuvutika Kofulumira

Makampani a zachuma potseka amayang'anizana ndi kutayikiridwa kowopsa, makamaka m'madera odalira pa kukopa kwa boma:

Maulendo a paki a National amapanga $21 biliyoni pachaka ndi kuchirikiza ntchito 341,000. Mkati mwa kuletsa:

  • Anthu opita ku malo ogona amataya ndalama zokwana madola 76 miliyoni tsiku lililonse
  • Mahotela ali ndi 60 - 80% ya kudula zinthu pa mahotela
  • Oyendera malo amataya ndalama zonse zimene amapeza m’nyengo yozizira
  • Malesitilanti ndi masitolo amachepetsa antchito 30 - 50%

Shashton D.C. maulendo (alendo 24 miliyoni pachaka) amavutika mwapadera:

  • Kutsekedwa kwa Smithsonian kumayambukira maulendo 30 miliyoni pachaka
  • Kutsekedwa kwa chikumbutso kumakhumudwitsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri odzaona malo
  • Ulendo wa kusukulu umachepetsa nyengo ya ngululu ndi nyengo ya chisanu
  • Zaka zamtsogolo mabuku a msonkhano ayamba kuchepa

Maulendo a padziko lonse amayang'anizana ndi chivulazo chosatha:

  • Kuchedwa kwa Visa kumachepetsa nambala 15 - 20% za alendo ochokera kunja
  • Malonda a maulendo ochokera kumaiko ena amaletsa kuchezetsa
  • Malo opitirako makampani amapeza msika wogaŵanamo
  • Kuwonongeka kwa mtundu wamtundu kukupitiriza patapita zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene anazima

Malo Okhala: Msika Wamabeseni

Msika weniweni wa malo pamene akuzimidwa umakhala ndi vuto lalikulu:

[[FULT:0] Malo oyenera kugawa [[[FULT:1] amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ambiri:

  • FHA ndi VA ngongole (30 peresenti ya malonda) sizingathe kuchitika
  • Loni ya kumidzi yopanga zinthu za kumidzi ya USDA imaima kotheratu
  • MASALIKO a msonkho amachedwetsa ndalama
  • Inshuwalansi ya Chigumula kudzera mu FEMA singathe kuperekedwa

Kusokonezeka kumeneku kumachititsa:

  • Kugulitsa zinthu zapanyumba kuchepa 10 - 15% mkati mwa kuletsa
  • Kuchedwa kutseka zinthu zimene zimadutsa m’masitolo
  • Kutsika mtengo kwa malonda kumakhala kothedwa nzeru
  • Ndalama zambiri zimene anthu ogula ndalama amakonda

Malo oyenera kugaŵidwa [ amawonongeka:

  • Malipiro a Federal amene amachedwetsa kapena kuimitsa
  • Kutsika kwa mtengo wa misika yodalira boma
  • Ntchito yokonza zinthu zomanga nyumba ichedwa kupatsidwa chilolezo
  • Kulimbana ndi ngongole za SBA sikupezeka

Lima: Kuvutika ndi Chuma m’Madera Akumidzi

chigawo cha ulimi pamene amatseka amayang'anizana ndi mavuto apadera okhudza chuma chakumidzi:

Ndalama zothandizira ndi ngongole imaleka kukonza:

  • Kuchedwa kwa ndalama zoperekedwa pachaka zokwana madola 20 biliyoni
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito ngongole pa nyengo yobzala kulibe
  • Kulephera kupereka chithandizo pa ngozi
  • Malipiro a pa pulogalamu yoteteza zachilengedwe amaimitsidwa

Luso la ulimi ndi malipoti [ kuima:

  • Malipoti a mbewu za ku USDA akuti misika yogulitsa katundu imatha
  • Kufufuza zakudya kuti zisawonongeke kumakhala kochepa
  • Zikalata zotumiza ku mayiko ena zikuchedwa kukhudza malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana
  • Kufufuza za mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi matenda kumaima

Ziyambukiro zachuma [ chulukitsitsa:

  • Zipangizo za famu zimatsika 20 - 30%
  • Mabanki a kumidzi akuyang’anizana ndi zipambano za ngongole zowonjezereka
  • Makampani a zaulimi amachepetsa mitengo ya zinthu zimene amagula
  • Mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono a m’tauni amataya 15 - 25% ya ndalama

Luso la Umisiri ndi Kusintha: Kupita Patsogolo Kosalimba

[[FLT :0] Kuletsa mbali ya sayansi ya kutseka kumaposa mapangano a boma:

kufufuza ndi kuyambitsa kusokoneza:

  • NSF ndi NIH zimapatsa ndalama zokwana madola 50 biliyoni chaka chilichonse
  • Makonzedwe ofufuza a pa yunivesite amaletsa kuloŵerera kwa pakati
  • Malo oima okonza ndi chizindikiro
  • Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kuchokera ku alabsi ya boma kumaleka

Kuvomereza kwa lamulo kumachedwa[[ML:1]:

  • Mankhwala a FDA ndi ziŵiya zogwiritsira ntchito zimazengereza
  • Makampani ogulitsa ndi kuvomereza zinthu za mtundu wa FC amaima
  • EPA imalola malo osungira zinthu kuchedwa
  • Luso la zopangapanga lopanga ndege limaimitsa zikalata zotsimikizira kuti ndege ndi yosayenda bwino

Kuchedwa kumeneku kumachititsa:

  • Kuyerekezera ndalama zokwanira $1 biliyoni mlungu uliwonse m’kusintha zinthu kotayika
  • Mavuto opikisana ndi opikisana ndi mayiko ena
  • Kuzengereza kulikulu m’maindasitale olinganizidwa bwino
  • Kusamuka kwa matalente ku maiko okhazikika

Zotsatirapo Zaumphaŵi Zanthaŵi Yaitali: Masikali Omwe Sachiritsa

Kutaika kwa Zopangapanga ndi Kubwerera Kumbuyo

Kachipangizo ka boma ataimitsa sikumabwereranso mokwanira:

Kuwonongeka kwa ntchito zopangidwa ndi anthu :

  • Mlungu woyamba kumbuyoko mumaona 60 - 70% yokha ya zokolola zozoloŵereka
  • Kubala kwambiri sikumabweranso kwa milungu 4-6
  • Ntchito zina siziyambanso zikatha mphamvu
  • Antchito ochoka panyumba sadziwa za makampani

Kusonkhanitsa kumapanga magudumu okhalitsa:

  • Malo othandizira kukonza magalimoto odutsa pampport atha miyezi 3 - 6
  • Msonkho umachedwa kuperekedwa pa nthaŵi yoikika
  • Malolezo ndi laisensi zobwezera malonda zimachedwetsa bizinesi miyezi 6 -12
  • Matenda a kubwerera kudziko lina amawonjezera zaka zambiri kuti adikire nthaŵi

Boma Liŵerengera Umboni Office limayerekezera kuti tsiku lirilonse loletsa ntchito limafuna masiku atatu ndi asanu a ntchito yokonzanso, kutanthauza kutsekedwa kwa masiku 30 kumapanga masiku 90 -50 a kugwira bwino ntchito.

Ndege ya Anthu

Kusunga ntchito pambuyo pa kuzima [[FLT: 1] kumakhala kovuta kwambiri:

kutuluka kwa Thupi kumathamanga ndi kuzima kulikonse:

  • Malipiro a kupuma pantchito akuwonjezeka 15-20% pambuyo pomalizira
  • Oyendetsa zinthu apamwamba amachoka kupita ku chigawo chapadera
  • Vuto la kukonzanso limawonjezera 30-40%
  • Chidziŵitso cha mabungwe chimalephera kotheratu

Ntchito za olembedwa ntchito zosokoneza:

  • Omanga nyumba aluso amapeza ntchito zaumwini zachikhalire
  • Mabizinesi aang’ono ali pafupi m’malo motseka nyengo m’tsogolo
  • Antchito a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amabwerera kwawo kapena kusamukira kwina
  • Kutha kwa mphamvu yokonzanso zinthu kumatha kwamuyaya

Chidaliro cha Malonda ndi Kusungitsa Ndalama

Kupanga malonda panthaŵi ya kulephera kuletsa ntchito kukuchepa kwambiri:

Kuikitsa ndalama kwa kanthaŵi [ kumachedwa kapena kutha:

  • Kupanga bizinesi kumatsika 0.5% mlungu uliwonse
  • R& Kuwononga ndalama kumachepetsa 10 - 15% m’zigawo zoyambukiridwa
  • Kuundana kwa malo ozizira kumakhala kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri
  • Makonzedwe a kufutukuka anasamukira ku maiko ena

Kusokonezeka kwa nyengo yaitali :

  • Makonzedwe aluso amati kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu kumakhala ndi ngozi
  • Kupereka ndalama ku boma pofuna kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zidzakhala bwino
  • Anthu amene amagwirizana padziko lonse amapewa kulowerera m’boma la United States
  • Kuika ndalama m’malo abwino osungiramo zinthu zatsopano

Kufufuza kwa Bizinesi ya Sukulu kumasonyeza kuti kusatsimikizirika kwa malamulo oletsa kuletsa kusungidwa kumachepetsa kuikizidwa kwa ndalama ndi 15-20% m'zigawo zodalira boma, ziyambukiro zokhalitsa zaka 2.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zachuma Ndiponso Kuyambukiridwa ndi Ufulu Wake

GDP yogwetsa m'mafakitale a boma m'kupita kwa nthaŵi:

[[FULT: 0] Kutayika kwa GDP [[FULT:1]:

  • Mlungu uliwonse kuimika mazira kumachepetsa GDP ndi 0.1-0.2%
  • Ziyambukiro zambiri zowonjezera kulira ndi 1.5-2x
  • Chuma cha m’mayiko osiyanasiyana chimalephera pa avareji ya dziko lonse
  • Kuchira kumafuna malo aŵiri mphambu zitatu

[[FUL:0] Kutayikiridwa kwa chuma kowonjezereka:

  • CBO akuyerekezera kuti 30 peresenti ya kuletsa kutayika sikumabwereranso
  • Kukula kwa thupi kumachititsa kuti pasakhale nthawi yaitali
  • Kuchedwa kwa kukonzanso zinthu kumayambitsa mavuto okhalitsa
  • Kuwonongeka kwa malikulu a anthu kumachepetsa kukula kwa ntchito

Mafilimu a zachuma amati kuchepa kwa zinthu zoletsa kutseka kwachititsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwa mphamvu kwa zinthu zomapanga zinthu ku United States.0.2% chaka chilichonse kuyambira mu 2010, kumene kwachititsa kuti anthu mabiliyoni ambiri asiye kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.

Kusiyana kwa Madera ndi Makhalidwe: Kupweteka Kosalingana

Kufufuza za Kuyambukiridwa kwa Malo Ozungulira

Chiyambukiro cha zachuma cha kutseka chimasiyana kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa boma:

Magawo apamwamba kwambiri [:

  • Shashington D.C. Metro : 30% ya chuma cha boma chodalira
  • , VA: Kuwononga ndalama m'gulu lankhondo kumalamulira
  • , AL: NASA ndi opanga chitetezo
  • Mapringi a Ibarado, CO: kuika zankhondo
  • San Diego, CA: ntchito za pamadzi ndi malire

Madera ameneŵa akumana nawo:

  • Ulova umawonjezera maperesenti 2
  • Mitengo ya nyumba ikutsika 5-10%
  • MACHEPERE OTCHEDWA KU DONGO LA DONGO
  • Makina a msonkho wakumaloko atsika 15-20%

Kupitikitsa madera ena

  • Chuma cha makampani a ku Northern East
  • Malo a zaumisiri amene kulibe boma
  • Malo a ulimi pakati pa madera olipira ndalama
  • Kutulutsa mphamvu m’madera amene akukula mwachinsinsi

Kusiyana kwa Makhalidwe

Kulephera kukhudza anthu kumasonyeza zotsatirapo zosalingana:

mlingo wa zobwerazo umakhudza [1]

  • Antchito a ku United States olandira ndalama zochepa alibe zosungira ndalama
  • Antchito olembedwa ntchito (kaŵirikaŵiri olipira ndalama zochepa) salandira malipiro a kumbuyo
  • Antchito opeza ndalama zambiri ali ndi malo osungira zinthu ndiponso malo ena osungiramo ndalama
  • Kusalingana kwa chuma kumawonjezereka pamene kuimitsidwa kulikonse

Magaŵano ndi mitundu :

  • Anthu a ku Africa kuno anali ogwira ntchito kwambiri (18% vs. 13% m’dzikolo)
  • Makampani omanga a ku Spain anayambukiridwa mokulira
  • Mabizinesi aang’ono ang’onoang’ono sapeza ngongole
  • Anthu m’madera osiyanasiyana a m’mizinda

Age ziyambukiro zogwirizana [:

  • Achinyamata amene amagwira ntchito alibe ndalama
  • Antchito osamalira apakati amayang’anizana ndi zitsenderezo za ngongole ndi za kusuta
  • Antchito otsala pang’ono kubwerera kwawo amafulumira kunyamuka
  • Anthu amene amapuma pantchito chifukwa cha ntchito imene boma limachita

Kugawanika kwa Madera a Kumidzi

Urban pamene imazima nkhope yamphamvu koma yowoneka:

  • Nyumba za ofesi za maofesi zapanda anthu
  • Makompyuta oyendetsa galimoto amataya ndalama zoyendera
  • Mabizinesi a m’tauni amataya anthu ambiri chakudya chamasana
  • Mabungwe a zachikhalidwe akutseka

madera akumidzi pamene akuzima zokumana nazo zobalalika koma ziyambukiro zazikulu:

  • Kuchedwa kulipira ulimi m’nyengo yapadera
  • Malikongo a kumidzi amaimitsa
  • Kuyang’anira malo kwa boma kumaleka
  • Mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono a m’tauni amataya ndalama za antchito a boma

Zofunika Zobisika: Kuyesa Zosapiririka

Kuyambukira Thanzi la Onse

Thanzi lachiputu pamene boma likuletsa likunyonyotsoka m'njira zosapiririka:

[[NT: 0] Kuyang'anira kofooketsa

  • Kuyang’anira chimfine cha CDC kumachepetsa 40%
  • Kufufuza zakudya zoteteza thupi kutsika ndi 60%
  • Kubuka kwa matenda kumachedwetsa kuchiritsa
  • Kugwirizana kwa zaumoyo padziko lonse kukuimika

[[Ntchito:0] Mautumiki a Health [ kusokonezeka:

  • KUYENGERA odwala kwapansipansi
  • Ntchito za Umoyo za ku India
  • pulogalamu ya zakudya za nyukiliya imakhala yosadalirika
  • Matenda a m’maganizo amawonjezeka chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti mlungu uliwonse woimika malo amafanana ndi:

  • 1-2 peresenti kuwonjezeka kwa maulendo a m’chipinda changozi
  • 3-5% kuwonjezeka kwa maulendo a maganizo
  • Kuwonjezeka kwa 2-3 peresenti kwa chiwawa m’banja
  • 5-10 peresenti ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo amafunika kuchuluka

Zotayika za Malo Okhala ndi Chisungiko

chitetezo chachibadwa pozimika imaleka:

Kayendedwe ka malamulo [[FLT:] kuima:

  • Kufufuza EPA kumaimika pa zomera za makemikolo
  • Kuyesa chitetezo kumaleka
  • Kuyang’anira malo osungira zida za nyukiliya kukuchepa
  • Kuyang’anira zinyalala koopsa

[[ML:0] Kuwonongeka kwa chibadwa [ kukunga:

  • Kutaya zinthu zosaloledwa kumawonjezeka ndi 20 - 30%
  • Kuwononga chilengedwe sikumadziŵika
  • Kupha nyama kumakhala kofala kwambiri
  • Pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimadziwika zokhudza nyengo

Kutetezeka kwa Thupi kukuwonongeka:

  • Kuchedwa kukumbukira chakudya
  • Kuletsa kufufuza za chitetezo
  • Kufufuza za chitetezo cha kuntchito kumatsekedwa
  • Kuima kwa njira zoyendera kumasonyeza kuti galimoto ili bwino

Maphunziro ndi Kufufuza Ziyambukiro

system yotsekera zinthu kutseka ziyambukiro ikufika ku malo osungiramo zinthu zozikika:

K-12 maphunziro kusokonezeka:

  • Kuchedwa kwa maphunziro
  • Sukuluyi imapereka ndalama zothandizira anthu kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira
  • Maphunziro apadera amachepetsedwa
  • Sukulu za Eni America zikutsekedwa

[[FUL:0] Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri [[[FL:1] zopinga:

  • Kufufuza kumavomereza kuzizira kwa pakati paprojekiti
  • Wophunzira wokongola amachedwa
  • Mavuto a chikalata chopezera chisankho cha ophunzira m’maiko onse
  • Kuchedwa kwa ophunzira kuthandiza

Kufufuza kumawononga chikhalire:

  • Kufufuza kwa nthaŵi yaitali kumataya chidziŵitso chosasinthika
  • Kuthandizana kwa Mayiko
  • Mavuto opikisana ndi maiko ena
  • Poizoni wochotsa mpweya m’thupi

National Science Foundation state imayerekezera tsiku lililonse loimika lichedwetsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi pa mlungu umodzi, ndi kufufuza kwina kunyalanyazidwa kotheratu.

Kupikisana kwa Padziko Lonse: Mabala Odzivulaza a America

Kuima kwa Chuma Padziko Lonse

U.S. kupikisana kwapadziko lonse pamene kuzima [[FLT: 1] kumawononga mopambanitsa:

Kuwonongeka kwa kuzindikira kwa padziko lonse [[FL:1]:

  • Mabungwe opima ndalama za anthu amapereka machenjezo
  • Kuwononga ndalama m’mayiko ena kukuchepa 10-15%
  • Gawo la ndalama zosungidwa
  • Kudalirika kwa atsogoleri kumafooketsa

[[ML:0] Ziyambukiro za Trade [[[ML:1]:

  • Laisensi yotumiza ku maiko ena imatenga nthaŵi yaitali
  • Kukambirana za malonda kumachedwa kapena kulephera
  • Makampani a mayiko ena sagwirizana ndi dziko la United States
  • Mavuto opikisana ndi maiko okhazikika

Mpikisano wa zachuma wa pakati pa [1]

  • London ndi Singapore apeza bizinesi ya zachuma
  • Mndandanda wa maiko ambiri umapeŵa kusinthanitsa U.S.
  • Mabanki akunja amachepetsa ntchito za U.S.
  • Kulera ana mwa njira yosavuta

Kusintha ndi Kutsogolera Kwaluso

U.S. mphamvu ya kuzima ingachititse utsogoleri wa zasayansi:

  • China ndi Ulaya amapeza mapindu a kufufuza
  • Matalente a mayiko ambiri amasankha mayiko abwino
  • Malikulu a mitengo ya mitengo amayenda m’misika yodziŵika bwino
  • Kumayiko ena, njira zoyendetsera zinthu zamakono zimasintha

Kuzima kulikonse kumachititsa America kukhala wosakongola kwambiri:

  • Kufufuza kwa mayiko ambiri kumathandizana
  • Ophunzira ochokera kunja
  • Anthu odziŵa bwino kusamukira kudziko lina
  • Kupanga zipangizo zamakono

Kuteteza ndi Kuteteza Chuma

Malo a maindasitale otetezereka pamene akuzimidwa amayang'anizana ndi mavuto apadera:

  • Kufufuza kochitidwa m’magulu kuima mwadzidzidzi
  • Kutseka chitetezo kumaima
  • Kuchedwa kugulitsa zida zankhondo m’mayiko ambiri
  • Kukonzekera nkhondo kumachepetsa mphamvu

Zina mwa zinthu zimene zakhudza chuma ndi izi:

  • Malo amene amachedwa kugwira ntchito tsiku lililonse, $100 miliyoni
  • Makampani aang’ono omanga zida zankhondo amalephera
  • Masitomala a m’mayiko ena amafuna njira zina
  • Ubwino wa zaumisiri ukutha

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

Malamulo

Kukhazikitsa boma kuletsa mwa kusintha malamulo:

Zigamulo zopitirizabe modzifunira zikanasungitsa ndalama pa mlingo wapitawo:

  • Kuchotsapo ziŵiya zozimiririka monga chida cha ndale zadziko
  • Amathandiza Kuti Pakhale Zoyenera
  • Kuchepa kwa mavuto a zachuma
  • Amakhala ndi mautumiki ofunika

Act yotsekereza ya Government Prevention

  • Nyumba za Malamulo zimalipira ndalama zotsekereza potseka zinthu
  • Pamafunika kuchita mwambo wokonza anthu mpaka pamene asankha zochita
  • Silingi yongopeka imawonjezera ngongole
  • Ndandanda ya zaka ziŵiri

Maloŵa a chigawo cha chigawo :

  • Kupereka ndalama ku boma zothandizira nyumba
  • Ulova wamwamsanga umapindulitsa
  • Malonjezo a makampani omanga nyumba
  • Ozembetsa msonkho wa katundu kwa antchito oyambukiridwa

Kulinganiza Malonda

Kukonzekera kwa mabizinesi kaamba ka kuzima kumakhala kofunika:

njira za zachuma [

  • Muzikhala ndi ndalama zokwanira masiku 90
  • Kugaŵanitsa ndi ndalama za boma
  • Zindikirani mizera ya ngongole musanaime
  • Taganizirani za zinthu zimene zimapanga inshuwalansi yoletsa kuwonongeka

Kulinganiza kwa kulinganiza [[FULT:]

  • Kulitsani magulu oletsa anthu kutseka
  • Pezani mapulogalamu othandiza antchito
  • Dziwani njira zina zopezera ndalama
  • Mangani kugwirizana kwaumwini

[[FULT:0] Kuyendetsa [[[FL:1]

  • Mapangano a mtengo wake
  • Phatikizanipo mawu a mphamvu
  • Musasiye Kuyendayenda
  • Kukonza zoti mugwire ntchito yomanga nyumba

Kukonzekera Kwanu Ndalama

Ndalama zaumwini pozimika zimafuna kukonzekera:

[[ML:0] Antchito a m'dziko ayenera kulembedwa [:

  • Mukhoza kukonza ndalama zoyendera mwadzidzidzi
  • Muzimvetsa zimene anthu obwereka ngongole amateteza
  • Pakalembedwa ndalama zochepetsera msonkho
  • Kufufuza maprogramu a chithandizo chozimitsira

[[FUL:0] Makonso [[[ML:1]:

  • Muzikhala ndi ndalama zambiri zogulira zinthu zofunika padzidzidzi
  • Muzipeza ndalama zambiri
  • Chindikirani kusoŵa ntchito
  • Chipangizo chochezera kunja kwa bungwe la boma

[[ML:0] Mamembala a chivomezi ayenera kutchedwa [:

  • Chichirikizo chinakhudza mabizinesi a m’deralo
  • Wochirikiza zothetsera zandale zadziko
  • Odzipereka kuti athandize
  • Konzani kuyenda pa ngozi zotseka

Njira Yake Patsogolo: Kuthetsa Vutolo

Kuthetsa Malingaliro Andale Zadziko

Kumvetsetsa [[FLT: 0] chifukwa chake boma limaletsa zinthu chitika [1] kumasonyeza kusalingalira kwa zachuma:

Zisonkhezero zachuma zimanyalanyaza mfundo zachuma:

  • Kutsekerezedwa kumathandiza kuti anthu azitha kukambirana
  • Kukonzekera nyumba mwa kulimbana
  • Kusumikidwa kwa ofalitsa nkhani kaamba ka malo a ndale zadziko
  • Mipata yofulumira kuimbidwa mlandu

Ndalama zowonongedwa [ sizigwirizana ndi mtengo wa ndale zadziko:

  • Andale zadziko sapirira kutayikiridwa kwa ndalama
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuti mupeze phindu
  • Ndale zadziko za kanthaŵi kochepa zija. ndale za ndale za nthaŵi yaitali
  • Kuchuluka kwa mafuta otere kumathandiza kuti munthu ayambe kuyenda bwino

Kumanga Mtendele wa Zachuma

Kupirira kwa mkhalidwe wa dziko ku kuletsa kumafuna masinthidwe olinganiza:

Kusintha kwa zinthu [[FTL:1]:

  • Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chuma kwa boma
  • Kulimbitsa mkhalidwe ndi malo a kumaloko
  • Pangani njira zina zaumwini m’malo mwa mautumiki a boma
  • Pangani njira zokha zochepetsera vutolo

[[MML:0] Madesiki a ku madera ena :

  • Kudziŵa kaye kulamulira
  • Kulimbana ndi Malonda
  • Nkhani zofalitsidwa zimagogomezera kwambiri mavuto azachuma
  • Anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana akulimbikitsa kuti zinthu zikhale bwino

Zothetseratu [:

  • Katemera wa malipiro a boma
  • Chofunika kuti utumiki upitirizebe
  • Madongosolo ogaŵira opilira
  • Mayanjano a anthu a paokha

Kupenda Koona Kofunika Kofuna Kugula

Popenda zachuma za boma zimaletsa [1], manambalawo akusimba nkhani yomveka:

[[ML:0] Costs[[ML:1]:

  • Kutaidwa kwa ndalama zokwana $11 biliyoni ndi 24 pa kutsekedwa kwakukulu
  • Kuwonongeka kwa chuma kwachikhalire kwa $35 biliyoni
  • Mabizinesi zikwi zambiri analephera
  • Kutaya chidaliro ndi mpikisano kowopsa

[[FUL:0] Benefit[[FUL:1]:

  • Zolembedwa za nyama ya khanda
  • Palibe ndalama zosungidwa (zowonongetsa ndalama zambiri kuposa zimene anasunga)
  • Palibe njira zowongolera ntchito yopanga mayeso
  • Palibe njira yothandizira boma kuchita zinthu mwachipambano

Chigamulo cha zachuma nchomveka: Kutseka malo kumatanthauza kuwonongeka kwa katundu wolemera kwambiri pa chuma cha America.

Kumaliza: Kulephera kwa Chuma

zachuma za boma loletsa kuwonongedwa zimasonyeza kulephera kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa Amereka umene umasintha kusamvana kwa ndale zadziko kukhala mavuto a zachuma. Kutseka kulikonse kumachotsa mabiliyoni ambiri kuchokera ku GDP, kuwononga mabizinesi, kusokoneza miyoyo, ndi kufooketsa mkhalidwe wadziko lonse wa zachuma wa Amereka .

Chiŵerengero chilichonse chikusonyeza kuti wantchito wa boma amasankha pakati pa lendi ndi zinthu, mwini wa bizinesi akuona kuti zaka makumi ambiri za ntchito yaphwa, wofufuza wa kuwona kuyesayesa kwa chipambano kuwonongedwa, kapena kuwona anthu akuwona maziko ake achuma akunyonyotsoka.

Malamulo oletsa ntchito ndi chuma amakhudza ntchito ndi chuma m’njira zimene zimafikira kutali kwambiri kusokonezeka kwa mwamsanga. Zimapanga zipsera zokhalitsa pa ntchito, kuwonongeka kwachikhalire kwa zinthu zatsopano, ndi kuwononga kwa mbadwo ku mphamvu ya boma. Kuzima kulikonse kumapanga kuthekera kotsatirapo mwa kupangitsa kusagwira bwino ntchito ndi kuyendetsa matalente kuchokera ku utumiki wa onse.

Njira ya kutsogolo imafunikira kuzindikira kuti kutseka sikuli kokha zochitika zandale zadziko . Nzochititsa tsoka la zachuma zimene zimafooketsa kulemera kwa America, kupikisana, ndi chisungiko. Njira si yovuta: zosankha zopitirizabe, kuletsa malamulo oletsa, kapena njira zina zimene demokrase ina iliyonse yotukuka yakhala ikuchitika. Zimene sizili chidziŵitso koma chifuno chandale zadziko.

Kufikira pamene America asankha kuti kukhazikika kwa zachuma kukhale koposa mabwalo a ndale zadziko, kuletsa kudzapitirizabe kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka kwawo m'kunyonyotsoka kwa mabizinesi, ndi mtsogolo motsika. Funso silili lakuti kaya tingakhoze kuletsa kuzima [1] kuli ndi ndalama zopitira. Makampani ali owonekera bwino: tsiku lirilonse la kuchotsedwa kwa dziko limapangitsa America kukhala wosauka, wofooka, wocheperapo, ndi wopikisana pang'ono. Funso lenileni nlangwe lenileni nlakuti pomalizira pake tinene kuti nlokwanira.

Everyday Civics Icon